In order to explore the effects of different dilutions of alginate oligosaccharides phosphorus and potassium foliar fertilizers（APK） and different types of phosphorus and potassium foliar fertilizers on leaf and fruit traits of early-maturing sand pears, Sucui 1, a new early-maturing sand pear variety, was used as the experimental material. After flowering, four treatments were set up, including clear water（CK1）, 250 times dilution of APK, 500 times dilution of APK and 1 000 times dilution of APK. Taking early-maturing sand pear Cuiyu as the material, three foliar spraying treatments of clear water（CK2）, APK diluted 500 times solution and KH 2 PO 4 diluted 500 times solution were set up after flowering. The effects of different dilutions of alginate oligosaccharides phosphorus and potassium foliar fertilizers and different types of phosphorus and potassium foliar fertilizers on SPAD value, leaf area, specific leaf weight, single fruit weight, soluble sugar content and organic acid content of early-maturing sand pears were analyzed. The results showed that foliar application of APK diluted 500 times after flowering could significantly increase the SPAD value, specific leaf weight, single fruit weight and fruit soluble sugar content, and significantly reduce the fruit malic acid content and total acid content of Sucui 1 pear, so as to achieve the effect of increasing yield and improving quality. The SPAD value, specific leaf weight, fructase content and total sugar content of Cuiyu pear treated with 500 times dilution of APK were significantly higher than those treated with 500 times dilution of KH 2 PO 4 , and the malic acid content of fruits was significantly lower than that treated with 500 times dilution of KH 2 PO 4 . Therefore, APK as foliar fertilizer spraying is an effective nutrient management technical measure to improve the quality and efficiency of high-quality pear.

种子休眠的解除是一个十分复杂的过程,为明确温度对于打破梨极早熟优新品种苏翠1号种子休眠的作用以及对萌发后幼苗生长的影响,提高杂交后代种子的成苗率,以苏翠1号种子为试材,采用4、8、12、25℃恒温和8℃-4℃-8℃、4℃-8℃-12℃变温对种子进行破除休眠处理.通过对种子萌发、生长等各指标进行调查评价,结果表明,不同温度处理后,种子萌发及生长均表现出明显差异.其中,4℃-8℃-12℃变温处理后种子的萌发率、生根率、子叶伸展率分别高达78.83％、76.67％、45.83％,且萌发后的幼苗长势较好,培根长为5.19 cm,地上部分长3.62 cm,单株质量为183.65 mg.综合各项指标,对促进解除苏翠1号种子休眠的温度组合的效果表现为4℃-8℃-12℃处理＞8℃处理＞8℃-4℃-8℃处理＞12℃处理＞4℃处理＞25℃处理,可将4℃-8℃-12.℃变温处理作为打破砂梨苏翠1号休眠、促进种胚生长的最佳处理方式.本研究结果可为梨等果树和林木的育种以及种苗的生产提供技术路径和理论指导.

梨新品种苏翠1号成熟期早、品质优、易成花、栽培容易,有较好的发展前景.梨主干形树形适合机械化栽培,是一种轻简化栽培树形,具有早果、丰产性好的优点.为规范该品种在主干形中应用,将几年工作进行总结,供生产参考.

为了提高江苏地区早熟梨生产及食用安全水平,推动早熟梨产业向高质量发展,在分析早熟梨产区主要病虫害发生特点的基础上,从健身栽培管理、休眠期重点农业防控、6个生长期病虫预防及科学用药等方面介绍了主要病虫害绿色防控技术要点.

“珍珠梨”为国内育成的极早熟梨品种,品质优良,经济价值较好.本文通过对珍珠梨的物候期、植物学特性、果实经济性状和适应性等引种表现进行观察,总结出了“珍珠梨”在南京地区的定植、整形修剪、花果管理、水肥管理、病虫害防控以及适时采收等主要栽培技术,为“珍珠梨”在长江中下游地区的栽培推广提供理论指导.

分析梨园机械化生产的必要性和可行性,明确了梨园机械化生产是降低梨果种植成本、减轻果农劳动强度的需要,适合家庭农场、专业合作社和农业企业等多种农业生产经营形式.提出了梨园机械化生产对梨园机械设备、梨园建设和梨树树形的基本要求.推荐了适合我国梨园机械化生产的三种树形:主干形、水平棚架形和拱型棚架形,并介绍了这三种树形的基本形态、适用密度、架式和优缺点.

针对果园施肥机工作要求以及投送物料特性,设计一种卧式等螺距螺旋给料搅龙.对装置进行理论计算,并开发设计"螺旋搅龙快速计算系统",简化设计流程,完成螺旋直径为90 mm、螺距为72 mm、螺旋轴外径为36 mm、螺旋转速为85 r/min的给料搅龙设计;使用Solidworks进行三维实体造型,利用Solidworks simulation进行三维实体的静力与模态分析,最大应力小于屈服应力,螺旋给料搅龙第一阶频率,即基本频率为336.59 Hz,满足设计与使用要求.本研究将提高果园施肥机的工作可靠性与稳定性,并可为其他螺旋输送机构的设计提供参考.

为研究不同品系梨早期落叶的抗性,对4个栽培梨系统98个品种(系)和4个杂交组合392个单株早期落叶情况进行了评价.结果表明,供试的西洋梨、白梨、砂梨及种间杂交种病情指数分别为54.63、37.59、30.91、52.07,不同栽培梨系统及其品种间对早期落叶抗性存在差异.杂交亲本抗性水平对后代抗性表现产生一定影响,双亲之一抗性弱,其杂种后代抗性就偏弱;双亲抗性强,更易获得综合抗性强的后代.

为给梨无公害安全生产、生态环境建设提供理论依据,研究了梨园生草白三叶栽培对梨园杂草的抑制作用及其土壤理化性状的影响.结果表明,连续栽培白三叶能有效控制梨园其它杂草的发生;栽培白三叶可在雨季截留降水,但在连续干旱季会造成0 ～30 cm表土层水分大量散失,干旱季节应及时灌溉;栽培白三叶可保持夏季较低的土壤温度、较高的有机质含量及土壤孔隙度,但土壤含水量相对较低.

当前我国植保作业存在机械装备落后、作业效率低下、农药利用率不高、专用机型匮乏、服务管理不到位等问题，无法满足现代农业集约化、规模化经营需求，也无法满足日益严重的暴发性病虫害防治要求。借鉴欧洲先进的植保机械技术以及科学完善的社会化服务管理模式，并结合我国现阶段农民合作社运行模式、植保机械的应用发展特点和现状，对植保机械社会化服务的集成式创新模式、4S 店销售模式、植保机械的检测与产品升级等方面进行了探索分析。

RT-qPCR is a widely used method in gene expression and transcriptome studies. Normalization based on reference genes is necessary to accurately analyze RT-qPCR data. Thus, an accurate and systematic evaluation of these reference genes before experiments are conducted is necessary. In this study, 18 candidate reference genes were evaluated under various experimental conditions covering a range of tissue types and cultivars, NaCl, CaCl2 and temperature treatments, hormones (6-BA, ABA and NAA) and a set of osmotic stress (mannitol and PEG6000) treatments. Gene expression across 48 pear samples was evaluated using geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper statistical algorithms. Actin2/7 (ACT2/7), ubiquitin extension protein (UBI) and Yellow-leaf-specific gene 8 (YLS8) exhibited the most stable expression across all the pear samples tested. While in the other experimental groups, different sets of samples had their own best reference genes. In addition, the gene expression of PbCBL7, a member of the calcineurin B-like protein, was measured across all the 48 samples using the best three reference genes, it displayed variation in gene expression across different tissues and cultivars, and exhibited diverse up- or down-regulated expression patterns under various treatments, which indicate that PbCBL7 may play a role in response to specific abiotic stress in pear. These results are valuable for future research on gene expression and abiotic stress tolerance in pear.

介绍第一届中华杯南方早熟梨评比概况，提出5点启示（即梨果生产不能只重品种而轻栽培，栽培技术是关键，梨园中早熟品种比例应合理，早熟品种没必要长期贮藏，梨品种在不断出新），最后介绍了8个适合中国南方梨区栽培的(特)早熟梨品种的主要性状。

Background: Pears (Pyrus spp. L.) are an important genus of trees that produce one of the world's oldest fruit crops. Salinity stress is a common limiting factor for plant productivity that significantly affects the flavor and nutritional quality of pear fruits. Much research has shown that calcium signaling pathways, mediated by Calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) and their interacting kinases (CIPKs), are closely associated with responses to stresses, including salt. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that govern the relationship between salt stress and calcium signaling pathways in pear plants. The available genomic information for pears has promoted much functional genomic analysis and molecular breeding of the genus. This provided an ample foundation for characterizing the transcriptome of pear under salt stress.Results: A high-throughput Illumina RNA-seq technology was used to identify a total of 78,695 unigenes that were successfully annotated by BLASTX analysis, using the publicly available protein database. Additionally, 2,855 novel transcripts, 218,167 SNPs, 23,248 indels and 18,322 alternative splicing events occurred. Assembled unique sequences were annotated and classified with Gene Ontology (GO), Clusters of Orthologous Group (COG) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, which revealed that the main activated genes in pear are predominately involved in functions such as basic physiological processes, metabolic pathways, operation of cellular components, signal transduction mechanisms, and other molecular activities. Through targeted searches of the annotations, the majority of the genes involved in calcium signaling pathways were identified, among which, four genes were validated by molecular cloning, while 11 were validated by RT-qPCR expression profiles under salt stress treatment.Conclusions: These results facilitate a better understanding of the molecular genetics and functional genomic mechanisms of salt stress in pear plants. Furthermore, they provide a valuable foundation for additional research on the molecular biology and functional genomics of pear and related species.

2013～2014年在张家港杨舍镇福前村进行梨连栋大棚寄接两熟促成栽培技术示范应用。对寄接两熟栽培梨中接穗采集与保存、寄接时间及方法、寄接母树培养、花果管理、肥水管理、病虫害防治等关键技术进行总结。同时，对大棚寄接两熟促成与露地栽培的经济效益进行分析，早熟梨成熟期比露地栽培提早15～20 d上市，通过寄接后两熟产量与露地栽培产量相当，且经济效益比露地栽培至少翻2番。

为了加快沙梨新品种苏翠1号的繁殖过程，本试验以该品种的嫩梢作为外植体，建立了离体快繁技术体系。研究结果表明：苏翠1号组培苗的适宜增殖培养基为MS＋6－BA 1．5 mg／L＋NAA 0．2 mg／L，增值系数可达到5．6；在该培养基上继代2次后转入生根培养基（1／2MS＋IBA 1．5 mg／L），诱导生根30 d后移栽，植株于温室生长半年后即可用于嫁接，可极大缩短育苗时间。

以豆梨试管苗为试验材料,用不同浓度NaCl(0、0.3％、0.6％和0.9％)对其进行胁迫处理,14 d后比较株系间抗氧化活性差异.结果表明,随NaCl浓度的增加,豆梨电导率、MDA逐步升高.叶片中O2产生速率呈先升后降的趋势,在0.3％NaCl胁迫处理下,达129.31 nmol/(min·g),显著高于对照,在0.6％ ～ 0.9％NaCl胁迫处理下,又逐步降低到对照水平以下.SOD活性在0.3％NaCl胁迫处理下大幅升高,随后降低.POD活性在0.3％NaCl胁迫处理下降低,在0.6％～0.9％NaC1胁迫处理下又稍有回升.CAT活性则随NaCl浓度的升高而逐步升高.

以翠冠梨为试材，研究叶面喷施不同稀释倍数的氨基酸螯合微量元素对叶片叶绿素含量、光合特性的影响。结果表明：叶面喷施氨基酸螯合微量元素显著促进梨叶片叶绿素含量的积累和叶片生长，提高光合能力。

[目的]分离和克隆杜梨ABA受体蛋白基因PbPYL4,了解其在杜梨响应盐胁迫的表达情况.[方法]以杜梨(Pyrus betulaefolia Bunge)无性系组培苗为试验材料,使用RT-PCR的方法从杜梨中克隆到ABA受体基因,命名为Pb-PYL4,并研究该基因盐胁迫处理下的表达模式,同时检测ABA合成基因PbNCED2在盐胁迫下的表达模式.[结果]Pb-PYL4的cDNA长度为682 bp,其中开放阅读框(ORF)621 bp,编码207个氨基酸的蛋白.系统发生分析结果表明,Pb-PYL4与植物中已经发现的拟南芥ABA受体蛋白PYL4/RCAR 10亲缘关系较近.荧光定量RT-PCR表达分析结果表明,根,盐胁迫12h内,PbPYL4基因被诱导表达,12h达到第1个小高峰,随后24 h表达下降,48h表达又上升,72 h达到第2个峰值;茎,盐胁迫48 h后,PbPYL4基因被诱导表达;叶片,处理12h后,PbPYL4基因被诱导表达,72 h表达略微下降.在同样组织中,PbNCED2表现出与PbPYL4相似的表达时序.[结论]PbPYL4基因可能在杜梨响应盐胁迫的过程中起了重要的作用.

以翠冠梨盘栽苗为试验材料,比较玻璃温室、塑料大棚和露地3种不同栽培条件对梨叶片质量、叶片光合能力及果实品质的影响。结果表明:设施栽培梨的叶片光合能力显著低于露地栽培的,玻璃温室栽培梨的叶片光合能力显著高于塑料大棚栽培的;设施栽培梨的叶片叶绿色含量比露地栽培的低,且叶片变薄变大,玻璃温室栽培梨的叶片叶绿素含量、叶片厚度、叶面积均低于塑料大棚栽培的,但二者之间无显著差异;设施栽培条件下梨的果实外观品质显著高于露地栽培的,而果肉品质则相反;对2种设施栽培条件的梨果实内外品质进行比较发现,玻璃温室栽培的优于塑料大棚栽培的,且玻璃温室栽培的果实采收期分别比塑料大棚、露地栽培的提前半个多月、1个多月。

‘Sucui 2',a new early season pear cultivar,was derived from the cross between Huasu and Cuiguan cultivar. Its fruit is round in shape with yellow-green skin(no/less russet spot); dots are middle sized. The flesh is white,crisp and juicy,containing soluble solids of about 12%. The average fruit weight is about 270 g. It matures in middle to late July in Nanjing area, Jiangsu Province,with a fruit development period of about 115 d. The tree is half-open and easy to produce flower buds with higher fruit setting rate.