Electrochemical conversion of methane (CH4) is a sustainable route for converting greenhouse gases into valuable liquid fuels and chemicals. However, achieving high-yield products at industrially relevant current densities remains a formidable challenge. Here, we report a machine learning-guided Mo-Cu dual-site cascade catalytic strategy, enabling selective modulation of key *CH3O and achieving ethanol (EtOH) electrosynthesis. This system delivers a current density of 103 mA cm-2 with an EtOH faradaic efficiency of 55.8% +/- 0.2%, establishing new performance benchmarks. Mechanistic and DFT analyses reveal that CH4 is activated by a three-electron *O2--mediated oxidation pathway, while *CH3 spillover from Mo to Mo-Cu active sites facilitates exothermic C-C coupling, leading to high-efficiency EtOH production. Techno-economic analysis suggests that integrating renewable electricity can lower the CH4-to-EtOH production cost from $2.12 per kg to $1.50 per kg within a decade, offering a 53% energy return. This work establishes a cascade-regulated, dual-site framework for efficient CH4-to-EtOH conversion and offers a framework for machine learning-assisted catalyst design, contributing to cleaner energy technologies and substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.

The present study aims to investigate the impacts of father-child communication on the mental health of left-behind children (LBC), and the role of maternal migration and mother-child communication in this correlations. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Anhui, China, from April 2018 to March 2019. Among 5253 valid responses, 1599 LBC who self-reported that their fathers were migrants at the time of the survey were included in the present study. There are three major findings: first, maternal migration can negatively influence LBC’s father-child communication frequency and quality; second, both higher father-child communication frequency and quality can promote LBC’s mental health; third, mother-child communication can enhance the protective effects of father-child communication quality on LBC’s mental health. Thus, we propose that, to promote the mental health of children with both parents migrating, it is of great importance for mothers and fathers to realize that direct father-child communication matters. And more direct father-child communication should be encouraged for children with both parents migrating.

Smartphones are gradually becoming surrogate attachment figures for people. This is particularly true for Left-Behind Children (LBC) in China, who, due to long-term separation from their parents, lack reliable and stable emotional support and thus turn to smartphones. The excessive digital dependency has led to nomophobia, which emphasizes the anxiety and discomfort people experience when they are temporarily unable to use or need to be separated from their mobile devices. Drawing from the integrative hypothesis of attachment theory, the research investigates how congruence and incongruence in parent-child attachment patterns influence LBC's nomophobia. Data were collected from 476 LBC (aged 11-15 years) in Sichuan Province. Polynomial regression with response surface analysis revealed two key findings. First, supporting the additive model, LBC with congruent higher levels of attachment to both parents exhibited lower levels of nomophobia compared with those with lower attachment levels. Second, in cases of incongruent attachment, higher maternal attachment was more effective in predicting lower levels of nomophobia than paternal attachment, confirming the hierarchical model. These findings highlight the crucial role of secure parental attachments in mitigating digital dependency among LBC and emphasize the particular importance of maternal attachment. The study suggests that strengthening remote parent-child communication and providing comprehensive emotional support could help prevent nomophobia in LBC.

BackgroundSocial media has transformed health communication into a dynamic and interactive process, shifting from one-way dissemination by experts to user-driven content creation and sharing. However, this openness also facilitates the spread of misinformation, which poses a threat to public health behaviors. While prior research has explored dialogue paths and narrative analysis independently, there remain gaps in understanding their interactive effects and the contextual heterogeneity-such as platforms, user groups, and emotions-on health behaviors. This study addresses these gaps within China’s social media landscape.MethodsA multi-method approach was employed.Data collectionBetween January 2023 and December 2024, over 50,000 data points related to health communication were collected from prominent Chinese social media platforms, including Weibo, WeChat, Xiaohongshu, and Douyin. From this comprehensive dataset, a subsample of 300 valid user cases was identified for structural equation modeling (SEM), to ensure statistical adequacy and model robustness.Survey300 valid questionnaires assessed user perceptions and behaviors regarding health information.AnalysisDrawing upon health communication theory and narrative persuasion frameworks, a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach was employed to test the proposed conceptual model. The SEM analysis comprised two essential stages: (1) the measurement model stage, where the reliability and validity of latent constructs were evaluated through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), including assessments of convergent and discriminant validity; and (2) the structural model stage, which examined the hypothesized relationships among dialogue path, narrative structure, engagement, and health behavior outcomes.ResultsThe results of the structural equation modeling (SEM) indicate that both dialogue pathways and narrative strategies significantly influence users’ health information behaviors. Specifically, dialogue depth exhibited a strong positive effect on information sharing behavior, while narrative consistency was significantly related to feedback intention. The measurement model confirmed good reliability and validity, with all factor loadings exceeding 0.7 and composite reliabilities surpassing 0.8. Normality tests indicated acceptable skewness and kurtosis for all observed variables. Furthermore, multi-group analysis revealed that platform type moderates the strength of these relationships, with Weibo users demonstrating more emotionally driven interaction patterns compared to WeChat users.ConclusionThis study identifies dialogue coherence, emotional narrative structure, and user engagement as significant predictors of health-related behavioral intentions within social media contexts. Notably, engagement serves as a crucial mediating variable that links both narrative and dialogic features to behavioral outcomes. These findings enhance our understanding of the mechanisms that underpin digital health communication, specifically by elucidating how narrative processes and dialogue influence user behavior. Practically, the results indicate that health communication initiatives on social media can be improved by integrating emotionally resonant narratives and ensuring coherence in dialogic exchanges, both of which are essential for fostering positive behavioral change. By analyzing dialogic interaction and narrative structure within a unified Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) framework, this research underscores the importance of considering storytelling elements alongside interactive features, thus providing a more comprehensive perspective on how users engage with and are influenced in digital health environments.

Optimal control for switch-based dynamical systems is a challenging problem in the process control literature. In this study, we model these systems as hybrid dynamical systems with finite number of unknown switching points and reformulate them using non-smooth and non-convex complementarity constraints as a mathematical program with complementarity constraints (MPCC). We utilize a moving finite element based strategy to discretize the differential equation system to accurately locate the unknown switching points at the finite element boundary and achieve high-order accuracy at intermediate non-collocation points. We propose a globalization approach to solve the discretized MPCC problem using a mixed NLP/MILP-based strategy to converge to a non-spurious first-order optimal solution. The method is tested on three dynamic optimization examples, including a gas-liquid tank model and an optimal control problem with a sliding mode solution.

Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) is increasingly used for cardiogenic shock (CS) in adults, with age-influencing outcomes. Data from the Chinese Extracorporeal Life Support (CSECLS) Organization registry (January 2017–July 2023) were analyzed to assess in-hospital mortality in VA-ECMO for CS. Patients ≤65 years were categorized as young, and those >65 as elder. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality, with secondary outcomes including ECMO weaning, 30 day survival, and complications. Of 5,127 patients, the young group (73.4%) had a median age of 51.0 (40.0–58.0) years, and the elder group (26.6%) had a median age of 71.0 (68.0–75.0) years. The in-hospital mortality was lower in the younger group (45.1%) compared with the elder group (52.6%, p < 0.001). The young group also had higher ECMO weaning rates (79.4% vs. 74.8%, p < 0.001) and 30 day survival (59.1% vs. 51.3%, p < 0.001). Bleeding, renal, and pulmonary complications were more frequent in young patients, though not statistically significant. Young patients undergoing VA-ECMO for CS generally have better outcomes than older patients, though careful selection is crucial to manage complications.

This multipart study aimed to develop an assessment scale to conceptualize and quantify the separation experiences of left-behind children (LBC). In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted with 549 LBC (Mage = 13.39, 46.5% male) who had one migrant parent. A two-dimensional scale was developed to measure the migrant parent’s management of separation and LBC’s perception of it. In Study 2, confirmatory factor analysis and assessments of discriminant and convergent validity were performed on a sample of 563 LBC (Mage = 13.51, 48.3% male), demonstrating the instrument’s satisfactory validity. Study 3 (N = 380, Mage = 13.39, 43.4% male) further examined how parent-child attachment, conflict with the migrant parent, and online communication with the migrant parent were significantly associated with the two dimensions of the scale. Findings indicate that the scale effectively identifies the negative separation experiences of LBC, facilitating early interventions to improve their well-being.

This study aimed to provide a nuance understanding of the associations between attachment style and dating app use, offline romance-seeking and risky sexual behavior, and how these associations may differ according to fear of being single (FOBS) and gender among young adults. Using a sample of 761 single heterosexual Chinese young dating app users, an online survey was conducted on Sojump. This study found that (1) dating app users with a highly avoidant attachment style exhibited fewer dating apps use and offline romance-seeking; (2) FOBS positively associated with offline romance-seeking while negatively associated with dating app use; (3) the three-way interaction effects between anxious attachment style, FOBS, and gender were significant in both offline romance-seeking and risky sexual behavior. Specifically, men with a stronger FOBS and a higher anxious attachment style were more likely to incline to offline romance-seeking but less likely to engage in risky sexual behavior. However, in women, attachment style and FOBS showed no significant differences in terms of romance-seeking or risky sexual behavior. The discussion section focuses on the explanation and implication of these counter intuitive findings.

Advancing high-current PEM water electrolysis (PEMWE) is crucial for terawatt-scale green hydrogen economies, but anode catalyst stability under industrial conditions remains a key barrier to system efficiency and longevity. Here, we present a ternary RuO2-based catalyst (Cr0.1Sn0.1Ru0.8O2) that addresses these limitations through proton depletion interface engineering, with electronic structure modulation inherently integrated into the catalyst design. The resulting catalyst reaches a current density of 3.0 amperes per square centimeter at only 1.77 volts and a low degradation for oxygen evolution over 1000 h in PEMWE. A scaled-up system incorporating this anode catalyst further attains a hundred-ampere level water electrolysis, with kilowatt scale which propels the large-scale deployment of hydrogen production utilizing renewable energy sources. Our techno-economic analysis predicts that leveraging this anode architecture can reduce hydrogen production costs below $1 per kg H2 while maintaining a substantially lower environmental footprint relative to conventional electrolyzer technologies.

Increasing evidence indicates that the addictive use of social media can have a detrimental effect on marital satisfaction, due mainly to the decrease in time and focus given to one’s spouse. However, the impact of social media use among older couples remains under-investigated, and the research that does exist relies on individual-level data that do not allow the exploration of the dynamics between the dyadic partners. Therefore, the present study focused on older adults’ use of short-video platforms, as these have been shown to be particularly addictive for older adults. A sample of 264 older couples was gathered (meanage = 68.02, SD = 8.68), and both spouses completed surveys reporting addictive use of short-video platforms, negative emotions, and marital satisfaction. Using an actor–partner interdependence model, we found an asymmetrical dyadic process in that the addictive use of short-video platforms by the wives was not only related to their own negative emotions, but also those of their spouse, as well as to decreased marital satisfaction. Meanwhile, addictive use by the husbands seemed to relate only to their own increased negative emotions, as well as to decreased marital satisfaction. Together, the findings from this study reveal dyadic dynamics with delineated pathways through which the addictive use of short-video platforms can damage older couples’ interactive processes and marital satisfaction.

BACKGROUND: Superficial temporal artery (STA)-middle cerebral artery (MCA) bypass surgery has been widely adopted in treating moyamoya disease (MMD). Geometric variations including high tortuosity and stenosis exist in many cases, but the hemodynamic effects have not been comprehensively evaluated. We aim to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of bypass geometry variations based on patient-specific data. METHODS: In total, 17 patients with MMD who underwent STA-MCA bypass surgery with highly tortuous bypass geometry were included. For each patient, the original 3dimensional structure of STA-MCA bypass was reconstructed from clinical imaging data. The bypass structure was virtually improved by removing the tortuosity and stenosis. Computational fluid dynamics simulation was performed on both bypass structures under identical patient-specific condition. The simulated hemodynamic parameters of the bypass and its distal branches were compared between the original and virtually improved bypass geometries in all cases using paired t -test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The changes of hemodynamic parameters were compared between the cases with and without mild-to-moderate stenosis (44.0 - 70.3% in diameter) in the bypass using t -test or Mann -Whitney U test. RESULTS: The virtual improvement of bypass geometry significantly increased the flow rate of the bypass and its distal branches ( P < 0.05) and decreased the transcranial flow resistance ( P < 0.05). The hemodynamic changes in cases with stenosis removal were significantly greater than those without stenosis ( P < 0.05). - CONCLUSIONS: High tortuosity and stenosis can significantly change the hemodynamics of STA-MCA bypass, and the optimization of bypass geometry deserves further consideration. CONCLUSIONS: High tortuosity and stenosis cansignificantly change the hemodynamics of STA-MCAbypass, and the optimization of bypass geometry deservesfurther consideration.

Xinhong Wang, Haipeng Liu, Mengxi Xu, Shuangxiang Lin, Kexin Wang, Linlin Ma, Daoxi Hu, Wei Zhou, Xiaoli Yu, Lijian Wang, Ling Xia

Background Parent‒child communication in migrant families is essential to family bonds and the mental health of left-behind children (LBC). Little is known about the different patterns of communication between migrant parents and LBC and associated communication quality and mental health outcomes. Methods A sample of 2,183 Chinese children (mean age = 12.95 ± 1.29 years) from Anhui province, including LBC whose parents had both migrated ( n = 1,025) and children whose parents had never migrated (never-LBC, n = 1,158), was analyzed. With the LBC sample, latent class analysis was applied to identify the patterns of parent‒child communication. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the associations between the sociodemographic variables and class membership of LBC. Analysis of covariance and chi-square tests were used to compare communication quality and mental health outcome differences among the classes of LBC and between each of the classes and never-LBC. Results Five latent classes of communication formed through different media or channels between migrant parents and their LBC were identified. Higher household economic status (OR = 2.81, p < 0.05) was associated with adequate communication. LBC in Class 1, defined by frequent technologically-mediated and face-to-face communication, had a significantly higher quality of communication with their migrant parents (F = 8.92, p < 0.001) and better mental health than those in other latent classes; these children did not have significantly worse mental health outcomes compared to never -LBC. Conclusions Facilitating multichannel parent‒child communication is a practical way of reducing mental health inequities between LBC and their peers.

: This longitudinal study examines long-term associations between the use of sexually explicit internet material (SEIM) during adolescence and engagement in unwanted sexual behaviors in emerging adulthood. Drawing on a four-wave panel study among 377 participants (aged 18-24, 44.3% male), using logistic regression analysis, we found that SEIM use during adolescence predicted a higher odds of having sexually touched a stranger and of having insisted on sex with someone who had refused by emerging adulthood, 5 years later. That said, the proportion of participants committing these unwanted sexual behaviors is relatively small. Respectively 10.3%, 8.5%, and 1.1% of emerging adults had sexually touched a stranger, insisted on sex with a partner who had refused, or had used force to try to have sex.

Inaccurate models limit the performance of model-based real-time optimization (RTO) and even cause system instability. Therefore, a RTO framework that guarantees global convergence in the presence of plant-model mismatch is desired. In this regard, the trust-region framework is intuitive and simple to implement for unconstrained problems. Constrained RTO problems are converted to unconstrained ones by the penalty function, and global convergence is guaranteed if the penalty coefficient is large enough. However, a sufficiently large penalty coefficient is hard to determine and may lead to numerical difficulties. This paper addresses this issue and proposes a novel composite-step trust-region framework for constrained RTO problems that handles inequality constraints directly. The trial step is decomposed into a normal step that improves feasibility and a tangential step that reduces the cost function. A rigorous proof of its global convergence property is given.

Objective: This study focused on casual sex motivation to explore why some users tend to have more sexual partners and are more likely to take risks in sexual practices, thereby raising their chances of contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Methods: We recruited Chinese heterosexual dating app users (N = 582) online to investigate the serial mediation model. Results: Casual sex motivation for dating app use was not directly related to the diagnoses of STIs. Number of sexual partners and frequency of risky sexual behavior serially mediated the relationship between casual sex motivation and STI diagnoses. Conclusions: Using dating apps for casual sex motivation is not necessarily associated with higher incidences of STIs, provided that users do not engage in risky sexual practices.

Designing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts for facilitating its sluggish adsorption kinetics is crucial in generating green hydrogen via sustainable water electrolysis. Herein, a high‐performance ultra‐low Ruthenium (Ru) catalyst is developed consisting of atomically‐layered Ru nanoclusters with adjacent single Ru sites, which executs a bridging‐Ru‐H activation strategy to kinetically accelerate the HER elementary steps. Owing to its optimal electronic structure and unique adsorption configuration, the hybrid Ru catalyst simultaneously displayed a drastically reduced overpotential of 16 mV at 10 mA cm −2 as well as a low Tafel slope of 35.2 mV dec −1 in alkaline electrolyte. When further coupled with a commercial IrO 2 anode catalyst, the ensembled anion‐exchange membrane water electrolyzer achievs a current density of 1.0 A cm −2 at a voltage of only 1.70 V cell . In situ spectroscopic analysis verified that Ru single atom and atomically‐layered Ru nanoclusters in the hybrid materials play a critical role in facilitating water dissociation and weakening *H adsorption, respectively. Theoretical calculations further elucidate the underlaying mechanism, suggesting that the dissociated proton at the single atom Ru site orients itself adjacently with Ru nanoclusters in a bridged structure through targeted charge transfer, thus promoting Volmer‐Heyrovsky dynamics and boosting the HER activity.

Purpose: This study explores the status of pandemic fatigue, predictors, and their mechanisms of action based on a stress-response framework and a parallel model of future-oriented response.Patients and methods: Study 1 investigated 8426 Chinese adult residents' understanding of and willingness to cooperate with the pandemic prevention and control policies and Study 2 surveyed 1635 Chinese residents on their activeness of pandemic prevention and control (APPC), pandemic risk perception, perceived stress, and future-oriented coping.Results: Study 1 found that public understanding of and willingness to cooperate with prevention policies were significantly lower in 2022 than in 2020 and 2021. Study 2 found that risk perception negatively predicted the APPC; perceived stress and preventive coping significantly mediated the relationship between risk perception and APPC; but perceived stress and proactive coping did not significantly mediate the relationship between risk perception and APPC.Conclusion: This revealed an increase in public fatigue in the third year of the pandemic. Pandemic fatigue can be predicted by pandemic risk perception, but the direct pathway of action is not significant and requires the mediation of perceived stress and preventive coping.