Evaluating the habitat suitability of flagship species and its key influencing factors is vital for understanding potential conservation issues and developing coping strategies. We surveyed the wintering population size and distribution of the Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis) in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin (YZRB) from 10 to 29 January 2022, and predicted the current potentially suitable habitat distribution and its effective factors using the MaxEnt model. A total of 9337 wintering Black-necked Cranes were recorded in the YZRB in 2022, 76.58 % of which were primarily found in Lhunzub, Samzhubze, Namling, and Lhaze. Compared to 2018, the crane population has exhibited a notable decline in Samzhubze and Taktse, likely due to farmland plowing, winter irrigation, changes in agricultural practices, road construction and hydraulic projects. The crane population within various counties exhibited a significant positive correlation with the suitable habitat area (r = 0.70, P = 0.002, n = 17). We also found that the currently suitable habitat area covered 17,204 km2, of which only 3244 km2 (18.86 %) was effectively protected at the national level, which was predominantly distributed in farmland and rangeland habitats characterized by gentle slopes, altitudes not exceeding 4500 m, and proximity to human settlements along rivers, where suitable isothermal values (51) and less seasonal precipitation (20 mm) prevail. Our study will be helpful for formulating reasonable conservation strategies to protect the core population of this threatened highland flagship species.

Migratory birds, because of their migration and roosting characteristics, can serve as major vectors for long-distance transmission, recombination, and evolution of adenoviruses. China is one of the countries possessing the widest variety of birds in the world, with the global migration routes covering almost the entire territory. However, avian adenoviruses haven't been systematically studied. In the current study, PCR-based molecular methods were used to characterize the adenoviruses in 38 migratory bird species from nine provinces in China from October 2020 to March 2021. Aviadenoviruses (11.4%, 79/690) were predominantly detected, followed by siadenoviruses (6.2%, 43/690) and barthadenoviruses (1.3%, 9/690). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated about half of the aviadenoviruses clustered with Duck adenovirus 2, revealing potential association with poultry animals. A high portion (67.2%, 88/131) of the DNA polymerase sequences had <85% identity to any known sequences, indicating the potential presence of novel species, particularly in bar-headed goose where adenoviruses of all three genera were detected for the first time. The clustering of adenovirus sequences from different birds and regions in the same branch of the phylogenetic analysis suggested their close genetic relationships, indicating the transmission of adenoviruses across bird species. Host exchange and recombination events were observed, which might reflect the plasticity of these viruses and the mechanism for the emergence of novel viruses. The prevalence and characteristics of the adenoviruses in migratory birds demonstrated the wide distribution of novel adenovirus species and possible transmission between wild birds and domestic animals.

Migratory birds have been found to carry and spread pathogens, contaminating the environment and causing diseases in humans and other animals. To our knowledge, there hasn’t been any systematic targeted screening for known pathogens in migratory birds. In the current study, customized real time PCR based TaqMan Array Cards (TAC) were used to detect 99 human disease related pathogens and 20 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in migratory birds at 10 habitat sites in China. The results showed that 30.5

Extrinsic and endocrine factors are important mechanisms influencing the timing of spring bird migration. Whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus), including 122 adults and subadults over one year old and 98 juveniles under one year old, were satellite tracked to obtain detailed locational data at a wintering ground from 2015 to 2020. We assessed the effects of temperature, wind, photoperiod, available food resources, and sex hormones on age-related timing of spring migration. Our results suggested that both photoperiod and temperature had the greatest impacts on the timing of spring migration of adults, subadults and juveniles when food resources and wind conditions were favourable. With increasing photoperiod and temperature, the peak sex hormone concentrations of adults and subadults occurred one month earlier than that of juveniles, which corresponded to the peak of their departure time. Our study showed the synergistic impact of photoperiod and temperature and their variation among adults, subadults and juveniles on the initiation of spring migration. Compared with juveniles, adults and subadults with spring migration experience and reproductive needs could adjust their behaviours more quickly before departure based on changes in environmental conditions.

Avian influenza is a global zoonotic disease influencing bird conservation and public health. Climate and land-cover changes can significantly impact influenza-susceptible species' distribution, thereby influencing avian influenza outbreaks. The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) plays a crucial role in avian influenza virus transmission and is susceptible to environmental changes. Here, we focused on two influenza-susceptible birds, the bar-headed goose (Anser indicus) and brown-headed gull (Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus), to predict their distribution on the QTP under climate and land-cover change scenarios. We integrated satellite tracking, field surveys, and publicly available datasets to collect species occurrence. Then, we utilized Biomod models to predict bird distribution under current and future scenarios. Our results indicated that the distance to water bodies (DW) and the mean temperature of the wettest quarter (BIO 8) significantly influenced the distribution of bar-headed geese and brown-headed gulls. The highly suitable distributions of both species are concentrated in the northeastern QTP and the Changtang Plateau, with only the Qaidam Basin showing a decrease in the future. Their future distribution has roughly doubled, with expansions toward western and higher elevations. We highlighted the influence of climate and land cover changes on bird distribution, and identified key areas of bird distribution, which are also critical areas for future avian influenza monitoring and prevention.

Campylobacter species, especially C. jejuni and C. coli, are the main zoonotic bacteria causing human gastroenteritis. A variety of Campylobacter species has been reported in wild birds, posing a potential avian–human transmission pathway. Currently, there has been little surveillance data on Campylobacter carriage in migratory birds in China. In the current work, fresh fecal droppings from individual migratory birds were collected at four bird wintering/stopover sites in China from May 2020 to March 2021. Nucleic acid was extracted and tested for Campylobacter with PCR-based methods. Overall, 73.8% (329/446) of the samples were positive for Campylobacter, demonstrating location and bird host specificity. Further speciation revealed the presence of C. jejuni, C. coli, C. lari, C. volucris, and an uncharacterized species, which all harbored a variety of virulence factors. Phylogenetic analysis performed on concatenated 16S rRNA-atpA-groEL genes elucidated their genetic relationship, demonstrating both inter- and intra-species diversity. The wide distribution and high diversity of Campylobacter spp. detected in migratory birds in China indicated potential transmission across territories. The existence of virulence factors in all of these species highlighted their public health importance and the necessity of monitoring and controlling Campylobacter and other pathogens carried by migratory birds.

The Oriental Stork（Ciconia boyciana） is listed as ’Endangered’ on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature（IUCN） Red List of Threatened Species and is classified as a first category nationally protected bird species in China.Understanding this species’ seasonal movements and migration will facilitate effective conservation to promote its population.We tagged 27 Oriental Stork nestlings at Xingkai Lake on the Sanjiang Plain in Heilongjiang Province,China,used GPS tracking to follow them over the periods of 2014-2017 and 2019-2022,and confirmed their detailed migratory routes using the spatial analysis function of ArcGIS 10.7.We discovered four migration routes during autumn migration:one common long-distance migration route in which the storks migrated along the coastline of Bohai Bay to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River for wintering,one short-distance migration route in which the storks wintered in Bohai Bay and two other migration routes in which the storks crossed the Bohai Strait around the Yellow River and wintered in South Korea.There were no significant differences in the number of migration days,residence days,migration distances,number of stopovers and average number of days spent at stopover sites between the autumn and spring migrations（P＞ 0.05）.However,the storks migrated significantly faster in spring than in autumn（P=0.03）.The same individuals did not exhibit a high degree of repetition in their migration timing and route selection in either autumn or spring migration.Even storks from the same nest exhibited considerable between-individual variation in their migration routes.Some important stopover sites were identified,especially in the Bohai Rim Region and on the Songnen Plain,and we further explored the current conservation status at these two important sites.Overall,our results contribute to the understanding of the annual migration,dispersal and protection status of the endangered Oriental Stork and provide a scientific basis for conservation decisions and the development of action plans for this species.

一、引言 中国是生物多样性特别丰富的国家.植物物种37699种,高等脊椎动物8042种,特有属种多,起源古老.在森林、荒漠等偏远地区,野生动物活动区域距离人活动区域远,传统4G/5G信号在野生动物栖息地内覆盖极少,需要解决野生动物监测信息的传输问题.如果建设信号传输铁塔,不仅供电困难,还可能造成原始植被环境景观的破坏,影响动物的栖息地质量和分布,资金投入和维护费用巨大.

Migratory birds play a critical role in the rapid spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus clade 2.3.4.4 across Eurasia. Elucidating the timing and pattern of virus transmission is essential therefore for understanding the spatial dissemination of these viruses. In this study, we surveyed >27,000 wild birds in China, tracked the year-round migration patterns of 20 bird species across China since 2006, and generated new HPAI H5N8 virus genomic data. Using this new data set, we investigated the seasonal transmission dynamics of HPAI H5N8 viruses across Eurasia. We found that introductions of HPAI H5N8 viruses to different Eurasian regions were associated with the seasonal migration of wild birds. Moreover, we report a backflow of HPAI H5N8 virus lineages from Europe to Asia, suggesting that Europe acts as both a source and a sink in the global HPAI virus transmission network.

[目的]乌雕(Clanga clanga)是我国一级重点保护野生动物,被IUCN列为易危(VU)物种,但其种群生态学特别是迁徙路线的研究较少,揭示其迁徙路线对中国乃至亚洲的乌雕种群及其栖息地保护都具有重要科学价值.[方法]2017年3月—2018年 10月,对在北京密云水库放飞的 1只救护乌雕的迁徙路线进行了卫星追踪.[结果]乌雕是典型的白天迁徙物种,迁徙时段在 4:00-16:00之间,迁徙高峰时段主要集中在上午 8:00-11:00之间;春季迁徙速度(139.51 km·d?1)与飞行速度(356.09 km·d?1)均比秋季迁徙速度(104.26 km·d?1)和飞行速度(190.71 km·d?1)快.春季迁徙途中确定了 11个临时休息地和 3个中途停歇地,其中途停歇地的主要栖息地为草地(68％)、耕地(26％)与林地(4％);秋季迁徙途中确定了 24个临时休息地和 4个中途停歇地,其中途停歇地的主要栖息地为草地(32％)、耕地(29％)、湿地(23％)和林地(10％).乌雕度夏前期游荡范围很广,包括中国东北地区、蒙古国中东部和俄罗斯东南部;游荡距离东西跨度为1734.57 km(2017年)和1786.34 km(2018年);最小凸多边形法(MCP)95％的游荡面积达到 833×103 km2(2017年)和 1188×103 km2(2018年),50％MCP游荡面积为 271×103 km2(2017年)和 577×103 km2(2018年),2018年游荡面积约为 2017年的 2倍,2年间度夏区域重叠面积为 741.80×103 km2.度夏后期仅在内蒙古锡林郭勒草原活动,活动面积较小,95％MCP面积为 131.22 km2,50％MCP面积为 11.49 km2;度夏期间主要利用的栖息地为草地、耕地、湿地和林地.乌雕在孟加拉国吉大港区中南部孟加拉湾恒河口区域的耕地越冬,且连续 2年都回到同一个越冬地,95％MCP越冬范围为 31.60 km2,50％MCP越冬范围为 1.54 km2,主要的土地利用类型为耕地、湿地和水体.[结论]虽然本次仅研究了 1只乌雕的迁徙过程,但因有关该物种年度迁徙活动的报道较少,所以这一单只个体数据仍然很有价值,本研究首次记录了中国甚至亚洲乌雕完整的迁徙路线以及栖息地利用类型,为乌雕种群及其栖息地的保护提供了基础资料.

大鸨(Otis tarda)是我国Ⅰ级重点保护野生鸟类,对大鸨重要栖息地种群数量的变化趋势进行研究,将为大鸨及其栖息地的保护提供科学依据.2017年至2020年,对内蒙古图牧吉国家级自然保护区内及周边的大鸨种群数量动态进行了全面调查,共选择33个监测地点,对大鸨的数量、性别和分布地点进行了调查.结果表明,大鸨种群数量从2017年193只增加至2020年253只;大鸨1月的越冬种群数量从2017年67只减少至2019年55只,2020年重新恢复至67只.各月大鸨种群数量呈现较大的变化,数量高峰期分别是5月和10月.12月至次年2月,越冬种群数量50～70只.雌性大鸨从3月开始监测到,数量高峰值出现在4月和5月,达到50～70只,不同的年份略有差别;6月之后数量开始下降,至9月开始略有回升,在10月以后,野外基本观察不到雌性个体.在野外易于观察的4月,2017至2020年4年中雌雄比的平均值是1:2.2017年和2018年,大鸨在马鞍山区域分布较多,数量也较为稳定.然而进入2019年,分布地点减少,这可能与当地人类活动的干扰有关;2020年保护区功能区进行了调整,将2014年调整出保护区范围的马鞍山区域重新划入保护区中,湿地和草地面积均有所增加,大鸨分布地点数量逐渐恢复.针对目前保护区存在的问题,建议采取退耕还草、加强保护空缺管理及禁牧等保护措施对大鸨及其栖息地进行保护.

The 2020 COVID-19 lockdown provides an opportunity to assess how the anthropause affected the behavior of birds. Black-headed gulls ( Larus ridibundus ) wintering at Dianchi Lake (Yunnan Province, southwestern China) prefer to forage on easily accessible human-provided food at various sites along the lake. Following the closure of the lake because of the pandemic, synthetic food was provided at a single location. We expected that the home range size and distribution of gulls would change in response to these changes in food provisioning. A total of 91 gulls were tagged with satellite transmitters in November 2018 and March 2019, and their movements were tracked during the winter months. We analyzed their home range size and spatial distribution in four periods, SCP2019, SOP2019, SCP2020, and SOP2020 (Scenic Opening/Closing Period in 2019/2020), and the difference between SOP2019 and SCP2019 was used as the control group. The eutrophication level in the wintering periods “ Nov. 2018–Apr. 2019 ” and “ Oct. 2019–Apr. 2020 ” was determined using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and the coverage ratio of algal blooms and NDVI were used as indicators of the amount of naturally available food. The home range sizes of gulls were reduced in SCP2020 compared with SOP2019, SCP2019, and SOP2020. The gulls were most abundant in the 600–900 m buffer zone and least abundant in the 0–300 m buffer zone in SCP2019; they were most abundant in the 0–300 m buffer zone and least abundant in the 900–2000 m buffer zone in SCP2020. These patterns were consistent with variation in the NDVI and the coverage ratio of algal blooms among buffer zones. Changes in wintering behaviors in SCP2020 relative to other periods suggested that gulls modified their behavior following anthropause-related changes in the distribution and provisioning of food. Our findings provide insights into the role of behavioral plasticity in mediating adaptation to changes in human activities in birds.

Due to the different survival pressures and physiological needs faced by adult and young herbivorous birds in winter, utilization of vegetation are varied with different wintering stages, and studying their differences will contribute to strengthen the protection and management of birds. In this paper, the differences in vegetation utilization of wintering whooper swans in the Sanmenxia Reservoir area were analyzed by satellite tracking. The results showed that the adult swans used less available vegetation areas at Sanmenxia Swan Lake Wetland Park of Henna in October and January than young swans, while higher than the young birds in the other months. At Sanwan of Pinglu, Shanxi, adult swans use less available vegetation area than juveniles from December to January and higher than juveniles from February to March. During whole wintering period, the use of available vegetation by adult swans in Shengtian Lake, Shanxi, was higher than that of young swans. The use of available vegetation by adult and young swans in different wintering sites was related to vegetation types and physiological needs of swans.

The Chinese Egret (Egretta eulophotes) is a globally threatened bird species living on the coast and islands of Liaoning, northeastern China, mainly in summer. To further protect the breeding population of Chinese Egrets, it is important to understand the current protection status of their distribution sites at pre-migration period and migration routes. Thirty-three individuals were tagged with satellite transmitters at Fantuo Island in Changhai and Xingren Island in Zhuanghe, Liaoning Province, northeastern China, in July of 2016, 2017, and 2018, to identify important distribution sites during the pre-migration period, as well as detailed migration routes. The results showed that coastal mudflats in Liaoning and the west coast of North Korea were important feeding and roosting sites for fledgling Chinese Egrets from August to September. The home range sizes in August were significantly larger than in September. The eastern coast from Shandong to Guangdong, as well as Taiwan, China, and Manila Bay and Galileo Islands in the Philippines, were important stopover sites during fall migration. Specifically, we found that the egrets' autumn migration could be divided into four routes, i.e., sea-crossing migration (SCM), coastal migration (CM), inland migration (IM), and mixed migration (MM). The migration distance, timing, speed, and straightness of the four routes also differed. The SCM routes were the straightest, and had the fastest migration speed and shortest travel time, while the IM routes had the lowest straightness and speed, and the longest duration. Manila Bay and Bohol Island in the Philippines, the west coast of Tanintharyi in Myanmar, and the Zengwun River Estuary in Taiwan, China, were wintering sites. Our findings on the key distribution sites along pre-migration and fall migration routes, including some stopover sites, have important implications for the conservation of and global action plan development for the vulnerable Chinese Egret.

The White-eared Night Heron (Gorsachius magnificus) is a poorly known species. Little ecological research has been conducted on this species, and its migration route in particular is poorly understood. Clarification of the migratory routes of this species can enhance our understanding of its distribution and aid its conservation. Here, we identified the wintering and summering sites and characterized the migration route of one White-eared Night Heron by GPS/GSM tracking. Our results indicated that the Nanting River on the China-Myanmar border is the wintering site for this individual, and the Shizhuang River in Nanzhang, Hubei Province, China is the summering site. The heron migrated along the mountains and rested near rivers and reservoirs. This study is the first to reveal the migration route of the White-eared Night Heron. Our findings suggest that this species in Yunnan, Hubei, and Guizhou Provinces is not a resident bird. Generally, these data will aid the conservation of this species, including the development of action plans and the establishment of local nature reserves along its migration route and at wintering, summering, and stopover sites.

[目的]大天鹅(Cygnus cygnus)广泛分布于东亚地区,被认为是H5亚型禽流感病毒的易感鸟类.揭示大天鹅迁徙对H5N2病毒在东亚传播中所起的潜在作用,为研究H5N2病毒的重组和传播提供科学依据.[方法]2018年12月和2019年1月,在三门峡库区采集越冬大天鹅新鲜粪便共1866份;2018和2019年春季和秋季,沿着大天鹅的迁徙路线采集其它野生水鸟新鲜粪便样品共6351份并进行了检测.[结果]分离出14株H5N2亚型禽流感病毒,其中H5蛋白裂解位点处的序列均为PQRETR↓GLF,属于低致病性禽流感病毒.14株病毒8个基因片段的同源性均?≥?99.8％,这表明分离到的14株病毒基本一致.系统发育分析结果表明,14株分离株均属于欧亚谱系,在地理位置上均呈现出以亚洲为主的特点,涉及到的主要国家包括蒙古国、韩国、孟加拉国以及中国南部地区,与大天鹅等雁鸭类迁徙路线相吻合.[结论]H5N2分离株可能是由不同地点不同亚型的低致病性禽流感病毒重组而来,这些地点包括大天鹅越冬地、停歇地和繁殖地等.该病毒随着大天鹅的长距离迁徙进行传播,并且存在着传播至中国西部进行重组与进化成高致病性禽流感病毒的潜在风险.

近红外光谱分析技术是一项现代无损检测技术,可实现对木材性能的快速预测.重点介绍了近红外光谱分析技术应用于木材化学性能、物理性能、力学性能预测的最新研究进展.在此基础上,提出利用近红外光谱技术预测木材性能后续研究的建议,以期为近红外光谱分析技术在木材科学与技术领域的研究与应用提供理论依据.

候鸟春季迁徙时间与其能否顺利完成迁徙过程,以及对繁殖地的成功选择和繁殖成效密切相关,通过对大天鹅越冬地和停歇地的春季迁徙时间选择原因及其影响因素进行分析,有助于深入理解候鸟春季迁徙时间策略和栖息地保护状况。2015年2月和12月,在河南三门峡湿地捕捉了60只越冬大天鹅并佩戴卫星跟踪器,获取了详细的大天鹅在越冬地和停歇地的春季迁徙时间等信息,并进一步分析了春季迁徙时间与气候因子的相关性。结果表明,大天鹅主要在夜间22:00—0:00和0:00—1:59迁离越冬地。大天鹅迁离越冬地的日期与温度呈显著性正相关,迁离时多选择顺风且风速较小的天气。大天鹅迁离越冬地后主要是在夜间飞行,而迁离停歇地后主要是在日间飞行。越冬地的温度越高,越有利于植物的生长,大天鹅可以快速地积累能量,提前开始春季迁徙。野外调查表明,内蒙古黄河中上游作为迁徙的重要停歇地,春季两岸捕鱼、农耕和放牧等为活动较多,因此大天鹅多选择在夜间觅食补充能量,在日间迁离。最后,针对黄河流域大天鹅栖息地的保护现状,提出了禁止经济开发项目、建立保护区和开展宣传教育等保护建议。

环境温度变化通过影响鸟类的行为进而使其活动区也发生变化,探讨三者之间的关联性有助于理解鸟类是如何通过行为调整以适应周围环境的变化,来满足自身的生理需求.本研究通过卫星跟踪的方法获得了在河南三门峡湿地越冬的31只大天鹅(Cygnus cygnus)详细位点数据,在ArcGIS和R语言中采用核密度估计法计算大天鹅的活动区面积,在SPSS中采用Spearman分析平均温度与活动区面积的相关性;并利用瞬时扫描法获得大天鹅越冬行为观察数据,采用非参数Kruskal Wallis检验对大天鹅行为的差异性进行分析,探讨了环境温度与大天鹅越冬行为和活动区三者之间相互作用的模式.研究表明,从越冬初期至后期,随着环境温度的先下降后升高,大天鹅的取食、运动、静息等主要行为发生了较大的变化,静息和取食行为先增加后减少,运动行为则先减少后增加.越冬不同时期的核心区和活动区面积与温度呈显著性正相关.大天鹅在不同时段的活动区面积大小整体上均呈现出先减少后增加的趋势.随着环境温度的变化,大天鹅的越冬行为也随之发生了调整,进而使活动区面积发生改变,主要体现在越冬初期大天鹅通过增加活动区面积及时补充能量增加体能,越冬中期减少活动保持能量需求,越冬后期增加盘旋飞行使得活动区面积增大等.大天鹅这一系列行为和活动区的调整都是为了更好地满足越冬不同时期的生理需求.