After the Fukushima accident, the disposal of radioactive liquid waste has received great attention. The analysis of nuclide activity in the liquid waste of the containment after a severe accident is the prerequisite for the treatment of the liquid waste. Based on the source and reduction mechanism of radionuclides in the liquid waste of the containment after the severe accident, the composition change of nuclides in the liquid waste was studied. The results showed that during the release stage of nuclides from core to containment, the activity of each group nuclides in the liquid waste gradually increased. Then the activity of each group nuclides gradually decreased with time except for the lanthanum group nuclides. The total iodine activity decreased the fastest, and the total activity of the cesium group decreased the slowest. At the beginning of the accident, iodine was the main nuclide in the liquid waste, followed by cesium group. The percentage of cesium group in the total activity decreased first and then increased, while that of other groups first increased and then decreased. Cs-134, Cs-137, Sr-89, Sr-90, Te-127(m), Ru-106, Y-90, Ce-144, Pu-241 decayed very slowly, which were the important components of the radioactive liquid waste.

Measuring wet deposition of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) aerosol is crucial for the understanding of their circulation and climate effect. To further understand the wet deposition of particulate carbon (OC and EC), precipitation samples were collected from April to August 2014 on Xiamen Island in China. EC and water insoluble organic carbon (WIOC) concentrations were analyzed using a thermal optical method to investigate temporal variations and wet deposition fluxes. The average EC and WIOC concentrations were 7.3 μgC·L−1 and 495.3 μgC·L−1, respectively, which are both comparable to the results reported in European areas. EC and WIOC concentrations were higher in spring than in summer. Higher EC concentrations were found in April, which were probably associated with the transport of air masses from northern continental areas. Higher WIOC concentrations were found in May and were mainly attributed to air masses from the South China Sea. Lower concentrations of EC and WIOC in the summer were primarily due to the clean air masses transported from the ocean. The wet deposition flux was calculated as the product of concentration and precipitation amount. Average wet deposition fluxes of EC and WIOC were estimated to be 0.6 mgC·m−2·month−1 and 36.7 mgC·m−2·month−1, respectively. Wet deposition fluxes of EC and WIOC exhibited similar concentration trends. The largest flux in EC wet deposition occurred in April (1.8 mgC·m−2·month−1), while the largest flux in WIOC wet deposition occurred in May (63.1 mgC·m−2·month−1).

The Arctic atmosphere has been disturbed by human activities. To improve the understanding of anthropogenic influences, major ionic species and carbonaceous components were measured at Ny-angstrom lesund in July 2012. The results suggested that Na+ and Cl- are the dominant water soluble inorganic species, accounting for 57 +/- 17% of the mass of measured ionic species, and 61% of the variance in organic carbon can be explained by oceanic emissions. Aerosols in this area were found to be altered by secondary production involving oxides of sulfur, nitrogen and ammonia from anthropogenic activities, resulting in relative high concentrations of secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) (such as non-sea salt (nss)-SO42-, NO3- and NH4+), with a mean concentration of 158 ng m(-3). SIAs were featured by a mean [NH4+]/[nss-SO42-] ratio of 0.57 and a neutralization ratio (NR) of 0.074, indicating a deficit of NH4+. Thus, the production of particulate NH4 NO3 was strongly limited and SIAs were likely to remain in more acidic forms, NH4HSO4 or H2SO4 rather than as (NH4)(2)SO4. Chloride depletion of 11%-22% occurred in the samples with high concentrations of excess acidic species (defined as [nss-SO42- + NO3- - NH4+]) and high sea salts. The formation of SIAs and chloride depletion appeared to produce acidic aerosols with a mean pH of 4.51 and high free [H] concentrations of 3.06 +/- 0.75 nmol m(-3) in aerosols, accounting for 77% of the total [H] concentration. This implies that anthropogenic species could be engaged efficiently in modifying of the properties of aerosols at Ny-angstrom lesund. Copyright (C) 2016 Turkish National Committee for Air Pollution Research and Control. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

To investigate the concentrations, sources, and temporal variations of atmospheric black carbon (BC) in the summer Arctic, routine ground-level observations of BC by optical absorption were made in the summer from 2005 to 2008 at the Chinese Arctic Yellow River Station (78 degrees 55N, 11 degrees 56E) at Ny-angstrom lesund on the island of Spitsbergen in the Svalbard Archipelago. Methods of the ensemble empirical-mode decomposition analysis and back-trajectory analysis were employed to assess temporal variation embedded in the BC datasets and airmass transport patterns. The 10th-percentile and median values of BC concentrations were 7.2 and 14.6 ng m(-3), respectively, and hourly average BC concentrations ranged from 2.5 to 54.6 ng m(-3). A gradual increase was found by 4 ng m(-3) a(-1). This increase was not seen in the Zeppelin Station and it seemed to contrast with the prevalent conception of generally decreasing BC concentration since 1989 in the Arctic. Factors responsible for this increase such as changes in emissions and atmospheric transport were taken into consideration. The result indicated that BC from local emissions was mostly responsible for the observed increase from 2005 to 2008. BC temporal variation in the summer was controlled by the atmospheric circulation, which presented a significant 6-14-day variation and coherent with 1-3- and 2-5-day and longer cycle variation. Although the atmospheric circulation changes from 2005 to 2008, there was not a marked trend in long-range transportation of BC. This study suggested that local emissions might have significant implication for the regional radiative energy balance at Ny-angstrom lesund.

海洋是巨大的碳库,不断地从大气吸收CO2,工业革命以来,海洋吸收了人类向大气排放 CO2的30%~40%[1]。海洋吸收的CO2对于缓解全球变暖起着重要的作用,但是它破坏了海洋自身碳酸盐的化学平衡,导致海水酸度增加。这种由于海洋吸收了大气中人为 CO2引起的海水酸度增加过程,被称为海洋酸化。

Selected trace elements, ionic species and organic/elemental carbon in aerosols were measured in summer at Ny–Alesund in the Arctic, and an interpreted approach combining elemental ratios, back–trajectories and enrichment factors was used to assess the sources of aerosols observed at this location. Aerosol samples influenced by ship emissions were featured by elevated concentrations of non–crustal (nc) vanadium (V), nc–nickel (nc–Ni), non–sea salt (nss) sulfate (SO42−) and ratios of nc–Ni/nc–V (1.7) and nss–SO42−/nc–V (200). When two cruise ships with more than 1 500 passengers visited Ny–Alesund in July 2012, the total suspended particulate (TSP) mass reached 2 290ng m−3, almost three times the median TSP concentration (609ng m−3) measured during the study period. The nc–V concentration reached 0.976ng m−3, about 38–fold higher compared to the mean value of the sampling period, and this value was even higher than the annual mean value observed at Zeppelin station and the values measured during Haze events at North American Arctic and Norwegian Arctic. The concentrations of nc–Ni and nss–SO42− were 0.572ng m−3 and 203ng m−3, which were 8–fold and 2–fold higher than the median values of the sampling period. While in the few–ship period, defined as the period with none or only one cruise ship with less than 1 000 passengers being present, aerosols at this location could be affected by a mixed impact of local emissions and long–range transport, reflected by the nc–Mn/nc–V ratios and element enrichment factors often found in the air masses from North America Arctic, Iceland and North Eurasia. Results from this study suggest that cruise ship emissions contributed significantly to atmospheric particulate matter at Ny–Alesund in the summer, effecting air quality in this area.

To characterize the concentrations and size distributions of water-soluble organic and inorganic aerosol species, including Na+, non-sea-salt sulfate (nss SO42-), methane sulfonate (MSA), oxalate, and succinate, over the Southern Ocean (SO) and coastal East Antarctica (CEA), bulk and size-segregated aerosols were collected from 40 degrees S, 100 degrees E to 69 degrees S, 76 degrees E and between 69 degrees S, 76 degrees E and 66 degrees S, 110 degrees E during a cruise from November 2010 to March 2011. Results show that sea salt was the major component of the total aerosol mass, accounting for 72% over the SO and 56% over CEA. The average concentrations of nss SO42- varied from 420ngm(-3) over the SO to 480ngm(-3) over CEA. The concentrations of MSA ranged from 63 to 87ngm(-3) over the SO and from 46 to 170ngm(-3) in CEA. The average concentrations of oxalate were 3.8ngm(-3) over the SO and 2.2ngm(-3) over CEA. The concentrations of formate, acetate, and succinate were lower than those of oxalate. A bimodal size distribution of aerosol mass existed over CEA, peaking at 0.32-0.56 mu m and 3.2-5.6 mu m. MSA was accumulated in particles of 0.32-0.56 mu m over CEA. High chloride depletion was associated with fine-mode particles enriched with nss SO42-, MSA, and oxalate. Higher cation-to-anion and NH4+/nss SO42- ratios in aerosols over CEA compared to that over the SO imply the higher neutralization capacity of the marine atmosphere over CEA.

Empirical relationships between the sea surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), sea surface chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a), and sea surface temperature (SST), were derived from shipboard pCO2 measurements in sea water and atmosphere, in-situ Chl-a, and SST data along cruise tracks between Zhongshan Station in East Antarctica and Changcheng Station on the Antarctic Peninsula in December 1999, January 2000, December 2004 and January 2005 during the CHINARE XVI and XXI campaigns. These relationships were then applied to datasets of remotely sensed Chl-a and SST to estimate the monthly air–sea carbon flux and the uptake of atmospheric CO2 in the southern Atlantic and Indian Ocean. The results show significant spatial and temporal variability of carbon flux in the southern Atlantic and Indian Ocean. The monthly uptakes of atmospheric CO2 in the region from 50°S to the ice edge between 60°W and 80°E are −0.00355GtC, −0.00573GtC in December 1999 and January 2000, and −0.00361GtC, −0.00525GtC in December 2004 and January 2005, respectively.

在过去的100年中,北极温度升高的速率几乎是全球平均速率的两倍,尽管人为长生命期的温室气体(GHGs)在气候系统辐射强迫中占主导地位,黑碳气溶胶和其它短生命期的污染物却能很好地解释北极气候增暖较快的原因.因此,减少人为黑碳气溶胶排放将成为缓解北极迅速变化的重要策略.介绍北极黑碳气溶胶研究现状,讨论它在北极变暖中扮演的角色,分析当前北极黑碳气溶胶研究中存在的问题,展望深入开展黑碳气溶胶观测研究的必要性和紧迫性.

The title compound, [Co(C2H8N2)(3)](I-3)I, is isostructural with the analogous Zn-II and Ni-II complexes [Wieczorrek (2000). Acta Cryst. C56, 1079-1081]. The Co-II atom, which has a distorted octahedral environment, and the iodide anion are located on twofold axes (8d site). The central I atom of the triiodide anion is also located on a twofold axis (8c site). The I-3(-) anion is linear. The crystal shows inversion twinning.