In this paper, a three-stage subsoil interval mixing four-gang plough (TSIMF) was manufactured to enhance the property of planosol soil in 2016. The working width is set to 2 m to obtain a low operation cost. The total draught of the TSIMF was about 100 kN, the running resistance of the tractor included. The traction force (draught) of TSIMF was determined and the soil condition improved with the TSIMF was discussed. A field test of soybean with TSIMF showed that the soil moisture was about 2

Soybean yield, as one of the most important and consistent breeding goals, can be greatly affected by the proportion of four-seed pods (PoFSP). In this study, QTL mapping was performed by PoFSP data and BLUE (Best Linear Unbiased Estimator) value of the chromosome segment substitution line population (CSSLs) constructed previously by the laboratory from 2016 to 2018, and phenotype-based bulked segregant analysis (BSA) was performed using the plant lines with PoFSP extreme phenotype. Totally, 5 ICIM QTLs were repeatedly detected, and 6 BSA QTLs were identified in CSSLs. For QTL ( qPoFSP13-1 ) repeated in ICIM and BSA results, the secondary segregation populations were constructed for fine mapping and the interval was reduced to 100Kb. The mapping results showed that the QTL had an additive effect of gain from wild parents. A total of 14 genes were annotated in the delimited interval by fine mapping. Sequence analysis showed that all 14 genes had genetic variation in promoter region or CDS region. The qRT−PCR results showed that a total of 5 candidate genes were differentially expressed between the plant lines having antagonistic extreme phenotype (High PoFSP > 35.92%, low PoFSP< 17.56%). The results of haplotype analysis showed that all five genes had two or more major haplotypes in the resource population. Significant analysis of phenotypic differences between major haplotypes showed all five candidate genes had haplotype differences. And the genotypes of the major haplotypes with relatively high PoFSP of each gene were similar to those of wild soybean. The results of this study were of great significance to the study of candidate genes affecting soybean PoFSP, and provided a basis for the study of molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding and four-seed pods domestication.

Low temperature is one of the major constraints on agricultural productivity worldwide and is likely to further increase. Several adaptations and mitigation strategies are required to cope with low-temperature stress. Uniconazole (S3307) could play a significant role in the alleviation of abiotic stress in plants. In this study, the effects of S3307 on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant metabolism were studied in the leaves of mung bean [ Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. The experimental results showed that the low-temperature induced accumulation of superoxide anion (O 2 - ) production rate, and malonaldehyde (MDA) contents. Increased proline content and enzymatic antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), were found to alleviate oxidative damage under low temperatures. While, S3307 could reduce O 2 - production rate and MDA contents and increase the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT, slowed the decrease in ascorbic acid (AsA), dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and promoted increase in soluble sugars (SS), soluble proteins (SP), and proline (Pro) content under low-temperature. At the same time, low temperature leads to lower 100 grain weight and number of grains per plant, which eventually causes yield reduction decreased. Foliar spraying of S3307 could alleviate the yield loss caused by low temperature, and the increase of S3307 treatment was 5.1%–12.5% and 6.3%–32.9% for the two varieties, respectively, compared with CK. In summary, exogenous S3307 pretreatment enhances plant tolerance to low-temperature by improving the antioxidant enzyme activities, increased non-enzymatic antioxidants content, and decreased O 2 - production rate and MDA contents and inducing alterations in endogenous S3307, and reduce the decrease in mung bean yield.

[目的]研究不同生物有机肥配施化肥对大豆植株性状、抗病性及产量和效益的影响.[方法]在大田条件下采用小区试验方法,设置常规施肥和不同生物有机肥配施化肥处理,研究大豆干物质、根瘤、抗病性及其产量变化.[结果]与常规施肥相比,不同生物有机肥配施化肥提高了苗期和盛花期大豆的地上部干物质、根干重和根瘤数,干物质提高幅度为5.31％～12.86％,根干重提高幅度为10.35％～20.24％,根瘤数提高幅度为12.34％～37.50％,差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05);不同生物有机肥配施化肥显著降低了苗期根腐病发病率和病情指数;显著提高大豆的株高、株荚数、株粒数及提高百粒重,提高大豆产量,2019～2020 年产量提高幅度分别为7.25％～8.67％和6.50％～8.82％,与对照相比差异均达显著水平(P<0.05);与对照相比,不同生物有机肥配施化肥处理均提高了大豆的产值和效益值,效益值最高增加1066.16 元/hm2.[结论]生物有机肥配施化肥能够促进大豆植株生长,降低病害,提高产量,提高经济效益.

根菜类作物如甜菜、马铃薯等作物营养丰富,适合大面积种植,具有广阔的发展前景.但是,根菜类作物地上与地下生育进程和长势有很大区别,仅观测地上部长势不能准确判断地下部块根的生育进程.为解决实时观测地下部块根的生育进程,满足自动化管理的需要,设计一种块根自动测定装置,该装置由X型测定夹、阻值式变位计、内置导线、数据存储器等部件组成.利用该装置对甜菜块根生长进行田间测定试验,结果表明,该装置能够实时监测出甜菜块根生长状况,可以比较准确地判断甜菜所处生育时期以及块根直径,通过试验调查,所开发的装置对甜菜块根测定误差范围为2％～7％.

Soybean is one of the most important food crops worldwide. Like other legumes, soybean can form symbiotic relationships with Rhizobium species. Nitrogen fixation of soybean via its symbiosis with Rhizobium is pivotal for sustainable agriculture. Type III effectors（T3Es） are essential regulators of the establishment of the symbiosis, and nodule number is a feature of nitrogen-affected nodulation. However, genes encoding T3Es at quantitative trait loci（QTLs） related to nodulation have rarely been identified. Chromosome segment substitution lines（CSSLs） have a common genetic background but only a few loci with heterogeneous genetic information; thus, they are suitable materials for identifying candidate genes at a target locus. In this study, a CSSL population was used to identify the QTLs related to nodule number in soybean. Single nucleotide polymorphism（SNP） markers and candidate genes within the QTLs interval were detected, and it was determined which genes showed differential expression between isolines. Four candidate genes（GmCDPK28, GmNAC1, GmbHLH, and GmERF5） linked to the SNPs were identified as being related to nodule traits and pivotal processes and pathways involved in symbiosis establishment. A candidate gene（GmERF5）encoding a transcription factor that may interact directly with the T3E NopAA was identified. The confirmed CSSLs with important segments and candidate genes identified in this study are valuable resources for further studies on the genetic network and T3Es involved in the signaling pathway that is essential for symbiosis establishment.

研究多年份不同玉米品种各施肥处理SPAD氮素饱和指数变化规律,为寒地玉米氮素诊断提供理论数据.通过研究品种和处理两因素SPAD氮素饱和指数,利用SPAD氮素饱和指数指导玉米中后期氮素诊断,以2018～2020年最佳施肥处理SPAD氮素饱和指数为基础,建立平均年份SPAD氮素饱和指数模型,分别与2018、2019、2020年SPAD氮素饱和指数进行相关性分析.结果表明,最佳施肥产量处理为纯氮160 kg/hm2.通过多项式回归方程、指数回归方程、乘幂回归方程、线性回归方程和对数回归方程的计算,得出多项式回归方程相关性最高.对于玉米氮素诊断有较好指导作用,为寒地玉米中后期氮素诊断提供理论数据.

玉米水肥一体化技术是世界公认的提高水肥利用率和增加玉米产量的重要技术.经多年推广应用在我国也初具规模.本研究通过对玉米需水规律和需肥规律分析,总结玉米水肥一体化技术要点,比较玉米水肥一体化优势与缺点,以期为玉米规模化生产节本增效,提高产量提供理论依据.

为促进欧洲硬粒型玉米种质抗性改良,本研究引入P群种质改良4份欧洲硬粒型玉米种质对大斑病的抗性,通过导入25％、50％ 和75％P群种质,于2018-2019年在佳木斯进行抗大斑病田间鉴定评价,综合两年各农艺性状表现比较其变化规律.结果表明:通过对4份欧洲硬粒型基础材料导入25％、50％ 和75％ 的USAP后,不同材料的大斑病抗性都有提高,中抗材料大斑病抗性提高最大,高感材料抗病平均等级值较大,改良后的材料感病依然严重.同一欧洲硬粒型种质材料随着导入USAP比例的增加生育期极显著延长,株高、茎粗和含水量极显著增加,籽粒长和籽粒宽变化不明显.由此得出,导入25％ 比例P群种质既可提高欧洲硬粒型种质大斑病抗性,又可基本保留欧洲硬粒型种质自身特性.

为加速合玉25玉米的推广应用,促进黑龙江省早熟玉米育种创新发展,本文简要介绍了合玉25的选育过程、特征特性、栽培技术,并对黑龙江省早熟区玉米育种的思路进行探讨.合玉25是黑龙江省农业科学院佳木斯分院玉米育种研究所于2007年以自选系合系628作为母本、自选系合系640作为父本杂交育成的单交种,具有早熟、抗病、高产、抗逆性强,脱水快、容重高,商品品质优良等特性.适宜在黑龙江省第三积温带推广种植,产量达9 399.9～10 167.9 kg·hm-2,比对照嫩单13增产11.7％～13.1％.针对黑龙江省第三积温带开展早熟、抗病、耐密、高产为目标的玉米新品种选育,可以通过采取高密度、大群体、多逆境选育亲本及杂交种,实现基因重组、互补、累加等遗传效应,结合生态特点、生产实际、品种应用现状以及发展趋势的生态育种原理,在品种选择过程中采用多年多点测试,提高选种效果.

玉米的高产稳产是种植者永恒的追求,而高质量播种是玉米高产稳产的前提条件.本文根据黑龙江省三江平原地区独特的生态条件,从春玉米高质量播种出发,分析了黑龙江省三江平原地区玉米播种质量差的原因,提出了玉米高质量播种技术,以期为黑龙江省三江平原地区春玉米高质量播种提供参考.

Maize is a crop of carbon 4, its high and stable yield is related to the strategy of food security. In recent years, the accurate, scientific and reasonable application of chemical fertilizer has attracted much attention with the gradual advance of zero increase of chemical fertilizer usage in China. The main problems of maize fertilization in China are high application amount per mu, unbalanced fertilization, low fertilizer utilization rate, high ratio of base fertilizer and early fertilization. Maize formula fertilization is a key technology to achieve high yield, high quality and cost saving. The purpose of this study is to change the traditional concept of maize fertilization and summarize the technical key points of maize scientific fertilization, to guide the largescale safe production of maize and promote the practical needs of cost saving, efficiency increasing, energy saving and emission reduction.

在不同施氮量与密度下,对玉米抗倒性农艺性状进行研究.结果 表明,随着密度的增大,第3节长增长、茎腐病发病率和倒伏率增加,而第3节直径逐渐减小、第3节茎秆干物重逐渐下降;随着施肥量的增加,玉米株高、穗位高、第3节长、第3节直径和第3节茎秆干物重均逐渐增大,在施肥量最多时,玉米茎腐病发病率和倒伏率均最大.相关性分析表明稳位高、第3节长和茎腐病发病率与倒伏率呈正相关.所以在抗倒性玉米品种选择上,要选择稳位高较低、第3节长较短和抗茎腐病的玉米品种,还要注意合理的施肥与密植,减少倒伏风险.

氮是玉米生长发育过程中不可缺少的重要元素之一,对玉米的生长发育影响最大.玉米植株营养器官的建成和生殖器官的发育及蛋白质代谢密不可分,缺氮将影响玉米的生长发育,使玉米不能进行正常的生命活动.玉米氮素营养的诊断能够及时掌握各生育时期的营养状况,进而精准管理氮素,并以此确定科学合理的施肥决策,有利于提高氮肥利用率,充分利用氮素资源,提升玉米质量和产量以及维护生态安全.掌握玉米的氮素变化规律,探索建立有效的精确氮素管理理论不仅可以保障玉米高产,实现氮肥资源高效利用,还能降低肥料对环境的破坏,减少农业生产资料投入成本,从而产生较大的社会效益、经济效益和生态效益.

为了提高玉米品种和育187的种植技术水平,充分发挥栽培措施的增产增收潜力,本研究采用裂区试验,主区为种植密度,设3个密度水平,分别为M1为52500株·hm-2,M2为60000株·hm-2和M3为75000株·hm-2;副区为施氮水平,设3种施氮量,分别N0为纯氮0 kg·hm-2,N1为纯氮150 kg·hm-2,N2为纯氮300 kg·hm-2,研究种植密度与施氮量对和育187各农艺性状及产量的影响.结果表明:在同一密度水平下,随着施氮量的增加,株高、穗位、穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数和百粒重均逐渐增大,空秆率和倒伏率也随着施氮量的增加而增加.在N1水平时玉米产量最高为5916.2 kg·hm-2,N1和N2水平下玉米产量差异不显著.在同一施肥水平下,随着种植密度的增加,穗长缩短、穗粗变细、穗行数减少、行粒数减少、百粒重降低,M1水平下的玉米产量和M2水平下的玉米产量差异均达极显著水平,与M3水平下的玉米产量差异不显著.当玉米低密度种植时,增加施氮量不能获得高产量;当玉米高密度种植时,施氮不足会导致玉米群体营养不良,影响玉米籽粒干物质积累,玉米产量降低;合理地调节施氮量和种植密度才能获得理想产量.

为促进AM真菌在白浆土改良上的应用,采用盆栽试验,以玉米为宿主植物,设置3个施磷水平(P2 O5),0,200和400 mg·kg-1,同时设置接种AM真菌和未接种处理,共6个处理,分析各处理对白浆菌土壤团聚体和养分情况及玉米生长的影响.结果表明:AM真菌可增加白浆土0～10 cm土层土壤水稳性大团聚体含量,提高土壤水稳性团聚体平均重量直径(MWD).同一施磷水平下,AM真菌促进土壤中有效磷含量增加;AM真菌侵染率随磷施用量增加而下降;同一施磷水平,AM真菌可促进玉米生长,P0+AM真菌处理较P0处理显著提高了玉米生物量,说明AM真菌能有效促进玉米生长;AM真菌可改善白浆土土壤团聚体结构,提高土壤中养分含量,改善玉米营养状况,促进玉米生长.

玉米是需肥量较大的作物,在一定范围内,玉米产量随着施肥量的增加而提高.玉米施肥的最终目的是给玉米生长创造一个适宜的营养环境,最大限度地挖掘当地光温资源、水资源等,从单位土地面积上获得最大的产出效益.本文阐述黑龙江省三江平原玉米施肥要点,以期为三江平原玉米科学施肥提供有益参考.

The three-seeded pod number is an important trait that positively influences soybean yield. Soybean variety with increased three-seeded pod number contributes to the seed number/plant and higher yield. The candidate genes of the three-seeded pod may be the key for improving soybean yield. In this study, identification and validation of candidate genes for three-seeded pod has been carried out. First, a total of 36 quantitative trait locus (QTL) were detected from the investigation of recombinant inbred lines including 147 individuals derived from a cross between Charleston and Dongning 594 cultivars. Five consensus QTLs were integrated. Second, an introgressed line CSSL-182 carrying the target segment for the trait from the donor parent was selected to verify the consensus QTL based on its phenotype. Third, a secondary group was constructed by backcrossing with CSSL-182, and two QTLs were confirmed. There were a total of 162 genes in the two QTLs. The mining of candidate genes resulted in the annotation of eight genes with functions related to pod and seed sets. Finally, haplotype analysis and quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time PCR were carried to verify the candidate genes. Four of these genes had different haplotypes in the resource group, and the differences in the phenotype were highly significant. Moreover, the differences in the expression of the four genes during pod and seed development were also significant. These four genes were probably related to the development process underlying the three-seeded pod in soybean. Herein, we discuss the past and present studies related to the three-seeded pod trait in soybean.

在玉米生产中,化肥深施可以减少肥料的损失和浪费,促进玉米生长发育,增加根系吸收能力,从而提高产量.玉米化肥深施机械化技术能保证种、肥定位隔离,避免烧苗,并确保施肥位置、施肥深度和施肥数量,严密覆盖,有效镇压.