Objective: To study the effect of allicin on chronic atrophic gastritis（CAG） in rats and explore its potential mechanism of action.Method: 120 rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group, allicin group(10 mg·kg -1 ),AG490 group(5 mg·kg -1 ),allicin group(10 mg·kg -1 )+AG490 group(5 mg·kg -1 ),with 24 rats in each group.Except for the normal group, all other groups of rats were treated with MNNG+ranitidine+hunger and satiety disorder diet for 20 weeks to replicate the CAG rat model.After the model was established, corresponding drug interventions were given.The normal group and model group were given equal volume of physiological saline by gavage once a day, The treatment period is 12 weeks.The blood flow of gastric mucosa was measured by neutral red clearance method; HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of gastric mucosa and score them; ELISA was used to detect the level of serum Gastrin（GAS）,motilin（MTL）,somatostatin（SS） and tumor necrosis factor in gastric mucosa-α（TNF-α）,Interleukin-6（IL-6）,IL-1β;The content of malondialdehyde（MDA） and the activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD） and catalase（CAT） in gastric mucosa were measured by spectrophotometry; Western blot was used to detect the protein expression levels of Janus kinase 2（JAK2）,p-JAK2,signal transducer and activator of transcription 3（STAT3）,p-STAT3,and high mobility group protein B1（HMGB1） in gastric mucosa.Results: Compared with the model group, the blood flow of gastric mucosa and the contents of GAS,SS,MTL of rats in each administration group increased significantly, and the pathological score of gastric mucosa and TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β.The MDA level was significantly reduced, the SOD and CAT activities were significantly increased, and the relative expression levels of p-JAK2,p-STAT3,and HMGB1 proteins, as well as the phosphorylation levels of JAK2 and STAT3,were significantly reduced.The allicin+AG490 group had the best effect, and the differences were statistically significant（P＜0.05）.HE staining showed that in the model group, the thickness of gastric mucosa became thinner, the gland arrangement was disordered, atrophied, the number was reduced, and inflammatory cells infiltrated.Some gastric mucosa epithelium showed intestinal metaplasia.After administration, the above pathological changes were significantly improved.Conclusion: Allicin can alleviate the pathological changes of gastric mucosa and improve gastric function in CAG rats.The mechanism may be related to inhibiting the activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting inflammatory response and oxidative stress injury.

目的:研究大蒜素对糖尿病大鼠血糖的影响.方法:将用链脲佐菌素造模成功的糖尿病大鼠随机分为4组,即阳性对照组(喂基础饲料),高、中、低剂量组,服用不同剂量的大蒜素[按60mg/(kg?d),40mg/(kg?d),30mg/(kg?d)]和基础饲料,3周后测大鼠血糖.结果:用药前后比较,高剂量组血糖由24.86 mmol/L降至7.26 mmol/L(t=3.77,P<0.01);中剂量组血糖由23.15 mmol/L降至15.80 mmol/L(t=4.78,P<0.01);低剂量组血糖由21.20 mmol/L降至17.60 mmol/L(t=2.65,P<0.05),与阳性组比较差异有显著性意义(t值分别为11.78,7.38,5.03,P<0.01)结论:大蒜素能够降低大鼠的血糖,降糖效果与给药剂量成正相关.

目的:研究大蒜素(Allitridi)对2型糖尿病大鼠睾丸组织损伤的保护作用.方法:将100只大鼠随机分为正常组,模型组,大蒜素低(5 mg/kg)、中(10 mg/kg)、高(20 mg/kg)剂量组,每组20只;采用腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)的方法制备实验用2型糖尿病大鼠模型,造模完成后腹腔注射给药,每天1次,疗程4周.测定各组大鼠空腹血糖水平,称量体质量、睾丸重量并计算睾丸指数,测定血清睾酮含量,HE染色观察睾丸组织形态结构改变,通过透射电镜观察睾丸组织超微结构改变;通过TUNEL染色观察细胞凋亡状况并计算凋亡指数(Apoptosis Index,AI).结果:与模型组比较,大蒜素高、中剂量组血糖水平显著降低,体重和睾丸重量显著升高,睾丸指数显著升高,血清睾酮含量显著升高,差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).光镜下可见模型组大鼠睾丸曲细精管萎缩、生精细胞脱落且数量显著减少等病理性改变,电镜下可见模型组线粒体减少、内质网扩张、脂滴形成、细胞核固缩、染色质呈块状浓集等病理性改变,经TUNEL染色可见模型组睾丸组织凋亡细胞数量较正常组明显增多,经大蒜素治疗后上述病理性变化和细胞凋亡状况均明显改善,其中以大蒜素高剂量组最为显著,大蒜素高剂量组AI较正常组显著降低(P＜0.01).结论:大蒜素对2型糖尿病大鼠睾丸组织损伤具有一定的保护作用,其机制可能与改善睾丸组织病变和睾丸细胞结构改变、抑制细胞凋亡有关.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of ursolic acid (UA) on global cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury in rats.MethodsThe experimental rats were divided into the sham operation group, the model group, the UA low, medium and high dose groups, 20 in each group. Except the rats in the sham operation group, the rats in other groups were dealed by four arteries occlusion to made global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model. The rats in the UA low, medium, high dose groups were given UA as 40, 80, 120 mg/kg immediately after the occlusion line was inserted; the rats in the sham operation group and the model group were given equal-volume saline. And 6 hours later, the recovery time of righting reflex and electrical activity of brain were recorded, water content of the brain were evaluated, and the activity of LDH, MDA, SOD, CAT in brain tissue were determined; the inflammatory cytokines content of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 were determined by ELISA. Results Compared with the model group, the recovery time of righting reflex (20.6 ± 7.2 min, 18.2 ± 6.9 min vs. 27.3 ± 8.8 min) and electrical activity of brain (16.2 ± 5.8 min, 14.9 ± 5.6 min vs.24.1 ± 7.2 min) of the UA medium and high dose groups were shortened (P<0.05 orP<0.01); the water content were significantly decreased (79.0% ± 0.7%, 78.6% ± 0.5%vs. 80.7% ± 0.9%;P<0.05 orP<0.01); the activity of SOD (158.5 ± 8.4 U/mg, 165.4 ± 9.0 U/mgvs. 143.0 ± 7.1 U/mg), CAT (3.3 ± 1.4 U/mg, 3.9 ± 1.5 U/mgvs. 2.4 ± 0.9 U/mg) in brain tissue of the UA medium and the high dose groups were significantly improved; the content of LDH (16.0 ± 2.6 mmol/g, 18.4 ± 2.8 mmol/gvs. 12.4 ± 1.9 mmol/g) were significantly increased; the content of MDA (18.6 ± 2.8μmol/g, 17.2 ± 2.4μmol/gvs. 24.9 ± 3.4μmol/g), TNF-α (45.8 ± 6.3 nmol/L, 40.1 ± 5.6 nmol/Lvs. 56.3 ± 7.2 nmol/L), IL-6 (187.2 ± 18.5 nmol/L, 136.8 ± 15.7 nmol/Lvs. 238.4 ± 22.9 nmol/L) were significantly decreased, and the content of IL-1β in UA 120 mg/kg treated group was significantly decreased (713.6 ± 56.3 nmol/L vs. 915.7 ± 70.5 nmol/L;P<0.05 orP<0.01).Conclusion UA can effectively promote righting reflex and EEG recovery, reduce brain water content, which perhaps related with its pharmacological effects of enhanceing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, lower oxidative stress, and inhibit inflammation.

Objective To investigate the prote ctive effects of allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate) on islet tissue in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin (STZ). Methods A hundred diabetic rat models induced by intraperitoneal injecting STZ were randomly devided into five groups:diabetic model control group, allicin(5,10 and 20 mg/kg) treated groups and metformin hydrochloride 200 mg/kg treated group. Another 20 same-aged rats were used as normal group. Each week before and after the drug was given, the levels of blood sugar and insulin were determined. Four weeks later, the histopathological changes in pancreatic tissue and islet cells apoptosis were observed, and the apoptosis index (AI) was analyzed; the level of T-AOC and the content of MDA in serum were determined; the activities of SOD, GSH-Px, CAT in pancreatic tissue were also determined. Results Compared with the diabetic model control group, the levels of insulin in allicin 10, 20 mg/kg treated groups were significantly increased and the blood sugar level was significantly decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01); the pancreatic tissue histopathological changes and islet cells apoptosis were obviously improved, the AI was significantly decreased (P<0.01); the content of MDA in serum was significantly decreased; the activities of SOD and CAT in pancreatic tissue were significantly increased(P<0.05, P<0.01). The level of T-AOC in allicin 20 mg/kg treated group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the activity of GSH-PX in pancreatic tissue was significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with Metformin hydrochloride 200 mg/kg treated group, the level of insulin in allicin 20 mg/kg treated groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), the level of T-AOC in serum was significantly increased (P<0.05), the activity of SOD, GSH-Px,CAT in pancreatic tissue were also significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.01). Conclusion Allicin could effectively improve insulin secretion, lower blood sugar, depress the pancreatic tissue histopathological changes and islet cells apoptosis, suggesting that allicin has dose-dependent protective effects on islet tissue in diabetic rats induced by STZ, which is perhaps related to its effects of improving antioxidant ability and inhibiting the oxidative stress.

目的:研究大蒜素(Allitridi)对链脲佐菌素所致糖尿病大鼠的保护作用,并探讨其作用机制.方法:大鼠经高脂高糖饲料喂养8周后通过腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ,30 mg/kg)诱导糖尿病大鼠模型,选取60只随机分为:糖尿病模型对照组、大蒜素(5、10和20mg/kg)治疗组和盐酸二甲双胍(200mg/kg)治疗组,并另设正常对照组;每天给药1次,疗程为4周.分别于给药前和给药后每周通过血糖仪测定各组大鼠空腹血糖,并采用酶联免疫法(ELISA)测定胰岛素水平;4周后,称量各组大鼠体重;通过生化检测仪测定各组大鼠血清中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量;测定血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)水平以及丙二醛(MDA)含量.结果:与糖尿病模型对照组相比,大蒜素10和20mg/kg治疗组大鼠胰岛素水平显著升高[(8.8±1.3)、(9.6±1.3)mIU/ml比(7.0±1.2) mIU/ml,P＜0.05、P＜0.01]、空腹血糖水平显著降低[(15.5±0.8)、(13.6±1.2) mmol/L比(17.4±0.9)mmol/L,P＜0.05、P＜0.01],体重显著增加[(282.6±25.3)、(298.1±27.2)g比(257.4±23.8)g,P＜0.05、P＜0.01],血清中TC含量显著降低[(2.34±0.38)、(2.03±0.35) mmol/L比(2.97±0.48) mmol/L,P＜0.05、P＜0.01]、TG含量显著降低[(1.07±0.32)、(0.93±0.26) mmol/L比(1.32±0.37) mmol/L,P＜0.05、P＜0.01]、LDL-C含量显著降低[(0.96±0.29)、(0.84±0.23)mmol/L比(1.09±0.33) mmol/L,P＜0.05、P＜0.01],SOD活性显著升高[(316.1±26.5)、(334.8±27.2) U/ml比(285.7±18.3)U/ml,P＜0.05、P＜0.01]、CAT活性显著升高[(12.0±1.8)、(12.7±2.2) U/ml比(10.5±1.8) U/ml,P＜0.05、P＜0.01]、MDA含量显著降低[(36.4±5.9)、(30.8±5.2) mmol/L比(47.6±7.3) mmol/L,P＜0.05、P＜0.01];大蒜素20mg/kg治疗组大鼠血清中HDL-C含量显著升高[(0.74±0.16) mmol/L比(0.65±0.14) mmol/L,P＜0.05],GSH-Px活性显著升高[(846.7±56.0) U/ml比(796.4±49.2) U/ml,P＜0.05]、T-AOC水平显著升高[(12.1±2.9) U/L比(8.8±2.3) U/L,P＜0.01].与盐酸二甲双胍治疗组相比,大蒜素20mg/kg治疗组大鼠胰岛素水平显著升高,血清中TC、TG、LDL-C含量显著降低,SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活性及T-AOC水平显著升高.结论:大蒜素对链脲佐菌素所致糖尿病大鼠具有剂量依赖性的保护作用,其作用机制可能与大蒜素能够有效降低血糖、改善血脂和提高机体抗氧化能力的作用.

Objective To investigate the effects of ursolic acid (UA) on oxidative stress and apoptosis in focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion in rats. Methods One hundred and twenty SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups:sham operation group, model group, and groups of 20, 40, 80 120 mg/kg UA, with 20 rats in each group. A model of focal cerebral ischemic reperfusion was induced using the intraluminal thread method. Drugs were administrated immediately via tail vein injection when the suture was inserted. At 6h later, the total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC), malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and the activity of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the serum, and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the ischemic cortex were measured. Apoptosis in the ischemic cortex was detected by TUNEL staining. Results Compared with the model group, the activity of CK (301.2 ± 86.8 U/L, 258.5 ± 58.4 U/L, 228.7 ± 49.2 U/L vs. 352.6 ± 88.1 U/L), LDH (327.5 ± 87.1 U/L, 288.6 ± 69.5 U/L, 243.7 ± 74.9 U/L vs. 395.4 ± 98.6 U/L) in the serum in the groups of 40, 80 120 mg/kg UA were significantly decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01), MDA (5.5 ± 1.4 mmol/L, 4.8 ± 1.1 mmol/L, 4.4 ± 1.3 mmol/L vs. 7.8 ± 2.0 mmol/L) and T-AOC (9.4 ± 2.2 U/L, 10.5 ± 2.9 U/L, 11.8 ± 3.1 U/L vs. 8.0 ± 2.1 U/L) were significantly increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01); the activity of SOD (10.1 ± 2.7 U/mg, 11.6 ± 2.5 U/mg vs. 6.9 ± 2.6 U/mg),GSH-Px (12.9 ± 2.9 U/mg, 14.2 ± 3.2 U/mg vs. 9.5 ± 2.3 U/mg), CAT (3.3 ± 1.3 U/mg, 3.9 ± 1.2 U/mg vs. 2.3 ± 0.9 U/mg) in the ischemic cortex in the groups of 80 120 mg/kg UA were significantly increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). TUNEL staining showed that apoptosis in the ischemic cortex in all the UA groups were significantly decreased compared with the model group. Conclusion UA could effectively enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes and free radical scavenging capacity, ameliorate oxidative stress and inhibit apoptosis in focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion in rats.

OBJECTIVE: To probe into the status quo of the perioperative use of antibacterial drugs in neurosurgical patients in a hospital with an objective analysis for references of clinical rational drug use.METHODS: By a retrospective study,a total of 164 medical histories of neurosurgical patients discharged between Apr.2010 and Jan.2010 were reviewed with the relevant information recorded for a statistical analysis.RESULTS: All of the 164 patients received antibiotics.The antibiotics totaled 8 categories and 30 varieties.The most frequently used antibiotics were the second generation cephalosporins,β-lactamase inhibitors and the third generation cephalosporins.CONCLUSION: The perioperative utilization of antibiotics in the neurosurgical patients in this hospital was irrational to some extent such as high drug level in preventive medication,the time limit going beyond specification,inappropriate timing of administration,low rate for bacterial culture and drug sensitivity test before drug use,frequent change of drugs in the absence of etiology test and drug combination in the absence of indications etc.