Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) are two major economic crops in China. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV; genus Tobamovirus) is the most prevalent virus infecting both crops. Currently, some widely cultivated tobacco and tomato cultivars are susceptible to TMV and there is no effective strategy to control this virus. Cross-protection can be a safe and environmentally friendly strategy to prevent viral diseases. However, stable attenuated TMV mutants are scarce. In this study, we found that the substitutions in the replicase p126, arginine at position 196 (R196) with aspartic acid (D), glutamic acid at position 614 (E614) with glycine (G), serine at position 643 (S643) with phenylalanine (F), or D at position 730 (D730) with S, significantly reduced the virulence and replication of TMV. However, only the mutation of S643 to F reduced the RNA silencing suppression activity of TMV p126. A double-mutant TMV-E614G-S643F induced no visible symptom and was genetically stable through six successive passages in tobacco plants. Furthermore, our results showed that TMV-E614G-S643F double-mutant could provide effective protection against the wild-type TMV infection in tobacco and tomato plants. This study reports a promising mild mutant for cross-protection to control TMV in tobacco and tomato plants.

目的:研究雅苒增效肥对烤烟性状指标及产质量的影响.方法:以中烟101为原料,开展大田试验,记载分析各小区烟株农艺性状、化学成分和产质指标.结果:①雅苒增效肥相对利用率高,能有效促进烟生长发育,特别在大田前中期效果尤为明显.②施用雅苒增效肥,对烤后烟叶产质量有一定正向影响,控制复合肥用量减少20％,烤后烟叶产量、品质表现及综合产值优于常规施肥;施肥总量减少40％,烤后烟叶产量略有下降,但化学成分差别不大.③雅苒增效肥可明显降低烤后烟叶氯离子含量,降幅至少达40％以上,总氮、烟碱等化学成分指标不同程度好于常规施肥,在改善烟叶刺激性和余味方面作用明显.

从潍坊烟区的烟叶发展现状及与工业企业的供需关系模式出发,提出了制约潍坊烟区发展的因素,即烟叶质量特色不突出、烟叶年际之间质量波动较大、烟叶生产人员队伍老龄化严重和烟叶种植竞争机制存在短板,立足于潍坊烟叶可持续发展这一根本核心,找准制约因素的根本症结,提出相关建议及解决对策,推动潍坊烟叶高质量发展.

为明确黑龙江烟区马铃薯Y病毒(Potato virus Y,PVY)分子株系和进化特征,从哈尔滨和牡丹江感病烟草采集到Harbin和MDJ两个样品,通过RT-PCR扩增了其全基因组序列,并进行了一致率、重组、系统发育和选择压力等分析.结果表明,2个分离物(GenBank登录号分别为MH933741和MH933742)基因组全长均为9699核苷酸.Harbin与MDJ和比利时分离物GBVC 26(JQ969039)一致率最高,为98.5％;MDJ与Harbin和GBVC 26一致率最高,为98.5％.Harbin是美国分离物Oz和瑞士分离物N-605的重组体,MDJ是美国分离物CW和N-605的重组体.利用全基因组序列构建的系统进化树显示,PVY分离物分为9个组,Harbin和MDJ均属PVYN-Wi组.PVY的11个基因均处于负选择,其中NIa蛋白基因的选择压力最大.

为解决烤烟井窖式移栽传统方法进行水肥浇施单株用量不均衡、烟株大田不整齐,并且用工多、劳动强度大等问题,2016年开展水肥精准控施施器的研制与应用效果研究.结果表明,该装置能够根据具体需求,精准调控水肥溶液的浇施量,每穴用量均匀一致;可降低劳动强度,节省用工,每个作业小组可减少用工20％左右;且提高烟叶大田整齐度,同田成熟落黄一致.

田间试验条件下,以NC55品种为材料,研究了化肥与豆饼配施对烤烟中性致香成分含量、感官质量及烟叶产量与产值的影响.结果表明,烟叶中性致香成分总量、新植二烯含量均随豆饼配施比例增加先增加后降低,以配施比例为50％的处理最高.除新植二烯外的香气物质含量以豆饼配施比例为100％的处理最高,50％的处理最低;其中类胡萝卜素含量随豆饼配施比例增加而增加,苯丙氨酸类、棕色化产物类和类西柏烷类香气物质含量均以豆饼配施比例为50％与100％的处理较高.配施豆饼提高了烟叶产量和产值,分别以配施比例为50％与75％的处理最高;肥料成本随豆饼配施比例增加急剧增加,去除肥料成本后的收入以配施比例为50％的处理最高.综合考虑烟叶质量、产值,山东烤烟生产中适宜的豆饼配施比例为50％(以纯氮计).

Taking tobacco cultivar NC55 as material, the effects of combined application of soybean cake fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer on inorganic nitrogen supplication and related enzyme activity in tobacco plant -ing soil were studied .The results indicated that the soil inorganic nitrogen content reached the maximum at 50 th day after tobacco transplanted , and the treatment of 30%soybean cake and 70%inorganic fertilizer had higher content than the others .The soil sucrase , urease and nitrate reductase activity of the treatment of only inorganic fertilizer were always below than other treatments .Combined application of 70% soybean cake and 30%inorganic fertilizer had higher sucrase , urease and nitratase activity than the others in the tobacco grow-ing critical period .

The invention discloses a special fertilizer for producing organic tobacco leaves. The special fertilizer is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 14-16 percent of rapeseed cake, 31-33 percent of bone meal, 27-29 percent of sesame cake, 12-14 percent of alcohol slag, 4-6 percent of yeast powder and 6-8 percent of hoof and horn particles, wherein the total content of N, P2O5 and K2O is no less than 12 percent and the content of organic matter is no less than 40 percent. With the adoption of the technical scheme, the special fertilizer has high organic matter content, contains grease, has long-lasting fertilizer efficiency, is capable of improving soil; nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are all from animals and plants and inorganic chemical components are not contained; and based on a scientific formula, each organic material can take full effect; and the special fertilizer meets the production needs of the organic tobacco leaves and is capable of promoting the growth of the tobacco leaves, improving the quality of the tobacco leaves and increasing the yield.

实施烤烟育苗大棚自动通风降温控制系统的研制与应用项目.结果表明,自动通风降温控制系统能够将苗床中后期的温度控制在烟苗适宜生长的28℃以下温度范围；能够防止苗床发生炭疽病等苗期病害；能够改善烟苗性状指标,提高壮苗率；能够大幅减少苗床通风管理环节的用工,实现减工降本增效.

烟田机械化培土的试验结果表明,适于机械培土的烟田起垄高度为15 cm,机械培土的最佳时期为烟株大团棵时实施1次高培土,培土高度为10 cm,机械培土的烟田氮素营养水平应比常规施肥不培土的667 m2减少1 kg纯氮.

与常规地膜相比,降解膜覆盖烟垄后30天即开始降解,45天即大面积出现降解,60天后手拿即破,降解面积超过50%;至180天左右观察,降解膜地面残留很少,而常规地膜残留量较多。同时,降解膜对烤烟农艺性状改进和产质提高也具有一定作用。

为探讨"八福仙"有机无机复混肥在烤烟生产上的使用效果,在4个县市安排了大区对比试验。初步试验结果表明,该肥料具有增强烟株长势、改善烟叶质量、提高产值的作用,在烤烟生产上具有一定的推广价值。

A five year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of returning organic fertilizers to field continuously on leaf quality of flue-cured tobacco and soil physical and chemical properties.The results showed that,after applying organic fertilizers for 4 years,soil bulk density decreased 0.1 g/cm3.The number of actinomycetes,nitrifier,and nitrosobacteria in soil increased 6.1,12.1,and 11.5 times,respectively.After applying organic fertilizers for 5 years,the yield of tobacco leaf increased 38.9%,the value increased 23.9%,the leaf composition became more harmonized,the sense and smoking tests results improved remarkably,and the soil organic matter increased 0.26%.By returning organic fertilizers to field continuously,the Cl content of the soils and tobacco leaves increased slightly and then stabilized in the appropriate ranges,and tobacco leaves could mature normally.In conclusion,long term application of organic fertilizers have remarkable effects on tobacco production.

4年的田间试验示范结果表明:邦禾肥在满足烟株生长发育所需有效养分的同时,能逐步提高土壤有机质的含量,较好地改善土壤团粒结构,有效缓解土壤板结和盐渍化,增强土壤蓄肥蓄水能力;对烟叶生长有明显的促进作用,主要表现在旺长期以后,能促进烟叶开秸开片、改善烟叶后期生长质量,促进烟叶正常落黄和烘烤,有效改善烟叶外观质量和内在化学品质,在烤烟生产上具有较高的推广应用价值。

试验结果表明,在烤烟移栽期低温、生育前期干旱的生态区,浅"V"型垄地膜覆盖模式对提高地温和土壤的含水量作用显著,能增加培土高度,对烟苗早发快长,促进根系的发育创造了良好的条件.为提高烟株的吸收功能,促进烟株正常生长,增强抗性,提高烟叶的产量、质量、效益都具有积极的作用.

通过对烤烟根系与烟叶产质关系研究,结果表明,烤烟根系发育与烟叶生长、抗病性、主要经济性状、烟叶化学成分和吸食品质有密切的关系.随着根重的增加,烟叶生长加快,对病毒病的抗性增强,同时烟叶化学成分趋于协调,烟叶评吸品质提高.根系的发育与合理的栽培措施密切相关,通过实施揭膜培土、适当推迟移栽期、采取合理的盖膜方式、施用腐熟秸秆和保得生物肥等措施,可有效改善根系生长发育环境,促进根系发育.

Green manures D881and No.12were planted in April and buried in June.Results showed that potas-sium concentration of green manure was over6.3%,and potassium absorbed by green manure was358～510kg /hm 2 ,which could be assimilated by flue-cured tobacco.Compared with the control,potassium con cen-tration of tobacco leaves of D881treatment was increased over0.35%in two years experiments.Though some items have few difference with control,interior quality and combustibility of the green manure treat-ment were ap parently better than that of control.Concentration of available P and K were apparently im-proved in the following year.Green manure such as D881could be applied in tobacco cultivation in some areas,and more researches about management manner of green manure are necessary in future.

Two years multiple location study indicated that effect of PULI bio-fertilizer' s raw material on tobacco was less than that of combination fertilizer of nitrogen and phosphorus and potassium. With special bacteria put in, the effect exceeded that of the compination. By using PULI bio-fertilizer, the yield and quality of tobacco increased, economic benefit improved, aroma increased and taste became more pleasing and offensive odor and irritancy was decreased. PULI bio-fertilizer distinctly improved interior quality of tobacco.

Root-knot disease is one of the most important diseases on tobacco in Shandong Province,39 samples were collected from 12 counties of the main tobacco-planting areas of Shandong.Morphology and host test rest revealed that 23 of the samples were Meloidogyne incognita race 1,accounting for 58.97% of the collected population.9 samples were Meloidogyne javanica,accounting for 23.08%.7 samples were Meloidogyne arenaria race 2,accounting for 17.95%.This indicated the dominancy of Meloidogyne incognita race 1 with an increasing population of the other species in the pathogen population of tobacco root-knot nematode in Shandong.