为分析山东烟叶感官质量与物理化学指标的相关性,解析烟叶品质的化学基础和物理标识,采集典型中部和上部烟叶样品,通过感官质量评价、理化检测和数理统计分析,对烟叶叶位、地域分布差异进行了比较.结果表明,山东省上中部烟叶物理指标总体适宜,化学成分总体相对协调,感官质量总体较好,地域分布差异显著.中部烟叶在适宜范围内指标的比例高于上部烟叶.感官质量评价指标与化学成分和物理指标进行典型相关分析,分别得到3对和2对显著性典型变量,对典型变量影响较大的感官质量评价指标有杂气、余味、香气质,影响较大的化学成分指标为还原糖、总糖、两糖比、氯、总氮和烟碱,影响较大的物理指标为叶宽、单叶重、叶片厚度、叶面密度和叶长.杂气与钾氯比成显著正相关,与氯、半纤维素成显著或极显著负相关;余味与钙、氮碱比、钾氯比、叶宽、含梗率成显著或极显著正相关,与淀粉、烟碱、钠、硫、氯、两糖比、叶片厚度、叶面密度成显著或极显著负相关;香气质与钙、钾氯比、叶宽、含梗率成极显著正相关,与总氮、烟碱、钠、氯、两糖比、叶片厚度、叶面密度成显著或极显著负相关.

为准确模拟烟草叶片生长发育进程,实现烟叶精准可控生产,连续两年设置不同移栽期田间对比试验,利用Richards方程建立基于不同尺度的烟草下、中、上部叶面积变化动态模型,并分析不同模型的模拟精度.结果表明,烟草各部位叶片叶面积变化动态模型均符合典型"S"型生长曲线特征,有效积温模型对下、中部叶片生长的模拟效果优于生长时间模型,而对上部叶片生长的模拟效果较差;温光效应模型对各部位叶片不同条件下生长进程的模拟精度均高于有效积温模型与生长时间模型,具有更高的普适性;各部位叶片最终叶面积随移栽期推迟呈现先增加后降低的规律,下、中部叶片生长速率随移栽期推迟呈现加快规律,而不同移栽期上部叶的生长速率近似;推导获得各部位叶片缓增期、快增期、稳增期的温光效应值,为精准预测叶片生长提供参考.

为探究烟草株型特征和光合功能适应密植的机制,以中烟100为材料,设置HD(17857株/hm2)、MD(14286株/hm2)、LD(11905株/hm2)3个密度处理,探究种植密度对平顶期烟草第4叶位(L4)、第10叶位(L10)、第16叶位(L16)的光分布、株型特征、光合功能及叶片含氮量的影响.结果表明,密植降低了上部叶的大小和弯曲程度,增加了节长,提高了L4叶位的透光率,大幅降低了L16叶位的透光率;L4叶位的净光合速率和气孔导度均增加,比叶氮也显著增加,而叶绿素含量和比叶重无显著变化.L16叶位的净光合速率和气孔导度在高密度下显著降低,Fv/Fm、Y(Ⅱ)、qP和叶绿素含量也显著降低.密植导致L16叶位行间叶面积指数显著增加,而L4和L10叶位的株间和行间叶面积指数均无明显变化.增加种植密度还使冠层下部分布在行间的叶数增多.由此可见,烟草通过调节冠层叶片姿态改善光环境,适应密植环境,不同位置叶片光合功能对密植适应机制不同,上部叶通过提高光合能力适应高光环境,下部叶通过降低光合速率、加速衰老适应弱光环境,这有利于减少下部叶生物量,促进中上部叶发育,增加中上部叶比例,提高烟叶品质.

为探究油菜素内酯(BRs)对烟草幼苗根系构型的调控机制,选取烤烟品种农大202为试验材料,分析不同浓度外源EBR(2,4-表油菜素内酯)和BRZ(BRs合成抑制剂)处理下烟草幼苗根系构型的差异,通过电镜观察二级侧根根尖横截面变化,并观察烟草转基因DR5::GUS材料根系GUS(β-葡萄糖苷酸酶)染色情况,测定侧根中生长素含量和相关基因表达量,分析根系构型变化与生长素之间的关系.结果表明,EBR可以调节烟草幼苗根长、根系直径与二级侧根密度变化,较低浓度的EBR(0.1 nmol/L)使总根长增加,增幅达到29.0％,但在0.5、1、5、10、100 nmol/L EBR处理下,一级侧根长度与对照(不添加EBR 和 BRZ)相比分别降低 4.6％、9.6％、18.5％、29.6％、36.9％;随着 EBR 浓度的增大(0.1～10 nmol/L),二级侧根密度不断增大,但根系平均直径逐渐减小,BRZ(100～500 nmol/L)处理后烟草根系平均直径显著增大;EBR主要通过调控烟草侧根细胞数目和中柱直径影响烟草幼苗根系直径大小,10 nmol/L EBR处理下烟草二级侧根横切直径较CK显著减少32.5％,中柱直径较CK显著减小25.0％;10 nmol/L EBR处理下,烟草侧根生长素含量较CK显著降低7.1％,500 nmol/LBRZ处理下,侧根生长素含量与CK相比无变化;EBR处理使烟草生长素运输基因家族中PIN3aT、PIN3bS、PIN3bT和PIN11T等基因上调,从而调控根中生长素的分布.可见,油菜素内酯可以调控根中不同部位生长素的水平进而影响烟草根系构型的变化.

研究烟草主茎节距和茎围的生长动态及二者生长关系可为烟草合理株型塑造提供科学依据.以中烟100为试验材料,获取了团棵期到现蕾期烟株主茎节距和茎围的生长数据,通过Richards方程模拟不同部位节距、茎围的生长动态,采用标准化主轴回归估计方法分析节距和茎围之间的异速生长关系.结果表明:(1)所有部位主茎节距与茎围的Richards生长动态模拟均符合"S"型生长曲线(R2>0.9),其中中部茎节距的Richards生长动态模拟模型为典型的"S"型曲线,且RMSE检验表明精度、准确度高;(2)不同部位主茎节距最大值大小顺序为上部>中部>下部,不同部位主茎茎围最大值大小顺序为下部>中部>上部;(3)标准化主轴回归估计表明不同部位主茎节距和茎围之间、不同时期主茎节距和茎围之间都呈极显著的异速生长关系(p<0.001),异速生长斜率上部>中部>下部,团棵期>旺长期>现蕾期.以上结果表明,Richards方程与标准化主轴回归估计可以准确模拟烟草主茎生长动态及生长关系,烟草主茎先以节距伸长为主,后以茎围增加为主,烟草主茎伸长的关键时期是团棵与旺长期,主茎加粗的关键时期是现蕾期.本研究结果将有利于建立合理株型,提高烟株抗倒伏性.

The shape information of leaves from 39 tobacco varieties was extracted by using landmark method. The differences in leaf shapes were compared and analyzed among different varieties and different leaf positions at different growth stages. Principal component analysis was used to reduce the dimensionality of the data. The sources of differences were visualized among different leaf shapes. Decision tree, random forest and support vector machine were used to perform discriminant analysis on tobacco leaf shapes. The results of the principal component analysis showed that the first three principal components accounted for 42.7%, 21.3% and 10.7% of the total differences in tobacco leaves at the flowering stage, which were characterized by leaf width and the maximum width position, leaf torsion, and petiole size, respectively. The discriminant results of tobacco leaf shape based on machine learning showed that the discriminant accuracy based on landmark data was 52%-62%, while the value was 51%-54% for common leaf shape indicators. The discriminant accuracy on superior or medial leaves was about 10% higher than that of inferior leaves, representing more obvious characteristics of variety. Due to the growth of the leaves, the discriminant accuracy of the leaves at rosette stage was nearly 10% lower than flowering stage. The discriminant accuracy of landmark method increased to 77% after removing 12 atypical varieties. The effect of the landmark method on leaf shape information extraction is better than the common leaf shape indicators, which provides a new idea for the automated extraction of leaf shape information.

采集贵州烟区耕层土壤样品与剖面土壤样品,对土壤大量和微量养分元素含量的状况及其空间与垂直分布规律进行了分析,并对碳、氮、磷、钾的生态化学计量学特征进行了研究.结果表明:贵州植烟土壤养分存在表层聚集的现象,耕层土壤氮、磷含量较高;土壤微量元素含量的空间变异程度大于大量元素;部分土壤需要补充钾、钙、镁;耕层土壤的C:N较高,C:P和N:P较低,且氮是土壤的主要限制因子.因此,贵州烟区在施肥时应重点关注氮、钾和中量元素.

为了分析山东烟叶杂气及其类型与化学成分的相关性,解析杂气形成的化学基础,采集6个主要植烟区的中部烟叶(C3 F等级),进行感官质量评价和化学检测.结果表明,山东烟叶化学成分总体协调,杂气总体稍有,杂气类型以稍明显的木质气和枯焦气为主,常稍有生青气和土腥气,偶有些微青杂气、金属气和其它杂气.经简单相关分析发现,杂气总体或各类型与还原糖、总糖、淀粉、总氮、烟碱、钾、钠、硫、氯、纤维素和半纤维素其中一个或多个指标显著相关;而典型相关分析表明,杂气、刺激性与还原糖、硫、半纤维素、钠、氯等指标关系密切,杂气类型与氯、总糖、烟碱、半纤维素、纤维素等指标关系密切.所以,影响山东烟叶杂气的主要化学成分为氯、还原糖、总糖、硫、烟碱、半纤维素和钾,今后可采取相关措施进行调控,以提升产区烟叶质量.

为明确施氮量、种植密度及其交互作用对烤烟株型及产质量的调控效应,以'中烟100'品种为试验材料,采用二因素裂区设计,研究施氮量与种植密度对平顶期烟株干物质积累、株型性状、光合效率及烤后烟产量、产值、化学成分的影响.结果表明,随着种植密度的增加,烤烟群体叶面积指数增加,单产显著增加,高密度处理的最大叶叶位下降,单株干物质积累减少.随着施氮量的增加,烟株茎秆增高变粗,叶长、叶宽及叶绿素含量增加,上、中、下部叶干物质积累量提高,烤后烟叶烟碱、总氮含量增加,还原糖、总糖含量降低,化学成分可用性指数(CCUI)先增加后降低.方差分析可知,种植密度对平顶期烟株生物量积累的影响大于施氮量,对烤后烟品质的影响小于施氮量,且施氮量与种植密度的交互作用对产量、产值有显著影响.本研究以施氮量120 kg/hm2、种植密度27750株/hm2处理最佳,上、中、下部叶片CCUI值均大于85分,产量、产值分别达到2388.67 kg/hm2、38442.67元/hm2.表明在密植条件下,适当增加施氮量是弥补单株生产力不足及品质下降的有效措施.综合考虑产量、品质和效益,山东烟区'中烟100'以施氮量120 kg/hm2、种植密度18500株/hm2处理组合为最优,可实现烤烟的优质高效生产.

To develop an efficient method for quantifying tobacco plant types in the field, the three-dimensional (3D) point clouds of individual plant of five tobacco cultivars were reconstructed based on multi-view image sequences using the structure from motion method. According to the plant type characteristic indexes commonly used, ten phenotypic parameters such as plant height, top width, bottom width, and maximum width of leaf layer were automatically extracted based on the 3D point cloud of tobacco plant, and the calculation accuracy was evaluated based on the plant height and maximum width of leaf layer measured manually in situ in the field. The results indicated the coefficients of determination (R2) of the plant height and maximum width of leaf layer extracted from the 3D point cloud were all greater than 0.97, and the root mean square errors were 3.0, 3.1 cm, respectively. Meanwhile, the extracted phenotypic parameters of tobacco plants were analyzed by different methods. The results of intergroup correlation analysis showed that 16 pairs of traits were extremely significant positive correlations, while one pair of traits was extremely significant negative correlation. The results of one-way multivariate analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among the plant types. The first three principal components were extracted by principal component analysis, and their cumulative contribution rate to the overall variance was 81.6%. The accuracy of plant type discrimination was 93.7% using Stacking ensemble learning method, which was significantly higher than those using random forest, support vector machine and naive Bayesian. This study can provide a method basis for phenotypic characteristics and plant type recognition of field-grown tobacco plants.

为明确不同株距对烟苗生长发育的影响,以烤烟K326为试验材料,研究了试验托盘根际空间一致(90 cm3)的条件下,不同株距(3、6、9 cm)处理对烤烟苗期根、茎、叶发育和相关生理指标的影响.结果 表明,不同株距对烟苗群体结构、新生叶发生速度、叶片数量、各部位叶面积、光合特性、茎高、节距、茎半径、茎木质化程度、根系构型和根系活力均有显著影响,但烟苗株型和伸长量最大的节位不随株距变化而改变.不同株距影响了烟苗群体结构、表型和相关生理指标,根际空间90 cm3、株距6 cm更有助于烟苗的生长发育.

为明确影响山东烤烟生长发育进程的限制气象因子,合理配置大田生育期,以烤烟主栽品种NC55、NC102、K326、ZY100为材料,连续多年设置不同移栽期田间对比试验,研究生育期变化情况,解析气象因素与烤烟生育期的关系.结果表明,烤烟生育期随移栽期推迟而显著缩短,主要体现在现蕾前的营养生长阶段(伸根期)和营养生长与生殖生长并进阶段(旺长期);温度条件是影响山东烤烟生育期的关键气象因子,生长前期温度随移栽期推迟而显著升高,使生育进程加快而导致生育期显著缩短,而有效积温保持基本恒定,符合积温恒定理论;累积日照时数的减少主要是随生育时间缩短而变化的.

为明确山东烟叶生产限制气象因子,优化气候资源配置,以主栽品种NC55、NC102和ZY100为材料,连续多年设置不同移栽期试验,研究气象因素与烟草生长发育和产量品质的关系.结果表明,移栽期对山东烟草农艺、经济性状有一定影响,对烟叶质量有显著影响;随移栽期推迟,部分试验叶宽增大,产量和产值表现先增后减趋势,大部分试验总植物碱含量显著下降,还原糖、总糖含量和糖碱比呈上升趋势,感官评吸质量呈现先升后降趋势.各气象因素与烟叶质量关联度顺序依次为日平均气温、日照时数、降水量.构建的基于温度的山东烟叶质量评价回归方程表明,NC55、NC102和ZY100在伸根期适宜平均气温分别为21.25～22.86℃、21.53～22.68℃、20.81～23.22℃,成熟后期适宜平均气温为23.67～24.54℃、24.32～24.83℃、22.03～24.42℃,结合山东省气温实际情况,NC55、NC102和ZY100适宜移栽期分别为5月5—19日、5月7—16日、5月1—25日.

以烤烟K326为试验材料,探索了不同根际空间(90、360、810 cm3)处理对烤烟苗期根、茎、叶发育及相关生理指标的影响.结果表明,不同根际空间大小对烟苗群体结构、叶片数、各部位叶面积、茎高、节距、茎半径、茎木质化程度和根系形态均有明显影响,而对烟苗光合特性(除净光合速率外)和根系活力影响不显著;烟苗株型和伸长量最大的节位亦不随株距变化而改变.不同根际空间影响了烟苗群体结构和表型,当地上株距为9 cm,根际空间90～360 cm3时更有助于烟苗生长发育.

为探究不同种植密度对烟草主茎形态结构及茎中化学成分运输、贮存的影响,以烤烟品种NC55为材料,采用田间小区试验,设不同种植密度,对单株生物量、主茎形态结构、大量元素和非结构性碳水化合物含量进行研究.结果表明,高密度处理降低了烟株各器官尤其是叶片的生物量,烟株茎围为4.28～7.55 cm,节距为1.41～6.13 cm,低密度处理的茎围为4.83～10.00 cm,节距为1.26～4.95 cm.化学成分分析表明,自顶部向下主茎中氮磷钾含量呈降低的趋势,可溶性糖、蔗糖和淀粉含量呈增加趋势.低密度处理显著增加了主茎皮层和髓中全氮、全磷的含量,降低了下部髓中全钾的含量.低密度处理增加了皮层中非结构性碳水化合物,而降低其在髓中含量.低密度处理增加了主茎中全氮、全磷的运输贮存,增加了非结构性碳水化合物的运输,减少其贮存.种植密度通过改变主茎形态结构与器官占比等改变了主茎中大量元素与非结构性碳水化合物的运输与贮存能力,是调整烟草源-流-库关系的重要手段.

为明确适合烤烟生长并降低土壤氮素损失的滴灌施氮策略,为烤烟生产提供理论指导.以烤烟品种K326为材料,在盆栽条件下,研究了滴灌施氮对烤烟氮素积累、分配和利用及土壤无机氮含量与分布的影响.结果表明: 移栽后28 d滴灌追氮一次,增加追氮比例,叶片的氮素含量、氮素积累量和分配比例增加,根和茎的氮素积累量和分配比例降低,烟株表观氮素利用率提高;土壤无机氮含量升高,土壤无机氮的表观盈余量降低.移栽时施氮50% ,移栽后28和42 d滴灌追氮两次的氮素利用率显著高于追氮一次处理;而追氮比例为70%和90%时,氮素利用率低于追氮一次处理.移栽后滴灌追氮两次提高了距滴注点垂直距离5~20 cm和水平距离15~20 cm土层的土壤无机氮含量,降低了距滴注点垂直距离20~25 cm土层的土壤无机氮含量.从烟株氮素利用,土壤无机氮分布及盈余量等方面考虑,移栽时施氮50% ,移栽后28 d滴灌追氮35% , 42 d滴灌追氮15%可作为生产中参考的滴灌施肥制度.

According to the present situation of Jiangxi tobacco producing areas of organic and inorganic fertilizers and many kinds of research is not thorough,choosing 7 kinds of common organic and inorganic fertilizer, fertilizer through contrast test,analysis of effects of different kinds of organic and inorganic fertilizer on tobacco growth,yield and quality,in order to select suitable for high quality tobacco use of organic and inorganic fertilizer, and provide scientific basis for the selection of high quality fertilizer. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate of the golden leaf organic-inorganic fertilizer treatment was 17.4 μmol/m2·s. The tobacco plant showed early fast hair,the output value per unit area was the best,each 667 m2 reached 3967.9 yuan,the comprehensive score of sensory quality was 76.75,and the comprehensive effect was the best. The golden age,Saint Nong and Best treated early and fast and economical. Well,the output value of each 667 m2 was 3451.6-3624.3 yuan,but the sensory quality was slightly poor and the comprehensive score was 74.25-75.00. The economic characters of Tian De,cloud leaf and Qi He are generally 2863.3-3381.3 yuan per 667 m2,but the sensory quality was good,and the comprehensive score was 77.00-77.75,indicating that the organic and inorganic fertilizer of Tian De,Yun leaf and Qi He were larger. Potential application should be further improved according to the particle size and nutrient characteristics of fertilizer. The chlorine content of tobacco leaves in Jiangxi is low. Under this test condition,the amount of chlorine ion of organic and inorganic fertilizer applied for every 667 m2 is 1.8-2.3 kg,and the content of chlorine in tobacco leaves is more suitable.

To investigate the interaction effects of different planting density and nitrogen (N) application amount on tobacco leaf development and tissue structures, a split-plot field experiment with three different planting densities (main district) and two different N application amounts (deputy district) was carried out using the cultivar NC102. Through paraffin section method, the tissue structure of middle leaves with different leaf ages (10, 20, 40 and 73 d) were observed. The results showed that leaf thickness, palisade tissue thickness, spongy tissue thickness and leaf area increased with leaf aging, but palisade cell density decreased. Leaf thickness, palisade tissue thickness, spongy tissue thickness, leaf area and specific leaf weight increased but palisade cell density decreased with the decrease of planting density and increased N application rate. The action time of N application amount on palisade cell density was earlier than that of planting density, while the timing of effects of these two treatments was the opposite for palisade tissue thickness. There was a positive interaction between low planting density and high N application amount on leaf thickness, palisade tissue thickness, ratio of palisade tissue thickness and spongy tissue thickness, leaf area and specific leaf weight when leaf age was 73 d. The increase of N application amount showed more significant impact under lower planting densities. Adopting appropriate planting density and N application amount and taking advantage of their interaction could improve tissue structures of middle leaves and ultimately improve the quality of tobacco under proper yield.

To clarify the characteristics of absorption, accumulation and chemical speciation of cadmium (Cd) in tobacco, the Cd absorption characteristics in tobacco, the contents and chemical speciation of Cd in tobacco roots, stalks and leaves at different Cd concentrations were studied by hydroponic experiments. The results showed that the amount of Cd absorption in tobacco decreased first then increased with the proceeding of Cd treatment; it became stable at 240 μg·plant-1 then decreased after that. The Cd absorption rate of tobacco presented a tendency of increase-decrease-increase and peaked within 4-5 hours after tobacco plants were transplanted in Cd solutions. With the increase of Cd concentration, the accumulation of dry matter in tobacco increased first and then decreased, and the dry matter weight was raised at a low Cd concentration. At different Cd concentrations, Cd content was the highest in stalks and the lowest in leaves, and it increased in all parts of tobacco with the increase of Cd concentration. The Cd in roots was mainly deionized water-extractable Cd, followed by acetic acid-extractable Cd, the Cd in leaves mainly existed in the form of binding to acetic acid.With the increase of Cd concentration, the Cd chemical speciation transformed from low activities in tobacco into the chemical speciation with high activities.

Two field experiments were conducted to explore the influence of grain amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) and tobacco intercropping on tobacco growth and potassium uptake during 2014 and 2015.The experiment during 2014 included three treatments,(a) planting tobacco only;(b) tobacco and amaranth intercropping,amaranth was cut and burried into soil after 45 day growth;(c) tobacco and amaranth intercropping,but did not cut and burry.There were 4 treatments during 2015,(d) planting tobacco only;The other 3 treatments were all tobacco and amaranth intercropping,(e) one row of tobacco with 2 rows of amaranth;(f) one row of tobacco with 4 rows of amaranth;(g) one row of tobacco with 6 rows of amaranth.We analyzed tobacco dry matter accumulation,tobacco potassium concentration,potassium uptake,soil available potassium and soil slow-release potassium in the three intercropping systems.The results showed that,compared with treatment (a),amaranth intercropping without returning to the field (treatment c) increased dry matter accumulation in tobacco roots.Potassium concentration showed no significant changes,while potassium content increased by 70％.Dry matter accumulation reduced by 11％ and 14％ respectively in stem and leaves,while potassium contents were 0.11％ and 0.12％ lower and potassium concentration 16％ and 12％ lower.For the treatments with amaranth returning to the field,the highest potassium concentration in leaves was recorded.The different intercropping systems showed different amounts of dry matter accumulation,potassium content and potassium concentration.Dry matter accumulation and potassium contents in root,stem,upper leaves and middle leaves increased in the 2 rows (e) and 4 rows (f) treatments and decreased in the 6 rows (g) treatment.Dry matter accumulation in the upper and middle leaves was lower in treatment (e) than (f),but the former's potassium concentration and potassium content were higher.The concentration of soil available potassium in the tobacco rows increased in the intercropping systems,but the concentration of soil slow-release potassium did not change.The intercropping systems without grain amaranth returning showed lower soil available potassium concentrations than those with amaranth returning.Among the treatments in the amaranth returning system,the growth in soil available potassium was largest in treatment (g),which increased by 91％ and 35 ％ when returned after 20 and 60 d respectively.Soil available potassium increased by 54％ and 23％ in (f) over these periods.The analysis of apparent potassium flow showed different results for the various amaranth returning systems.About 42％-52％ of potassium was uptaken by the tobacco in treatments (e) and (f),while only some 17％ was absorbed in treatment (g).This study suggests that the most favorable planting pattern is the amaranth-tobacco intercropping system with 2 rows of amaranths and returning amaranth to the field after 45-55 d growth.