航宇19是采用航天诱变技术和传统杂交育种相结合方法育成的半冬性、高产、中熟、综合性状优良的小麦新品种.该品种是利用高产矮秆的航天诱变突变体豫同194为母本、高产亲本周麦23为父本杂交并经系谱选育而成,2021年通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定.2017—2019两年度黄淮南片冬水组区域试验中,航宇19平均产量为7990.5 kg/hm2,比对照增产4.4％;2019—2020年度生产试验中平均产量为8806.2 kg/hm2,比对照增产6.9％.该品种非常适宜制作馒头,但不适合制作面包.在航宇19选育中,我们的具体育种技术思路是,将航天诱变育种与常规育种技术相结合,高产育种与优质育种相结合,协调矮秆、抗病、稳产、广适性状,通过异地多点鉴定重视适应性、增强抗逆性,最终实现品种的高产稳产、优质、抗病性状的协调与同步提高.航宇19的成功选育说明航天诱变技术和传统杂交育种技术相结合是加快创制优异育种中间材料和培育小麦新品种的一条有效途径,这为未来培育突破性小麦新品种提供了有益启示.

豫丰11是河南省科学院同位素研究所选育的高产、优质中强筋小麦新品种.为明确不同种植模式对小麦生长发育及产量形成的影响,于2018～2019年小麦生长季节,采用二因素裂区试验设计,研究以播期和播量为主的不同种植模式对豫丰11生长发育及产量的影响.结果表明,播期和播量对豫丰11产量及构成要素的影响均达到极显著水平.随着播期的推迟,成穗数、穗粒数和产量表现等均出现先增后减的趋势,而千粒重则表现出递减趋势;随着播量的逐渐增大,成穗数表现为递增趋势,而穗粒数和千粒重表现为递减趋势,产量则表现为先增后减趋势.豫丰11在豫中部地区适宜播期为10月15～22日,播种密度为135～195 kg/hm2时可以获得较好的产量,同时根据生产实际情况,以具体播期定播量.通过不断协调提高豫丰11的产量构成要素,充分发挥该品种的高产潜力和最大经济效益,以促进农民增产增收.

为研究小麦表皮蜡质成分,对四个不同品种小麦穗部蜡质提取物进行定性和定量分析.采用氯仿浸提法提取穗部表皮蜡质,用气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定四个不同品种小麦蜡质成分,并采用内标法计算各成分的含量.从蜡质提取物中鉴定出了烷烃(碳链长度为25～33)、初级醇(碳链长度为22～30)、脂肪醛(碳链长度为24～28)和二酮(碳链长度为31).四个品种小麦蜡质总量为431.12～1021.23μg/g,品种间差异较大.表型为白霜状的小麦品种OH-β-二酮含量较高,而淡绿色表型的小麦品种则没有此成分.结果表明,不同品种小麦的穗部表皮蜡质成分及含量存在差异,二酮是导致小麦呈现白霜状表型的主要原因.该研究为后续进一步研究小麦蜡质提供数据支持,同时也为抗逆小麦育种奠定了理论基础.

杂种优势是生物界的一种普遍现象,利用杂种优势大幅度提高作物产量是现代农业科学技术的一项重大成就.小麦是重要的粮食作物,也是唯一尚未实现大面积利用杂种优势的粮食作物,推进小麦杂种优势利用技术研究对保障国家粮食安全具有重大意义.本文综述了小麦杂种优势的表现、论述了小麦杂种优势利用途径、研究进展和取得的成就,并对杂交小麦研究应用中存在的问题与对策进行了探讨.

为进一步明确小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)与小麦品质性状的关系,以黄淮麦区的127份小麦品种(系)为材料,利用SDS-PAGE技术、近红外谷物分析仪、粉质仪和拉伸仪等对其进行HMW-GS鉴定和品质检测.结果表明,参试材料在Glu-A1、Glu-B1和Glu-D1 3个位点上分别检测到2(x1、x-null)、4(x7+y8、x7+y9、x14+y15、x17+y18)、2(x5+y10、x2+y12)种不同的亚基类型,其中x1、x7+y9、x5+y10在各自位点上出现的频率均最高,分别为70.1％、42.5％和51.2％;共发现有14种HMW-GS组合类型,其中1Ax1/1Bx7+1By8/1Dx5+1Dy10和1 Ax1/1Bx7+1By9/1Dx2+1Dy12出现的频率较高,分别为18.9％和17.3％.1Ax1、1Bx7+1By8、1Bx17+1By18、Dx5+1Dy10亚基对蛋白质、沉降值、稳定时间、最大抗延阻力和拉伸面积等品质性状有显著的正向效应,而1Bx14+1By15亚基对除蛋白质和湿面筋以外的其他品质性状有负向效应.携带1Ax1/1Bx7+1By8/1Dx5+1Dy10品种(系)的被测品质性状显著高于携带其他组合类型的品种(系),其次是携带1Ax1/1Bx17+1By18/1Dx5+1Dy10的品种(系),而携带1Ax-null/1Bx7+1By9/1Dx2+1Dy12和1Ax-null/1Bx14+1By15/1Dx5+1Dy10品种(系)的各个品质性状显著低于携带其他组合类型的品种(系).该结果可为进一步提高优质亚基的育种利用率和我国小麦品质的遗传改良提供参考依据.

郑品优9号是以半冬性优质强筋小麦品种郑麦366为母本,以春性优质强筋小麦品种豫麦34号为父本杂交,F0种子经60Co-γ射线(200GY)处理后采用系谱法选育而成的半冬性、矮秆、早熟、高产、优质强筋小麦新品种,2020年通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定(国审麦20200080).重点介绍了郑品优9号的特征特性、产量表现及配套栽培技术,为该品种推广应用提供科学依据.

为明确优质强筋小麦新品种郑品优9号的分子遗传基础及重要性状功能基因组成,利用小麦50 K SNP育种芯片对郑品优9号及其双亲郑麦366和豫麦34进行分析.结果 表明,郑麦366和豫麦34对郑品优9号的遗传贡献率分别为68.26％和31.74％;在不同基因组和染色体水平,双亲对郑品优9号的遗传贡献率差异较大,郑麦366对郑品优9号A、B、D三个基因组的贡献率分别为68.60％、90.98％和27.63％,其中,郑麦366在B基因组染色体上的遗传贡献率均高于豫麦34,除1B染色体外,2B～7B染色体上的遗传贡献率均超过80％.重要性状功能基因组成分析发现,郑品优9号不仅聚合了多个优良品质基因,还携带有与抗病性和农艺性状相关的优异基因.本研究可为郑品优9号在遗传改良和生产中的应用提供理论依据.

Grain weight is one of the most important yield traits in wheat. To accelerate the application process of dominant allelic variation of grain weight gene in wheat breeding, the allelic variation of grain weight gene was identified by using functional markers and the combinations of dominant grain weight genotypes were investigated the allelic variations of grain weight genes TaCwi-A1, TaGw8-B1, and TaGS-D1 in 183 wheat varieties (lines) from the Yellow-Huai-River Valley were identified by PCR amplification with specific primers. To identify the dominant genotype combinations, the effects of different allelic variation genotypes on wheat grain weight were studied by combining the phenotypic data of the 1000-grain weight (TGW) from 2016–2017 and 2017–2018. The results showed that the difference of TGW between different years was highly significant at P < 0.01. Two alleles, TaCwi-A1a and TaCwi-A1b, were detected at TaCwi-A1 locus, with the frequencies of 66.7% and 33.3%, respectively. The frequency of TaGw8-B1a allele on TaGw8-B1 locus was up to 94.5%, while the frequency of TaGw8-B1b allele was only 5.5%. In addition, two alleles, TaGS-D1a and TaGS-D1b, were found in TaGS-D1 locus, and their frequencies were 79.8% and 20.2%, respectively. Further results indicated that there were significant differences in TGW among different allelic variation combinations at P < 0.05. Among them, the average TGW of varieties with TaCwi-A1a/TaGS-D1a/TaGw8-B1a genotype was the highest. There was not significant difference in TGW between TaCwi-A1a/TaGS-D1a/TaGw8-B1a and TaCwi-A1b/ TaGS-D1a/TaGw8-B1a genotype, but it was significantly higher than other genotypes at P < 0.05. The average TGW of TaCwi-A1a/TaGS-D1a/TaGw8-B1b genotype was the lowest. The allelic variations at the loci of TaCwi-A1, TaGw8-B1, and TaGS-D1 all led to significant changes in TGW, and the allelic variations of TaGw8-B1 and TaGS-D1 loci were more important to TGW in wheat. There were no varieties with three low TGW allelic variation combinations TaCwi-A1b/TaGS-D1b/TaGw8-B1b in the tested materials. Among the seven different allele combinations, the average TGW of three high TGW allelic variation combinations TaCwi-A1a/TaGS-D1a/TaGw8-B1a was the highest, which was the dominant genotype combination.

利用小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)50K SNP育种芯片,对2018年通过河南省审定的小麦品种郑品麦24号及其父母本进行分子标记检测,明确该品种遗传构成、重要性状功能基因组成,为其遗传改良和生产应用提供参考.结果表明,郑品麦24号82.40％的遗传物质来源于父本豫同194,遗传相似系数为0.907,它们之间遗传相似度更高;在染色体水平,双亲对郑品麦24号的遗传贡献率差异较大,在2A(56.10％)和3D(70.98％)染色体上母本豫麦34-6对郑品麦24号的遗传贡献率大于豫同194,豫同194在其他染色体上对郑品麦24的遗传贡献率更高,表明在郑品麦24号选育过程中受人工选择的影响亲本遗传物质发生了严重偏分离.重要性状功能基因组成分析发现,郑品麦24号携带有应用广泛的矮秆(Reduced height)基因Rht-D1b,聚合了 9个高粒质量等位基因[谷氨酰胺合成酶(Glutamine synthetase)基因 TaGS5-A1b、TaGS2B1-Hap-H、TaGS-D1a,粒质量(Grain weight)基因 GW2-6B-Hap-1,千粒质量(Thousand grain weight)基因TaTGW6-A1a、TaTGW-7Aa,蔗糖合成酶(Sucrose synthetase)基因 TaSus1-7B-Hap-T、TaSus2-2A-Hap-A、TaSus2-2B-Hap-H],含有冬性春化(Vernalization)等位基因 Vrn-A1b、 vrn-B1、VrnD3-2174,晚花型等位基因 TaELF3-B1(Early flowering 3 B1)Cadenza 类型、TaELF3-D1Wild类型,光周期(Photoperiod)敏感等位基因 Ppd-A1 Wild 类型、TaPpdDD002 Wild 类型、TaPpdDI001 Insertion类型,抗叶锈病(Leaf rust)基因Lr67,抗秆锈病(Stem rust)基因Sr2、Sr25,抗旱等位基因TaDREB-B1a(Dehydration responsive element binding protein B1a)和低穗发芽等位基因 TaSdr-A1a(Seed dormancy A1a).

粒重是小麦产量构成的三要素之一.该性状是受多基因控制的复杂数量性状,基因型和环境对其均有显著影响,但基因型是最为主要的决定因素.控制粒重及其构成要素的基因广泛分布在小麦3个基因组的各条染色体上,且已有多个可直接用于小麦粒重辅助选择的分子标记被开发.目前,国内外学者围绕粒重形成的遗传特征、基因定位、分子机理以及影响粒重高低的外界因素等进行了大量研究,并取得了一些重要的研究成果.本文综述了小麦粒重的构成因素及其影响因素,阐述了近年来粒重形成相关基因的遗传定位、克隆及其等位变异的挖掘,又系统总结了小麦粒重形成相关基因功能标记的开发及其分子标记辅助育种利用情况,同时展望了小麦粒重的下一步研究前景.

为了明确不同地区郑品麦24号的适宜播期和播量,分析了3个不同地区播期、播量对郑品麦24号产量的影响.结果 表明,随地理纬度增加1°,郑品麦24号适宜播期提前3～5d.郑品麦24号在泌阳地区的适宜播期为10月15-25日,适宜播量为11～13kg/667m2;新郑地区适宜播期为10月10-20日,适宜播量为9～ 13kg/667m2;延津地区适宜播期为10月10-15日,适宜播量为11 kg/667m2.在确定具体的适宜播期时,还应根据地块的整地质量、水肥水平、播期早晚等具体情况进行调整.

郑品麦22号是以半冬性、中晚熟、高产、抗病小麦品种开麦18为母本,以高产广适小麦品种矮抗58的矮秆、大穗、早熟突变体豫同198为父本进行有性杂交,通过系谱法选育而成的半冬性、矮秆抗倒、高产稳产、抗病、中早熟小麦新品种,2019年通过国审.笔者重点介绍了郑品麦22号的选育经过、特征特性及配套高产栽培技术要点.

结合生产实际,调查研究新郑地区豆茬晚播小麦的生育特性.以2018年国审中强筋小麦新品种豫丰11为材料,从播量、播种深度等播种技术,施肥、浇水等肥水运筹以及除草剂、杀虫剂等农药制剂施用等田间管理方面的内容有针对性地开展豆茬晚播小麦的高产高效栽培技术示范,从而为新郑地区豆茬晚播小麦实现高产优质提供参考与技术支撑.

为发展优质小麦产业,增加农民种粮收益,提高郑州市优质小麦供给质量和水平,同时为加快郑州市优质小麦产业发展提供一定的技术依据.依托河南省小麦产业技术体系郑州市小麦综合试验站开展2017-2018年度在郑州市优质小麦新品种比较试验.结果表明:优质小麦品种平均亩产450.6 kg,产量水平在338.0～546.3 kg/亩之间,不同优质小麦品种的产量水平差异较为显著.同时发现比对照品种矮抗58增产显著的品种有6个,分别是丰德存麦8号、周麦36、豫丰11、郑麦158、郑麦7698和中麦578.鉴于本年度不利气候条件对部分优质小麦品种的影响较大,有5个品种的产量较低,亩产水平在400 kg左右.经过客观公正地对不同优质小麦的丰产性、抗逆性、生育期等性状进行综合评价,笔者认为丰德存麦8号、豫丰11、周麦36、郑麦158、中麦578、郑麦369等优质小麦品种在郑州市及周边地区综合表现较为突出,适宜在当地农技部门大力推广.

航天诱变是利用微重力、强辐射、超低温等空间特殊环境诱变植物种子或离体组织,获得有益突变体,进而选育植物新品种或创制优异育种材料和基因资源的技术.本文综述了航天育种的概念、发展历程以及在小麦育种方面取得的成就,重点介绍了近年来在航天诱变对小麦重要农艺性状的影响以及航天诱变的遗传机制等方面的研究工作,并据此探讨了航天诱变研究中存在的问题及今后可能的研究方向和应用前景,旨在为我国小麦航天育种研究提供一定的理论参考.

豫丰11是以周麦18/豫同198杂交F0干种子辐射诱变选育而成的高产 、稳产 、优质 、多抗 、广适 、耐迟播 、早熟小麦新品种.根据黄淮南片区试中豫丰11的特征特性,系统总结了豫丰11在河南省新郑市小麦新品种示范中的绿色高质高效栽培技术,提出该品种在优质基础上的精细整地和精心管理等关键技术措施.

为了创新小麦品种和探讨育种技术,本研究采用航天诱变和Co60辐照相结合的育种方法选育小麦新品种.豫丰11是河南省科学院同位素研究所用矮抗58干种子经航天诱变筛选的SP4代优异材料"豫同198"为母本,以高产亲本周麦18为父本杂交,同时F0代采用250 Gy剂量60 Coγ-射线辐照处理后按系谱选育而成的半冬性中早熟小麦新品种.该品种于2018年通过国家审定,并已申报国家植物新品种权保护.豫丰11的成功选育,说明航天诱变和60 Coγ-射线辐照与传统杂交相结合是加快创制优异育种材料和培育小麦新品种的一种有效途径.

为了培育优质高产小麦新品种,研究提出用60Co-γ射线辐照杂交F0或F1干种子,并从早期分离世代开始对重要品质指标进行连续定向跟踪检测的育种技术路线.利用该育种体系从高产中筋组合矮抗58/周麦18、周麦18/豫同198中分别成功选育出2个高产、强筋小麦新品种郑品麦8号、豫丰11.在2年区试中,郑品麦8号比周麦18 (CK)增产4.15％、3.95％,达显著、极显著水平;豫丰11比周麦18 (CK)增产5.4％、5.17％,均达到极显著水平.2013年、2014年郑品麦8号品质检测结果为容重799g/L、816g/L,蛋白质(干基)含量15.13％、14.32％,湿面筋含量32.0％、30.2％,稳定时间8.0min、7.9min;2015年、2016年豫丰11品质检测结果为容重814g/L、808g/L,蛋白质(干基)含量15.06％、13.90％,湿面筋含量30.9％、29.7％,稳定时间8.0min、9.7min;2个品种品质指标均达强筋小麦品质标准.实践表明杂交与辐射诱变相结合对重要品质指标的连续定向跟踪检测的育种体系是可行的,为加快选育优良高产小麦新品种提供了一种有效途径.

The aim of this work was to investigate the feasibility to trace geographical locations yam with the difference of Sr-Pb isotope in soils.The isotope ratios in the soil and partial yam samples were determined with thermal ionization mass spectrometer (TIMS).Statistical analysis was employed for geographical origin discrimination.The different soil samples were divided into five groups.The results showed that there was no significant differences between Ⅰ and Ⅱ groups of soil samples from different regions (P ＞ 0.05).In addition,both groups of soil samples were collected at desertification serious areas close to the Yellow River,indicating the first two groups maybe from the same origin of the Yellow River sediment and should be bracketed together.Significant isotopic differences were found among different groups of soil samples (P ＜ 0.01):groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ have the lowest87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from 0.715195 to 0.715623.Group Ⅲ had the highest 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from 0.717906 to 0.718594,the highest 206pb/204pb ratios ranging from 18.643 to 18.765 and the highest 207pb/204Pb ratios ranging from 15.649 to 15.689.Group Ⅳ had moderate ratios of 87Sr/86SF,206pb/204pb and 207pb/204pb with ranges 0.716004-0.716747,18.642-18.700 and 15.634-15.650,respectively.Group Ⅴ had relatively high 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from 0.716081 to 0.718581,the lowest ratios of 206pb/204pb (18.504-18.638) and 207pb/204 Pb (15.572-15.614).The growing regions of Chinese yam can be effectively distinguished based on the isotopic difference with accuracy up to 94.1％,This research enriched the geographical origin traceability system of agricultural products.

[Objective] Lipoxygenase (Lox) is closely related to flour color.The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of different allelic variations at TaLox-B loci on Lox activity and flour color in wheat to provide a theoretical basis for improving flour color and related quality traits in breeding programs.[Method] A total of 122 wheat cultivars and advanced lines from Henan province were used to measure the Lox activities and flour color by spectrophotometer and colorimeter.The functional markers Lox 16,Lox 18 and Lox-B23 were used to identify the polymorphism of the Lox genes on chromosome 4BS in current Henan wheat cultivars and advanced lines.[Result] There were significant differences of Lox activities,L*,a* and b*values as well as Wht data among different cultivars.Genotyping results indicated two alleles TaLox-B1a and TaLox-B1b at TaLox-B1 locus in these wheat varieties,with 63.9％ and 39.1％,respectively.At TaLox-B2 locus,two alleles TaLox-B2a and TaLox-B2b were identified by the functional marker Lox-B23,with 57.4％ and 42.6％,respectively.It was also found two alleles TaLox-B3a and TaLox-B3b at the TaLox-B3 locus,with 41.8％ and 48.2％,respectively.Six allele combinations of Lox genes,i.e.,TaLox-B1a/TaLox-B2a/TaLox-B3a,TaLox-B1 a/TaLox-B2a/TaLox-B3b,TaLox-B1 a/TaLox-B2b/TaLox-B3b,TaLox-B1 b/TaLox-B2a/TaLox-B3a,TaLox-B1 b/TaLox-B2a/TaLox-B3b and TaLox-B1b/TaLox-B2b/TaLox-B3b were found with 41.8％,15.6％,6.6％,28.7％,5.7％ and 1.6％,respectively.Analysis of association of Lox alleles at different TaLox-B loci and Lox activities and flour color parameters indicated that the allelic variation at a single locus showed diverse effects on Lox activities and flour color.For a* value,the allelic effect was not significant.For Lox activities,the order of effect was TaLox-B2a ＞ TaLox-B2b (P＜0.05),TaLox-B3a ＞ TaLox-B3b (P＜ 0.01).The Wht value of TaLox-B2a was significantly lower than that of TaLox-B2b (P＜0.01),and TaLox-B3a showed also a significant lower Wht value than TaLox-B3b (P＜0.05).These results suggest that TaLox-B2 and TaLox-B3 significantly affect Lox activities and flour color.Further analysis found that the genotype TaLox-B1a/TaLox-B2a/TaLox-B3a had the highest Lox activity and b* and the lowest a* and Wht value,and TaLox-B1b/TaLox-B2b/TaLox-B3b had the lowest Lox activity and b* and the highest L*,a* and b* values.[Conclusion] Among the 6 different combinations of three Lox genes in Henan wheat varieties,the genotype TaLox-B1a/TaLox-B2a/TaLox-B3a possess the highest Lox activity and the lowest Wht value (P＜0.05),and wheat cultivars with TaLox-B1b/TaLox-B2b/TaLox-B3b have the lowest Lox activity and the highest Wht value (P＜0.05).Therefore,the genetic control of Lox activities plays a key role in the improvement of wheat quality.