新医科背景下虚拟教研室的建设是落实国家"双一流"专业建设目标、提升高校教学水平和人才培养质量的重要举措.苏州大学医学机能学团队积极响应国家需要与时代呼唤,与贵州医科大学和右江民族医学院联合申报跨校医学机能学虚拟教研室建设点,成为首批江苏省虚拟教研室建设培育点.教研室结合新医科人才培养要求,对教学理念、课程体系、教学内容和教学方法进行重构,为新医科背景下医学基层教学组织的构建与运行提供了有益参考.

神经生物学是生命科学和医学领域的基础学科,其知识体系快速发展和更新,具有国际前沿性.医学教育国际化已成为一种必然趋势,开展神经生物学全英文教学是培养国际化医学人才的重要途径之一.文章从课程改革前调研、分析课程教学中的问题和确立课程目标;建立全英文教学网络课程、转变教学模式、丰富教学手段和多元化考核等改革措施;课程改革成效评价等几个方面阐述了神经生物学全英文教学的改革与实践,并提出了建议,为推广全英文或者双语教学提供借鉴.

信息社会的发展必然触及教育领域，移动互联网为大学课堂的网络化构建了技术平台。传统课堂的“互联网+”转型升级必要且可行，关键是确立“以人为本”的教学理念，达成优势互补，这将成为教育现代化的必然选择。

Objective To explore the ventral surgical approach to the rat hypothalamus as the convenient experimental methods for the study of hypothalamus(such as electrical lesioning,intranuclear microinjection and neuronal discharge recording).Methods The ventral surgical approach to the Sprague-Dawley rat hypothalamus was performed by retracting the hemisectioned mandibles laterally,drawing the tongue caudally,dividing the soft palate and removing the sphenoid bone with a dental drill etc.The neuronal activity could be indentified by discharge characteristics.Results The unit discharge was recorded extracellularly with a glass microelectrode from arcuate nucleus.Conclusion The ventral surgical method is simple and highly efficient.By this technique,neural structures at the base of the brain(such as the arcuate nucleus and the median eminence) are easily exposed and thus become accessible to direct inspection under a dissecting microscope.

我校在五年制、七年制医学生中开设<神经生物学>课程已有6年时间.6年来的实验教学,特别是在实验指导的编制过程中,我们不断地总结经验,不断地进行完善.

在过去的20～30年中,神经科学得到了迅速发展.人们都说,21世纪是生命科学的世纪,神经科学是领头学科之一.与此同时,医学模式也从传统的"生物-医学模式"向"社会-心理-生物医学模式"转变.在这样的背境与发展形势下,在高等医学院校中开设神经生物学课程,系统地教给医学生有关神经科学的基本知识,显得十分需要,而且迫切.当前,在全国几乎所有的生命科学学院和高等医学院校都己对研究生开出了神经生物学课程.在生命科学学院也早已把神经生物学作为本科生的必修课.但在大多数医学院校中神经生物学还只是本科生的选修课.面对本科生开出神经生物学必修课的院校为数不多,正在逐步增加.

神经生物学是一门以实验为基础的新兴学科,实验课的设置对于学生对这门课的学习是非常重要的.生物电现象是生命活动的基本特征,对它的理解是进一步学习神经生物学理论知识的基础.以实验课的形式展示生物电现象极大地提高了学生的学习兴趣和学习效果.由于电生理仪器大都复杂且昂贵,本科生人数又较多,因此我们采用的是由老师示教、学生观看的方式.我们通过精心安排实验内容和突出展现实验效果来使同学对示教印象深刻.

Objective To study the effect of glutamic acid(Glu) on the electric activities of arcuate nucleus neurons(ARC) in rats.Methods The experiment was performed on isolated mediobasal hypothalamus to observe the influence of Glu and N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA) receptor agonist NMDA on the unit discharges of ARC neurons by extracellular recordings in vitro.Results After administration of Glu(200 μmol/L) the discharge frequency of ARC neurons was increased significantly from(1.26±0.31) Hz before Glu administration to(1.78±0.59) Hz.The discharge frequency of ARC neurons was also increased significantly from(1.27±0.22) Hz to(2.36±0.68) Hz after NMDA(25 μmol/L) administration.These effects were blocked by MK-801(100 μmol/L),NMDA receptor antagonist.Conclusion Both Glu and NMDA increase the discharge frequency of ARC neurons significantly.Glutamate mechanism might be involved in the modulation of the electric activities of hypothalamic arcuate nucleus neurons.

The differentiation of neural stern cells/neural precursors (NSCs/NPs) is a hot spot in neurobiological research. It used to identify their differentiation degree only by morphologic appearances. The functional characteristics, such as electrical properties of cellular membrane and ion channel activities, are drawing more and more attention with the development of patch clamp technique. It was summarized the recent progress in the study of NSCs/NPs' functional differentiation using patch clamp, some existing problems and research perspectives were suggested.

神经生物学是研究神经系统结构和功能的一门基础性、实验性、边缘性学科.在教学过程中,不但要开设必要的实验课,还要用解剖学、生理学、生物化学等多学科的研究方法,在整体、系统、细胞和分子等多个水平上研究神经系统.鉴于实验课的重要性和学时的有限性,我们在36学时的总学时中拿出了1/3的时间,安排了四次实验课,每次3学时.

Objective To explore the methods for establishing stable spinal cord left-hemisection model in SD rats, and to provide the data for the related research in our lab. Methods Twenty five adult SD rats were randomized to three groups: injury (group A, given T 12 laminectomy with spinal cord left-hemisection, n=9),sham injury (group B, given T 12 laminectomy without cord injury, n=8), and nomal (group C, n=8). Modified combined behavioral scores(CBS) were assessed 1,2,3 and 4 weeks after surgery by blinder observers. Somatosensory evoked potentials(SEP) were determined 24 hours and 4 weeks after injury. Results CBS in group A over time showed significant difference between group A and group B or C, but there was no significant difference between group B and group C.In SEP, potential latencies(PL) were prolonged and amplitudes were decreased 4 weeks after hemisection in group A with certain neurologic function recovery. The SEP was no significant difference between group B and group C. Conclusion Models in the experiments are simply performed with high rate of survival, stability and good perspective in research on post-SCI repairment.

Objective To discuss the types of neurons in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) excited by peripheral hyperosmotic stimulation. Methods Intraperitoneal injection (ip) of hyperosmotic saline was used as peripheral hyperosmotic stimulation. The unit discharge of PVN neurons was recorded extracellularly, and immunocytochemistry was employed to observe the expression of fos and the type of fos-positive neurons in PVN. Results The phasic discharge units were excited and the expressin of fos in PVN was significantly increased after ip of hyperosmotic saline. Perticularly, the majority of fos-positive neurons in magnocellular subdivision of PVN expressed simultaneously the arginine-vasopressin (AVP). Conclusion The vasopressinergic neurons in PVN can be excited by ip of hyperosmotic saline.