针对中亚热带第四纪红黏土发育的红壤旱地,建立了玉米单作系统等碳量投入有机物料的田间试验,利用不同的磷分级方法研究了不同有机物料施用对土壤磷组分的影响,构建了不同磷组分的含量与土壤全磷及有效磷之间的回归方程,明确了不同磷组分对土壤磷活化系数(PAC)及磷肥(表观和经济)利用率的影响.连续7 a的试验结果表明:施用有机物料可以增加土壤PAC和磷肥利用率,并以秸秆猪粪9︰1配施(NPKS/M)处理效果最佳,显著高于常规施肥处理(NPK);施用有机物料显著提升了土壤有机磷含量,且与土壤有效磷含量显著正相关,其对土壤PAC及磷肥(表观和经济)利用率影响显著.施用有机物料通过影响土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、交换性K+以及交换性Al3+含量影响土壤磷的有效性.

为揭示土壤脲酶活性对长期施肥的响应特征,本文以长期施肥的黑土为供试对象,对土壤脲酶的活性和动力学特性进行研究.结果表明:不同施肥处理和剖面土层变化对土壤脲酶活性变化具有交互作用.与对照相比,有机肥、有机肥配施化肥处理的土壤脲酶活性显著增强,在土壤剖面中,脲酶活性具有随土层加深逐渐递减的趋势.同时,土壤脲酶的酶促反应符合一级反应动力学模型.与不施肥处理相比较,施肥处理的Km值减小,有机肥处理的Vmax和Vmax/Km比值都高于单施化肥处理和对照,长期施用有机肥土壤脲酶催化能力增强.

The effect of urease inhibitor quinhydrone ( HQ) on kinetic parameters of urease in three typical soils ( i. e. albic soil, brown soil, cinnamon soil) in Northeast China under different temperature conditions. The results showed that, soil type, incubation time, incubation temperature and their interactions significantly influenced soil urease kinetics. Compared with control, Km increase and Vmax decrease in the soils with HQ and it showed HQ was mixed inhibition to soil urease. Compared with albic soil, in brown soil and cinnamon soil the influence on kinetic parameters of soil urease as affected by HQ was greater, which indicated that high fertility soils could have stable biological characteristics. With incubation time increasing, Km decreased, but Vmax and Vmax/Km increased. With incubation temperature increasing, Km and Vmax in-creased, Vmax/Km changed irregularly. Statistical analysis indicated that, Km, Vmax and Vmax/Km of soil urease had significantly correlations with pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and texture structure.

施用有机肥是快速培育瘠薄土壤的一个重要措施.针对中亚热带第四纪红黏土发育的红壤旱地,建立了玉米和花生单作系统等碳量投入有机肥和生物炭的田间试验,利用聚合酶链式反应—变性梯度凝胶电泳(polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE)方法研究了土壤细菌和真菌群落组成和多样性的变化,分析了土壤呼吸速率(CO2通量)的变化及其与微生物多样性的关系.两年的试验表明,不同施肥方式导致微生物群落结构显著分异,施用有机肥和生物炭显著增加了细菌多样性,但施肥第二年真菌多样性有下降趋势.秸秆和猪粪配施显著增加了土壤呼吸速率,土壤呼吸速率与细菌和真菌多样性呈显著正相关,细菌多样性对土壤呼吸的影响(相对贡献率为71％)显著高于真菌(29％).土壤磷素(全磷和速效磷)含量的变化是驱动红壤微生物多样性变化的主导因素,其对细菌和真菌多样性的相对贡献率分别为44.8％和47.4％.因此,合理配施秸秆和猪粪可以快速提高瘠薄红壤的生物功能.

针对山东临沂丘陵烟区干旱灾害频发,且难以推广先进灌溉措施的问题,研究了生物炭改良土壤水分库容、提高烟田抗旱能力的技术.在临沂市沂水烟草试验站开展褐土烟田施用生物炭的田间试验,设置了5个处理:不施肥处理(CK)、常规施肥处理(CF)、常规施肥添加2 400 kg/hm2生物炭处理(LB)、常规施肥添加7 200 kg/hm2生物炭处理(MB)和常规施肥添加12 000 kg/hm2生物炭处理(HB).研究发现施用生物炭可以显著降低土壤体积质量(降低幅度为6.84％～ 13.28％),显著增加土壤大空隙(d＞0.1 μm)体积,从而增加土壤水分有效库容和总库容,而且土壤水分库容随生物炭施用量增大而增强.施用生物炭显著提高了土壤有机质和全氮含量,pH提高了0.12 ～ 0.55单位,烤烟生物量提高了40％以上,其中施用中量生物炭的增产效应最大.土壤水分库容是影响临沂烤烟生长的主控因子,对烤烟生物量的贡献率达47.2％,其次为土壤全钾(23.7％)和速效钾(5.89％).上述结果表明,对于丘陵山区烟田可以通过施用生物炭协同提升其土壤水分和养分库容,进而促进烤烟生长.

通过探寻大兴安岭地区土壤障碍因子并对症解决,进而推出一套低碳高效培肥措施,最终使有限的土壤发挥最大效益,同时达到土壤的可持续利用.

The term of metabolome has been used to describe the responses of plant to external perturbations recently.The study of metabolite profiling of different insect-resistant cottonseeds and their non-transgenic counterparts using 1H NMR and multivariate analysis technique was performed to investigate the unintended metabolic variations associated with genetic modifications.The results obtained showed that the overall appearance of the spectrum was quite similar among different cottonseeds.However,there were many different peak signals in the animo acids region(3~0.5 ppm) of the expansion spectra of transgenic cottonseeds when compared with their controls.Although score plots generated using principal component analysis showed the potential to distinguish transgenic cottonseeds from non-transgenic controls,a better classification between them was obtained by partial least square-discriminant analysis.The major compounds contributing to the discrimination were those metabolites that involved the metabolic pathway of fatty acid,the primary nitrogen metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

By simulation,an experiment was conducted to study the effects of different application amounts of humic acid on urea-N transformation.The results showed that the effectiveness of humic acid on urea-N transformation mainly depended on its application amount.Compared with control,lower application amount(15 g kg-1) of humic acid had little inhibition on urea hydrolysis and thereafter N transformation processes,and even a positive effect was observed on urea hydrolysis.On the contrary,higher application amount(15 g kg-1 and 20 g kg-1) of humic acid significantly retarded urea hydrolysis,prolonged the lasting time of urea-N in soil,increased the amount of NH4+-N,and decreased the amount of NO3--N and the loss of fertilizer N,which increased the use efficiency of fertilizer N.It seemed from the results that humic acid was not only a urease inhibitor but also a nitrification inhibitor with a promising prospect.

Based on long-term located fertilizer experiments(black soil and brown earth),the changes of soil microbial biomass carbon,nitrogen and their relationships with soil organic carbon,total nitrogen under different fertilization treatments were studied.The results showed that they had different amounts of soil microbial biomass C and N under long-term fertilizations in black soil and brown earth,with the order:organic plus chemical fertilization,organic fertilization,chemical fertilization,no-fertilization.Organic plus chemical fertilization could increase amount of soil microbial biomass significantly.There were positive correlations among microbial biomass and soil organic carbon,total nitrogen.Besides,organic plus chemical fertilization had positive effects on soil microbial quotient remarkably.

By simulation,a test was carried out to evaluate the kinetics of soil urease inhibited by urease inhibitor hydroquinone(HQ) under normal moisture and waterlogged conditions.The results showed that,incubation time,soil type,water regimes and their interactions mostly had significant effect on the kinetic parameters of soil urease inhibited by HQ.Compared with control,HQ made Km increase and Vmax decrease,behaving as a competitive inhibitor.With incubation time,Km of HQ treatment decreased,while Vmax and Vmax/Km increased under both normal moisture and water-logging.The increment of Km and the decrement of Vmax and Vmax/Km,of Cinnamon soil urease,were larger than that of the other three test soils.Compared with normal moisture content,water-logging made no significant effect on the kinetic parameters of soil urease.Statistical analysis provided evidence that there were significant correlations between the kinetic parameters of soil urease and the physiochemical characteristics of test soils.

Organic phosphorus turnover is regulated by phosphatase.As most of the organic P inputs to soil are phosphate diesters and monoesters,it therefore seems likely that phosphomonoesterase and phosphodiesterase activities regulate organic P turnover in black soils.A long-term experiment was set up in Gongzhuling Long-term Fertilization Station of Jilin Province to investigate application of six fertilization treatments on soil phosphase enzyme activities.Treatments included Control,NP,NPK,NPK+M1(Farm yard manure),NPK+M2 and LH(out of cultue).Results suggested that NP and NPK treatments contained high phosphomonoesterase activities,low phosphodiesterase activities,whereas the reverse was true in NPK+M1 and NPK+M2 treatments.

Land desertification is becoming more and more serious,while its reversal is of ecological,economic,and social significances.In some revegetated regions,mobile sand dunes have been successfully transformed into stable and productive ecosystems,and the structure and function of the revegetated ecosystems have changed considerably.Based on the related researches,this paper summarized the changes of soil physical properties (water-holding capacity,mechanical composition,and structure,etc.),chemical properties (carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus,etc.),and biological properties (microbial biomass,respiration,and enzyme activities,etc.) during the reversal of desertification,aimed to elucidate the responses of soil properties to desertification reversal.Some suggestions for further researches in this field,e.g.,the studies on soil quality change by microorganism community,and the roles of functional microorganisms in soil evolvement,were put forward,aimed to promote the research on the biological properties of desertified soil during the process of reversal.

In this study,the thermodynamic parameters of soil urease under the influence of urease inhibitors and temperature were investigated.The results show that thermodynamic parameters Ea,Q10 and ΔH with HQ treatment slightly decrease,but those with PPD and NBPT treatments slightly increase.As temperature increases,the thermodynamic parameters of soil urease decrease.Correlational analysis indicates that there is a close correlation between activation energy(Ea) and soil fertility,which shows that a further study is required to determine whether thermodynamic parameters of enzymes can be used as the indexes for evaluating soil fertility.

The black soil, albic soil, brown soil and cinnamon soil in Northeast China were selected as research objects, and their mineral characteristics were evaluated with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The results showed that the mineral atlas of test soils were of montmorillonite type. Quartz was the main component of clay minerals in the four soils. Montmorillonite and high mountain stone had higher amounts in black soil and albic soil, and mica and high mountain stone were more in brown soil and cinnamon soil. Generally, the surface of mineral particles in black soil, brown soil and cinnamon soil seems to be of laminarization with significant un-uniformity, and compared with black soil, brown soil and cinnamon soil had more smooth surface. In contrast, the mineral particles in albic soil had distinct profile and smooth surface with some interstice. It was indicated that the components and characteristics of soil clay minerals could be analyzed by soil spectroscopy, and the related information to be obtained could be accurate and available.

为探求不同的膜材、包膜工艺对尿素包膜的影响,改进包膜尿素生产技术.该研究选用3种不同膜材,分别采用侧喷与底喷两种工艺条件对颗粒尿素进行包膜,通过对包膜尿素表观状况进行电镜观察和水中溶出动态进行研究,结果发现:对于同一膜材而言,采用底喷包膜尿素的缓释效果好于采用侧喷的.对于包膜液黏度较大、雾化效果不佳、溶剂不易挥发的膜材,应选择底喷工艺进行包膜,对于黏度适中的包膜液采用底喷与侧喷工艺均可以获得较为满意的效果.

More and more attentions have been paid to nitrogen loss from high temperature compost system of organic solid wastes such as animal manure,and so on.This article exoatiates on the way and characters of nitrogen loss and thereafter introduced several kinds for reducing nitrogen loss.And,this article introduced the esearch progress on nitrogen conservation from compost system at primary places.Physical,chemical and microbial ways consist of Nitrogen conservation steps.Integration of several ways,appending urease inhibitors and nitrification inhibitors would be researchful hotspots in further.

Soil phosphorus has been one limited factor on high production of China agriculture and the increment of phosphorus application fileds in crops has get into the phenomenon of "high input and low output". It is one world task to solvie problems of phosphorus defiliencies for maintaining crop high output and protect environment. Aimeing to supply reference for production practice, present article reviewed progress of activating technique on improving soil phosphorus fertilizer based on bio- method (zeolites, Bentonite, Organic Acid, lignin, et al.) and non- bio- method (rhizosphere microorganisms, mycorrhiza, root exudates and phosphatase, et al.), and explore how to modified phosphorus fertilizer enough in order to be fixed less and released more effective phosphorus nutrients. In this paper, we also proposed on future perspectives of phosphorus activating technique research.

Soil oxidoreductase is a group of soil enzymes playing important roles in soil matter cycling and self-purification. In order to investigate its activity and kinetic characteristics under effects of different cropping system, albic soil samples under continuous cropping of maize, wheat, and soybean, and rotation of maize-soybean, and maize-wheat-soybean were collected from a state farm in northeast Heilongjiang Province, with the catalase and dehydrogenase activities and kinetic parameters as well as the chemical prop-erties determined. Comparing with continuous cropping, rotation increased the activity and catalytic capability of soil catalase. Maize-wheat-soybean rotation also increased the activity and catalytic capability of soil dehydrogenase. Significant differences were observed in the kinetic parameters of test enzymes between continuous cropping of gramineous crops and continuous cropping of or rotation with leguminous crop. Rotation benefited the increase of soil total C, and continuous cropping of soybean and rotation of maize-soybean increased the contents of soil total N and available N. Under continuous cropping of soybean, soil pH was signifi-cantly lower and soil total P content was significantly higher, comparing with those under other cropping systems. All the results indicated that rational rotation mode was advantageous to the enhancement of soil biological activity and soil fertility.

The ultraviolet absorption spectra of phenol and its derivatives were studied under water solution condition. The results show that the introduction of 2-, 3- and 4- substituent of group leads to a bathochromic shift of position of the maximum absorption wavelength lambda(max), and also increases the molar extinction coefficient epsilon(max). However, the extent of influence of substituent of group on lambda(max) and epsilon(max) differs with the introduction position. Compared with 2- and 3- substituent, the 4-substituent induces a bathochromic shift of lambda(max) and the increase of epsilon(max) more greatly, due to the more formation of conjugated structure between 4-substituent of group and benzene ring. The characteristics of 4-nitrophenol's lambda(max) and E(max) supply evidence that nitro is a better auxochrome for phenol derivatives. So UV methods were established for the determination of the contents of phenol derivatives. Using these methods, the adsorptive percentage of four phenol derivatives with epsilon(max) >10 000 was determined, which indicates that phenol derivatives have larger adsorptive percentage in soils with heavy texture, and the solution of inorganic compound with larger concentrations could increase its adsorptive percentage.

Sulfur is necessary nutrition element for plant growth,while soil lack sulfur badly and soil sulfur turn into restricted factor for crop yields and quality inch by inch.Soil arylsulfatase may be one biology index reflecting soil quality,which can catalyze mineralization of soil organic sulfur and play an important role in sulfur biochemistry circulation and plants' sulfur nutrition.It should be benefit for agricultural production evidently on the assumption that inorganic compounds were added into fertilizers activating soil arylsulfatase activity to accelerate mineralization of soil inorganic sulfur.Aimed to exploring response of soil arylsulfatase to several regulators,the regulation of reductive glutamate,coenzymes-Ⅰand ATP on soil arylsulfatase of black soil,albic soil,brown soil and cinnamon soil were studied under a simulated condition.Arylsulfatase and available sulfur in brown soil was enhanced.