In order to further excavate the related genes of wheat vernalization,explored the regulation mecha-nism of wheat vernalization,this study screened and cloned an EST sequence from a high-throughput RNA sequen-cing analysis comparing the transcriptomes with wheat varieties with different developmental characteristics under vernalization and non-vernalization treatment,and named Trx59. The open reading frame (ORF) of Trx59 gene was 372 bp,ecoding 124 amino acids,and contained one thioredoxin domain structure. Expression analysis was conduc-ted by qRT-PCR and the gene function was verification by using VIGS technique. The result showed that the ex-pression level of Trx59 was gradually up-regulated during vernalizaton process;the expression level and time of Trx59 gene in spring variety LC10 was higher and earlier than that in winter variety J841 . BSMV:Trx59 recombi-nant vector was built and inoculated wheat plants of J841. After 14 days of inoculation,the leaves appeared visible light bleaching phenomenon,and the expression level of Trx59 reduced sharply,indicating that Trx59 gene had been significantly suppressed;the spike differentiation process of plants inoculated by BSMV:Trx59 was later than that of the negative control group,deducing that the Trx59 genes may be related to the wheat developmental characteristics.

Eleven representative wheat varieties from 1960s to now were selected to explore the evolution of wheat varieties of Henan Province under drought stress.At two-leaf stage,the drought stress was carried out by 20％-PEG6000(m/V) for 48,120 h,and the physiological drought resistance of different cultivars at seedling stage was analyzed by fuzzy subordinate function of each index.The results indicated that drought stress presented an increasing trend in the nine times of wheat variety upgrading in Henan Province.Under drought stress,relative water content and chlorophyll were reduced,while SOD and POD activity kept rising.Clustering analysis indicated that the 11 cuhivars could be classified as four types:highly resistant type (Luohan 2 and Luohan 12);drought resistant type (Zhengmai 9023,Yumai 21,Yumai 49-198 and Zhoumai 18),weakly resistant type (Yumai 18,Zhengmai 366 and Fengchan 3) and highly sensitive type (Bainong 3217 and Zhengyin 1).The performance of drought resistance in 11 wheat varieties was Luohan 2 ＞ Luohan 12 ＞ Zhengmai 9023 ＞ Yumai 21 ＞ Yumai 49-198 ＞ Zhoumai 18 ＞ Yumai 18 ＞ Zhengmai 366 ＞ Fengchan 3 ＞ Bainong 3217 ＞ Zhengyin 1.

通过实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)分析了不同发育特性的普通小麦品种VRN3基因的表达,结果表明:VRN3基因在春性品种新春2号叶片中表达呈上升趋势,在雌雄蕊分化期达到最大值,在强冬性品种京841中表达量很低;VRN3在新春2号和京841茎尖中的表达量均极低.以京841的cDNA为模板扩增VRN3基因全长,连接到pCAMBIA3301载体上,构建VRN3基因过表达载体,通过农杆菌茎尖转化法获得了转基因植株,研究结果为春化基因VRN3对小麦春化发育调控的进一步研究提供依据.

In order to study the theoretical basis of common wheat with different vernalization characteristics,an EST Unigene3230 was discovered from high-throughput sequencing results from transcripts of wheat varieties with different vernalization characteristics,and its sequence is consistent with wcor14a gene by sequence alignment from NCBI.In order to explore the functions of wcor14a in the process of vernalization,wcor14a expression patterns were analyzed using fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR under abiotic stress treatments.The result showed that wcor14a gene could response to low temperature,exogenous ABA,and drought stress treatments.What′s more,the expression patterns of wcor14a gene in wheat varieties with different vernalization characteristics were analyzed,and the result revealed that wcor14a gene was expressed in wheat varieties and the relative expression level was spring wheat >semi-winter wheat >winter wheat >strong winter wheat,and the expression time of winter and strong winter wheat was earlier than spring and semi-winter wheat.

To investigate the effects of the density and planting patterns on chlorophyll ,fluorescence and yield of summer maize Zhengdan 958 ,a field experiment was carried out with different plant population densities (7 .5 × 104 , 9 .0 × 104 ,1 .05 × 104 plants·hm - 2 ) using a split-split plot design .The results showed that with the increase of planting density ,LAI of extended leaves and chlorophyll content of ear leaf displayed a single peak variation curve .Under certain density ,changes in planting pattern could increase the use efficiency of light energy .Under high density condition ,the method of double strains cultivation with wide-narrow row spacing improved population structure ,significantly increased photosynthetic area ,enhanced group light energy utilization ,advancing the production potential of corn under high densi-ty .

In order to study the biological function of VRN1 in wheat developmental process,VRN1 expression patterns were analyzed using fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR in two vernalization characteristic varieties Xinchun No.2 and Jing 841.The results showed that the VRN1 transcription levels increased gradually in Xinchun No.2 leaves and shoot meristems.While the VRN1 transcription levels in Jing 841 leaves showed a wavelike rises,but the expression level in shoot meristems was very low and nearly zero.The VRN1 RNA interference sequence was suc-cessfully introduced into vector pFGC5941,and the recombined vector was transferred into the shoot apical meristem of Xinchun No.2 by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.Transgenic plants were detected by PCR amplification, which could lay a foundation for genetic improvement of wheat developmental characteristics on molecular level and created new wheat germplasm for wheat breeding.

通过2 a的小麦—玉米轮作田间定位试验,探讨秸秆还田不施肥(CK)、秸秆还田+化肥(SF)、秸秆还田+化肥+HM腐熟剂(SFD)、秸秆还田十化肥+有机肥(SFM)对小麦收获期土壤酶活性及小麦产量的影响,以期确定最佳的秸秆还田配施处理.结果表明:SFM和SFD处理的土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性高于CK和SF处理;SFM和SFD处理土壤碱解氮、速效磷含量高于CK和SF处理,总体以SFD处理效果最佳;各处理小麦产量表现为SFM ＞SFD ＞SF＞ CK,SFM、SFD处理之间差异不显著,两处理小麦产量较SF处理增加8.42％～12.69％(2013年)、8.21％～14.14％(2014年),基础地力对小麦产量的贡献率表现为SFM＜SFD＜SF.综上,配施有机肥和腐熟剂的秸秆还田处理可以有效提高土壤肥力和小麦产量,在短期内可以减弱农田地力用与养的矛盾,对农田可持续发展起到一定的促进作用.

采用大田试验,设置秸秆还田+常规施肥(T1)、秸秆还田+有机肥(T2)、秸秆还田+HM(菌种)还田剂(T3)和秸秆还田不施肥(对照,T0)4个处理,探讨不同秸秆还田处理对氮素利用和麦玉两熟作物产量的影响.结果表明,与对照相比,秸秆还田配施不同肥料或还田荆使冬小麦和夏玉米产量分别提高了37.7％～57.2％,33.0％ ～41.4％,其中T2和T3处理的增产效果更为显著.T3处理冬小麦的千粒重显著低于T2处理,但两者其他产量构成要素、产量及生物量的差异均不显著.与单施化肥(T1)相比,秸秆还田配施腐熟剂(T3)或有机肥(T2)处理氮素收获指数、氮肥生理利用率和氮肥偏生产力在冬小麦季分别提高了1.0％～2.3％,8.2％～24.3％,8.3％～14.2％;在夏玉米季则分别提高了2.6％～3.3％,22.2％ ～ 39.O％,4.9％～5.1％.对周年氮素平衡来说,对照处理表现为氮素亏缺,T1,T2和T3处理均表现为氮素盈余;且同一氮素水平下,T3和T2处理比T1处理氮输出量分别增加了11.4％,14.7％.T3处理在秸秆还田配施肥料的基础上可以达到T2处理同样的增产效果;T3和T2处理可以明显提高作物氮素利用效果;从周年氮素平衡角度来说,在秸秆全量还田的基础上可以减少氮肥的施用量.

为了明确黄淮麦区春化基因显隐性组成在小麦品种中的分布情况,揭示品种的发育特性.以Vrn-A1,VrnB1,Vrn-D1和Vrn-B3以及Vrn-D1启动子区单核苷酸突变引物为STS分子标记,对黄淮麦区的91个品种进行了分子标记检测.结果显示,所有供试材料在Vrn-A1和Vrn-B3位点均检测为隐性.在Vrn-B1位点,有6个品种检测为显性(6.6％),其余均为隐性.在Vrn-D1位点,黄淮麦区的品种中有38份材料为显性基因(41.8％),53份为隐性基因(58.2％),在38份显性材料中有18份材料为Vrn-D1a类型(47.4％),有20份材料为Vrn-D1b类型(52.6％).研究认为,Vrn-D1a和Vrn-D1 b可以作为黄淮麦区小麦品种的弱春性和半冬性的有效分子标记.

为给小麦高产育种及生产提供理论依据,以河南省小麦品种9次更新换代中的11个代表性品种为供试材料,用Logistic方程拟合籽粒灌浆进程,通过相关分析和通径分析对不同年代小麦品种籽粒灌浆特性进行了研究.结果表明:河南省小麦品种9次更新换代过程中,小麦千粒重呈逐渐增加的趋势,最大达53.64 g(豫麦54);随着小麦品种的更新换代,平均灌浆速率(R)增加,灌浆持续时间(T)延长,籽粒干物质积累也呈增加的趋势.快增期的灌浆速率(R2)及灌浆持续时间(T2)与成熟时的理论千粒重(Y)呈正相关;品种更替过程中,不同灌浆参数对千粒重作用的大小依次为:R＞T＞ T2＞R2.因此,在河南省生态条件下,较快的平均灌浆速率和快增期灌浆速率是小麦高产育种的重要选择指标.

Measuring the changes of photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate,the water use efficiency of different wheat ploid under the conditions of different soil moisture contents.The results showed that all the photosynthetic rates decreased in drought process and the ranking of decreasing speed was that diploidtetraploidhexaploid.The effect of water stress on transpiration rate of diploid was the greatest while the effect on transpiration rate of hexaploid was the smallest.The influence on stomatal conductance of hexaploid was the minimum.The water use efficiency decreased under water stress while the hexaploid decreased minimum.After rewatering,the three wheat could quickly restore to almost the same level.In the normal moisture conditions,with light intensity growing,the tendency of light kinetic curve was similar,and both diploid and hexaploid were significantly higher than tetraploid in the range of 400～1 200 μmol/(m2·s).

With different plant population densities(7.5×104,9.0×104,1.05×105 plant·hm-2),the effects of the density and planting patterns on canopy architeclure were studied in this article.The results show that with the increase of planting density,LAI of extended leaves,chlorophyll content of ear leaf showed a single peak curve.Transmission coefficient for diffuse penetration declined with the increase of population.From 7.5° to 67.5°,the extinction coeffcient tended to grow with the increase of zenith angle.It is more conductive density for leaves to avoid the loss of light,and increase the rate of photosynthesis.At high population uniform lines and double plants had a larger leaf angle of 56.72°.

The wheat vernalization growth is regulated mainly by VRN1,VRN2 and VRN3.In this paper,the research progress of vernalization genes and their interaction relations were reviewed.Recent studies showed that VRN1 was induced by low temperature to promote the transition from vegetative to reproductive development stage,and the allelic variation of VRN1 was the main determining factor for the diversity of wheat vernalization growth characteristics.VRN2 was a floral repressor gene,and a single-base mutation in VRN2 core domain could make the gene lose its function.VRN3 was induced by long-day condition to improve the reproductive development of wheat,and the allelic variation of VRN3 could affect the flower time of wheat.The artful and accurate interactions between VRN genes regulate the vernalization growth characteristics of wheat efficiently.

To identify the relationship of vernalization gene VRN2 and growth habit in common wheat,The 43 amino acid sequences of the conserved CCT domain in the ZCCT1 and ZCCT2 genes of 6 wheat(Triticum aestivum) cultivars with different vernalization traits were analyzed using the sequence-specific PCR amplification.The results showed that 6 cultivars had different mutation in CCT domain of ZCCT-A1 gene,Feimai had R35W mutation,the other five cultivars had R39C mutation in ZCCT-A1.while all of the 6 cultivars had R16C mutation in ZCCT-A2 gene.B and D genomes of the 6 cultivars had no mutations.Allelic variation of VRN2 coding region is mainly refiected in the A genome,while VRN2 in B、D genome is dominant in main cultivars.

The relationships between irrigation methods and soil respiration,soil water content and soil respiration were studied systematically in a summer maize agroecosystem under conservation tillage conditions.The results showed that the slowest and quickest soil respiration rates happened at the jointing and silking stages,respectively,and then followed by a steady fall-back.Diurnal variations of soil respiration rate showed a single-peak curve,with the peak and trough time at about 14:00 and 6:00.under the same moisture condition,soil respiration rate of the alternative furrow irrigation was significantly higher than that of the conventional irrigation,with the biggest difference of averaged 3.46μmol·m-2 ·s-1 among all treatments.The diurnal variation of soil respiration rate by alternative irrigation was smaller than that by conventional irrigation.Under the different moisture conditions,the soil respiration rate changed in the following order: light water stress moderate deficit severe stress pattern;higher soil moisture during corn growing season could enhance the soil respiration rate,especially at mid-growth period of maize.There was a significant positive correlation between soil water content and soil respiration.

Effects of three controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers on summer corn carbon and nitrogen metabolism were studied under field condition.The results showed that,at the same nutrition rate,in comparison of traditional fertilizer,all the three controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers could effectively harmonize the index of carbon and nitrogen metabolism from silking to maturity stage. The soluble protein content and reductase nitrate(NR)activity in leave was increased by 2.20%-10.39%,3.22%-32.10%,respectively;And the soluble sugar content,nitrogen content in leaves and stem and sheath were increased by 6.78%-46.71%,0.50%-10.69% and 1.26%-35.99%,1.09%-41.92%,respectively.The increase of these index indicated that controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer could synchronize the nutritional requirements of summer maize growth,consequently harmonize the carbon and nitrogen metabolism.

Taking Zhengdan958 as material,six density levels were designed to investigate the effects of different planting density on physiological decline on ear leaf of summer maize.The results showed that with ear leaf functional stage developing,Chl(a+b),maximum photo-chemical efficiency(Fv /Fm),PSⅡ potential activity(Fv /Fo),light-saturated photosynthetic rate(Pnmax),apparent quantum yield(AQY),soluble protein content,SOD activity、CAT activity all took on decline tendency,and they were decreased with density increasing,especially after silking 39 days.Chl(a/b),MDA content showed a gradually increase tendency.The increasing of cultivation density leaded to the decline of ear leaf physiological function and self-guard enzyme activity and eventually shortening leaf functional stage,decreasing its photosynthesis.

Twenty ecological experimental sites over different regions were selected to conduct this experiment at the same experimental design by means of two types of middle-matured and late-matured summer maize, Zheng-dan958 and Yudan998 for systematically observing meteorological factors distribution and measuring the process of grain-filling and yield in 2007 and 2008. The results showed that the period of grain-filling was lasting about 40-60 days after flowering on the base of two cultivars. Average speed of grain-filling of Zhengdan958 was higher than that of Yudan998 from two years through all experimental sites. However, it existed a significant fast-increasing course at grain-filling stage in Yudan998 as compared with Zhengdan958 at 30 to 40 days or so after flowering. The curve of grain-filling was differently displayed at experimental ecological regions, such as linearity at the northern and western parts, and 'S' shaped-curve at eastern and middle and southeastern parts in Henan province. Percentage of grain yield per ear and harvest indices were remarkable difference between two cultivars. From the standpoint of study, middle-matured and late-matured cultivars were suitable for planting at the northern and western parts, eastern and middle and southeastern parts in Henan province, respectively. Longer grain-filling period and more intensive velocity of grain-filling and higher harvest index were three key characteristic parameters for appraising and making use of varieties all over the different ecological regions.

We assessed the effects of trxS gene on changes of proteinase activity, contents of different protein fractions and SDS-PAGE profiles in germinating seeds of contrasting transgenic and nontransgenic barley variety. Proteinase activity was enhanced by 70.28% in transgenic than nontransgenic barley seeds, whereas contents of albumin, globulin, hordein and glutelin in transgenic seeds were 3.68%, 23.52%, 31.37%, and 21.04%, lower than those in nontransgenic seeds. Degradation rates of hordein and glutelin in transgenic seeds were faster than those in nontransgenic seedlings as indicated by the SDS-PAGE profiles. Our data imply that the transformation of trxS gene could promote the degradation of protein, providing theoretic basis for the use of trxS gene and barley quality breeding.

The results from determining K,Mg,Ca,Fe,Na,Zn,Mn,Cr and Pb content of different millet varieties in China showed that there is rich in Ca,Mg,Fe,Na,Zn,Mn and K,and little Cr and Pb in millet,there is a certain difference between different varieties planted different areas in nutrition elements.The relative standard deviation of analysis results is 0.5% to 4.89%.ICP-OES with the advantage of rapidity,reliability,high sensitivity and determining many elements simultaneously can be used in conventional analysis.