Two main systems used at home and abroad to measure in situ marine pCO2 were compared,one of which is the underway automated flowing pCO2 measuring system based on the water-gas equilibrium method simply as GO system,the other is the HydroC/ CO2 FT marine CO2 continuous measurement sensor based on filters separating technology simply as Contros system.Measurement results were analyzed and discussed.The relationship between the measurements of two systems was deduced and they turned on an identical trend as time varies.The characters of two systems were discussed and it was stated how to operate the two systems properly.

在过去的100年中,北极温度升高的速率几乎是全球平均速率的两倍,尽管人为长生命期的温室气体(GHGs)在气候系统辐射强迫中占主导地位,黑碳气溶胶和其它短生命期的污染物却能很好地解释北极气候增暖较快的原因.因此,减少人为黑碳气溶胶排放将成为缓解北极迅速变化的重要策略.介绍北极黑碳气溶胶研究现状,讨论它在北极变暖中扮演的角色,分析当前北极黑碳气溶胶研究中存在的问题,展望深入开展黑碳气溶胶观测研究的必要性和紧迫性.

Coastal region has been economically the most dynamic part of the world, so the quality of ocean and atmosphere has become an important issue. Marine atmospheric observation platform would be consisted of land-stations, buoys, ship-board, sounding, satellite, airborne and mobile systems. Here, the structure and principles of the first mobile marine atmospheric environmental observatory is introduced. The detailed description of its application in marine atmosphere pollution monitoring, disasters and important public activities is attached.

Instrumental neutron activation analysis(INAA) was applied to analyze the bulk,high-volume aerosol samples,collected at Zhongshan Station in the Eastern Antarctica,during 1998-2001,to study the chemical species..A graphical technique was applied to the INAA data.Results showed that Na,Cl,Mg,Ca,Sr,Br,I,Sr and Rb were marine elements while Al,Sc,Fe and Mn were crustal elements.Compared to marine and crustal elements,five elements(Se、Co、Sb、Zn、Cr) were highly abundant in the aerosols collected at Zhongshan station,which indicated that they might come from the petroleum burning,heating and equipment operation.The presence of pollutant elements suggested that human activities have affected the local environments in Antarctica.

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was applied to analyze the bulk, high-volume aerosol samples, collected at Zhongshan Station in the Eastern Antarctica, during1998-2001, to study the chemical species. A graphical technique was applied to the INAA data. Results showed that Na, Cl, Mg, Ca, Sr, Br, I, Sr and Rb were marine elements while Al, Sc, Fe and Mn were crustal elements. Compared to marine and crustal elements, five elements (Se、Co、Sb、Zn、Cr) were highly abundant in the aerosols collected at Zhongshan station, which indicated that they might come from the petroleum burning, heating and equipment operation. The presence of pollutant elements suggested that human activities have affected the local environments in Antarctica.

To better stimulate the dry deposition velocity of aerosol particles to sea surface,wave effects were introduced to the improved Williams' model with parameterization of GW03 sea surface roughness on wave development.In this study the aerosol particle dry deposition velocity and total suspended particles(TSP) dry deposition flux were calculated over the Taiwan Strait using a newly improved model with satellite data,reanalysis data and ship-base measurement data from 2006 to 2007.The results showed obvious spatio-temporal variation with aerosol particle dry deposition velocity ranging from 5.83 cm/s to 6.17 cm/s and mean value of 6.00 cm/s,showing a clear seasonal pattern with a winter maximum(about 6.08 cm/s) and summer minimum(about 5.85 cm/s).TSP dry deposition flux had similar seasonal variation,ranged from a maximum 7.31μg/(m2·s)in winter to a minimum 2.23μg/(m2·s)in summer.Spatially,there was an aerosol particle dry deposition high spot on the Fouzhou-Xinzhu sea area.TSP dry deposition flux had two high spots and one low spot,in the north of Taiwan Strait,Shantou-Xiamen sea area and north of South China Sea,respectively.

Dust storms have significant effects on the air quality of cities they pass through.Most studies of dust storms in China have focused on their impact on cities in the north.However,it is generally believed that dust storms can influence cities as far south as Nanjing and Wuhan,and that the concentrations of pollutants such as SO2,NO2 and O3 will decrease due to the gale brought by dust storms,while the level of particles will increase.Nevertheless,studies focusing on the impact of dust storms on southern cities such as Zhuhai and Xiamen have been quite limited.A severe dust storm originated from Inner Mongolia during 27～29 May,2008 and reached Xiamen on 30,May.As measured by sampling site-H the wind speed increased to 12.6 m/s,and the concentration of CO,NO2 and NO decreased rapidly on 31,May,but returned to normal on 1,June.Conversely,no variations in PM10 and SO2 were observed on 31,May,but an increase was observed on 1 and 2,June.The concentrations of PM10 and SO2 exhibited a good correlation during the two days(R2=0.65),suggesting that the dust storm not only caused an increase in PM10,but also in SO2.This is the first reported case of a dust storm induced SO2 increase in cities in south China.Although many studies have been conducted to evaluate the distribution and transportation of SO2,additional studies to evaluate the mechanism of the transportation of SO2 by dust storms are needed.

79 marine aerosol samples over the Taiwan Strait were collected using high volume aerosol sampler during 2006 and 2007.All the samples were analyzed for Cu,Pb,Cd,V,Zn,Fe,Al using atomic absorption spectrophotometer.The results showed that the contents appeared to be characteristics of seasonal variation,as for most of metal elements,its contents were the highest in summer,and the lowest in winter.The contents varied with the features of meteorological element and so on.The sources of atmospheric trace metals were distinguished from enrichment factor,correlation analysis and factor analysis,it showed that Cu,Pb,Cd,V came mostly from anthropogenic sources,and Al,Fe,Zn mostly from crustal sources.The atmospheric input and river input of trace metals to Taiwan Strait were compared and analyzed.It showed that the atmospheric inputs of Cu and Zn were lower than the Jiulongjiang River and Minjiang River inputs,and the atmospheric inputs of Pb and Cd were higher than the river input.

A new underway Wind-controlled High Volume Marine Aerosol Sampling System is developed In the study of the Marine Aerosol survey and research ofchina offshore comprehensive research and estimate.This system is composed of the wind direction and speed controller,high-capacity sampler,automatic controller,resistant to wind,rain-proof and corrosion-proof box.After the marine environmental operation for two years(four seasons),it shows that this system has a high volume sampling marine air which can satisfy the checking requirement of the microcomponent of the marine aerosol;the control system of wind direction and speed can effectively prevent aerosol sample from ship pollution.This system has still the excellences that the seawater rainfall preventing,corrosion-proof,structural fastness,flow tranquilization and wind resistant ability.The sampling system adopts that the sampling,processing and displaying of the signal are controlled by the single-chip,equips the programme enactment of the temperature and pressure compensation and power failure protection and automatic repair.Under the work of marine environment it suggests that the design of this system is reasonable,data reliability,the high sensitivity,so it can satisfy the sampling request of high-capacity marine aerosol.

Rain samples collected from the shore of Xiamen during the impact of typhoon Bilis were analyzed.The results showed that monthly mean deposition of major ions in rain could be classified into 4 groups.pH in typhoon rain was significantly higher than that in normal rain and pH in typhoon rain showed less acidity characteristics.Acid composition in air could have been cleaned out effectively by rain during typhoon Bilis.The rain reduced acid deposition into the shore of Xiamen and its adjacent sea area at the same time.N/P ratios of rain in spring and summer seasons and from typhoon Bilis were much larger than the Redfield ratio.DIN in surface water of western Taiwan Strait was significantly increased by wet deposition during typhoon Bilis,but PO43-in this area increased insignificantly.

It is a significant task for marine science, atmospheric science, global change science and sustainability science to obtain large-scale and stable data of CO2 in the atmospheric and oceanic system. It needs to develop a three-dimension platform and to precisely record CO2 and its relative parameters in the ocean and atmosphere in parallel and continuously to accurately assess CO2 fluxes. Such platform should consist of land-base, ship borne, airborne, satellite and buoy systems. The main technology will include underway air-sea pCO2 measurement, buoy seaair CO2 fluxes observation, polar sea-air CO2 fluxes establishment, as well as remote sensing seaair CO2 fluxes investigation and evaluation.

Marine-atmosphere environment is the main way for terrestrial pollutants transferring into ocean and linkage for interaction between land and ocean.Observation and research of marine-atmosphere environment has become significant in studying global changing.The study introduces a multi-parameter underway integrated system technique and its application for Chinese Coastal Marine Environment Integrated Survey and Evaluation in Taiwan Strait and South China Sea.The system is automatic,precise and stable enough to adapt to understand state,source,transfer and flux for major harmful materials in the marine-atmosphere environment.

The data were collected during Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Expeditions in the western Arctic Ocean and the marginal sea ice zone (MSIZ) of the Southern Ocean, respectively in the boreal summer from July to September of 1999 and in the austral summer from December of 1999 to January of 2000. The concentrations of CO2 in surface water of the survey regions would mostly present lower than those in the atmosphere. A significant biological driving force could also been observed in summer waters in both of the above oceans. Air to sea CO2 fluxes were also calculated to compare oceanic uptake capacity of CO2 in both oceans with the world oceans using Liss, Wanninkhof, and Jacobs's methods. The averaged CO2 fluxes of air to sea in the western Arctic Ocean or in the MSIZ of the Southern Ocean doubled that in the world oceans.

全球变暖引发了北极地区的快速变化.北极地区苔原冻土带退化、海冰面积退缩和厚度变薄将使北极生态系发生重要变化,因而引起碳的生物地球化学循环过程变异.为精确评估北极地区对人为大气CO2的吸收通量,围绕北极苔原、边缘海和极区海域的碳循环研究引起了重视.调查表明,北冰洋和亚北冰洋海冰区是海洋吸收大气CO2的重要汇区,北冰洋具有吸收大气CO2约1×Gt C/a的能力,北冰洋夏季冰缘区的长光照和高生产力促进了对大气CO2的吸收能力,北冰洋深水环流和通风作用也有利于表层碳向深水转移.最近有些调查表明,如温度继续升高,北极苔原有可能从碳汇转变成大气碳源.国际上正加强北极地区碳循环研究的规划和计划,企图通过改进现场调查观测手段以及研究方法,来定量研究和模式预测变化中北极地区的碳汇潜力及其对地球气候的影响.

Characteristics of the p CO 2 distribution in surface water of the Bering Abyssal Plain and their relationships with the ambient hydrological conditions were discussed using variations of the partial pressure of CO 2 in surface water of the Bering Abyssal Plain and the Chukchi Sea. Data in this study are from a field investigation during the First Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition in 1999. Compared to the high productivity in the Bering Continental Shelf, much lower levels of chlorophyll a were observed in the Bering Abyssal Plain. The effect of hydrological factors on the pCO 2 distribution in surface seawater of the Plain in summer has become a major driving force and dominated over biological factors. The Plain also presents a High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll (HNLC). In addition, the pCO 2 distribution in the Bering Abyssal Plain has also been found to be influenced from the Bering Slope Current which would transform to the Anadyr Current when it inflows northwestward over the Plain. The Anadyr Current would bring a high nutrient water to the western Arctic Ocean where local nutrients are almost depleted in the surface water during the summer time. Resupplying nutrients would stimulate the growth of phytoplankton and enhance capacity of absorbing atmospheric CO 2 in the surface water. Otherwise, in the Bering Sea the dissolved inorganic carbon brought from freshwater are not deposited down to the deep sea water but most of them would be transported into the western Arctic Ocean by the Alaska Coastal Current to form a carbon sink there. Therefore, the two carbon sinks in the western Arctic Ocean, one carried by the Anadyr Current and another by the Alaska Costal Current, will implicate the western Arctic Ocean in global change.

The Pb concentrations of atmospheric aerosol in the Chukchi and Berling Sea of the Arctic vary within the range of 0.17～0.96?ng·m~(-3),with an average of (0.46±0.27)?ng·m~(-3). Lead isotope and calculation of the Pb enrichment factor of aerosol indicates that the industrial sources of lead pollution include mainly the North America, East Europe and the former Soviet Union and Asia. The calculation of the total average fallout flux of Pb indicates that the mean value of input flux into the Chukpechi and Berling Sea is 0.02?mg·m~(-2)·a~(-1),equivalent to that of southern Pacific but slightly lower than that of northern Indian Sea and southern Atlantic. It is evidenced that the Pb input flux into the Chukchi and Berling Sea are far lower than that off the Baltic Sea, the North Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.

本文主要根据1998～1999年南极中山站气压、气温、相对湿度和风的观测资料,对其周边地区气象要素变化特征进行了分析.结果表明,中山站地区近期降温倾向明显,气温年较差大;空气干燥,相对湿度小;夏半年受下降风影响大;常年盛行东风,风力较强.其气候具有明显的大陆性特征.

The distributions and fluxes of sea-air carbon dioxide were investigated the first time based on the firsthand data collected during the First Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition. The results revealed that values of atmospheric CO2 partial pressure (Pa) measured in the sum-mer during the expedition fell between 352 and 370 (x10−6 CO2·Air−1, same unit below) with an average value of 358. Particularly, Pa appeared high in the northern sea areas of Poitlay. However, the values of CO2 partial pressure at the surface layer of seawater (Pw) ranged from 98 to 580 with the difference between the low and high being 472. The average value ofPw was 242, which is 116 lower than that of the correspondingP a. In addition, the distribution ofPw was roughly low in the west and north, but high in the east and south. These phenomena were closely related to plankton, ice, water temperature and circulation of the region. The estimation in carbon fluxes showed that the patterns in distribution were similar through different calculating methods with an exception in eastern sea areas of the region where a weak source of atmospheric CO2 was indi-cated. Most sea areas of the region were sinks or strong sinks of atmospheric CO2. However, the magnitudes in the fluxes were different. The average values varied from 6.57 (Liss method) to 26.32 mg.CO2·m−2·h−1 (14C method) with a difference of about 4 times between the low and high, which is 2 to 10 times as high as the global average. Compared with the fluxes in the same region obtained using model of Takahashi, Feely et al., the values determined based on Wanninkhof coef-ficient calculation were 2.38 times as great as those obtained by them.