Due to the input of a large number of chemical substances and the termination of elements cycling,the farmland ecosystem has been seriously degraded,with the quality of farmland and yield being decreased.High efficiency eco-agriculture has been believed to be capable of curtailing some hazardous effects associated with chemical agriculture.However,debates also exist on whether eco-agriculture can feed a world with increasing human population.We hypothesized that some improvements on high efficiency eco-agriculture may produce adequate foods and reduce environmental pollutions from chemical agriculture.This study began with feeding cattle by bio-processed corn straw,restoring the soil fertility by manure returning in Hongyi Organic Farm 2 hm2 low yield cropland.We applied physical+biological methods for pest control;artificial+mechanical for weed management,thus to put an end to pesticides,fertilizers and herbicides pollution.Meanwhile,without using plastic films,synthetic hormones,genetically modified seeds,we guaranteed the food quality and safety,and soled the products online and offiine.The results of the 10 years experiment are as follows:The weight of pests captured by insect-trapping lamp reduced from 33 to 2.1 kg,reducing the amount of pesticide by 93.8％.The annual consumption of straw by cattle reached to 1000 t per year,increasing straw utilization rate from 1.1％ to 62.5％.Organic fertilizer has be tested to improve soil biodiversity,for instance,the number of earthworms in organic orchard was 317 earthworms m-2,while only 16 earthworms m-2 in ordinary orchard.The soil organic matters in 0-20 cm depth layer increased from 0.7％ to 2.4％,thank to great amount of cattle manure being applied (75 t hm-2).The grain production also increased greatly from the initial 11.43 t hm-2 to 17.43 t hm-2.The wheat,corn,soybean and peanut yield were 42.6％,60.9％,32.2％ and 38.1％ higher than ordinary farmland around.Due to the excellent quality of products,our products have been sold to 30 provinces except Tibet of China,with the average benefit per hectare being 3-5 times of ordinary farmland.Some 67 local households have been engaged in the high efficient eco-farming industry.Now the products extended to the ginger,garlic,onion and other vegetables;pork,beef and poultry eggs,apple and other fruits,peanut oil,soybean oil and processing products,walnut cake,dried apples,dumplings,etc.The regular consumers of Hongyi Organic Farm has increased to 1672 people and increased at a speed of 100-150 people a month.This high efficiency eco-agriculture in paper has been used by entrepreneurs,farmers,soldiers in Shandong,Henan,Hebei,Inner Mongolia,Gansu,Zhejiang,Jiangsu,Guangdong and other provinces,the farmland area was about 9667 hm2.This study provides a scientific basis for the national eco-agricultural development designing,poverty alleviation and rural environmental protection.

Anaerobic Biotechnology, pp. 297-335 (2015) No AccessChapter 13: Applications and the Development of Anaerobic Technology in ChinaK.J. Wang, C.P. Wang, A.J. Wang, H. Gong, B.C. Dong, H. Xu, L.W. Deng, and C. LiK.J. WangState Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, ChinaCorresponding author., C.P. WangState Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, A.J. WangState Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China, H. GongState Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, B.C. DongInstitute of Energy and Environment Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Engineering, Beijing 100125, China, H. XuState Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, L.W. DengBiogas Scientific Research Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610041, China, and C. LiDepartment of Biotechnology, Lund University, PO Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Swedenhttps://doi.org/10.1142/9781783267910_0013Cited by:1 (Source: Crossref) PreviousNext AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsRecommend to Library ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Abstract: The Chinese government has been promoting anaerobic treatment technology, not only for pollution control, but also for bioenergy recovery. Millions of decentralized anaerobic digesters have been built using animal manure and crop stalk as feedstock to improve sanitary conditions and to produce biogas for heating and lighting for farmers and rural communities. Also, there are 22,570 medium- to large-sized anaerobic projects built for centralized animal manure treatment. In addition, over 2,000 medium to large anaerobic systems have been installed since the 2000s for the treatment of industrial wastewaters including alcohol, starch, pulp and paper using technologies such as CSTR, UASB, EGSB, IC, etc. Overall, more than 25,100 medium- to large-sized anaerobic systems are now in operation in rural China, producing 7.5×109 m3 of biogas annually. Based on Chinese government's 12th Five-Year Plan, biogas output will reach 21×109 m3 by 2020 from treatment of industrial wastewater, poultry wastes, municipal wastes and wastewater sludge; this amount will double by 2050. This chapter summarizes the development of anaerobic technology in China in the countryside as well as in industrial wastewater treatment. A number of case studies are presented. FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By 1Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citation.An insight on the contributions of microbial communities and process parameters in enhancing biogas productionNwabunwanne Lilian Nwokolo and Matthew Chekwube Enebe19 March 2022 | Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, Vol. 43 Recommended Anaerobic Biotechnology Metrics History PDF download

【Objective】The purpose of this study was to investigate the evolution characteristics of main agronomic traits and the responses to density of maize hybrids and their parents released in different eras,thus providing the critically important information for further developing the promising maize cultivars.【Method】Sixteen elite parents and their maize hybrids widely popularized and utilized in China released in 1960s,1980s and 2000s were used to analyze the changes in main agronomic and physiology traits associated with yields in genetic improvement made during the past four decades in 2007-2008.【Result】The results showed that compared with 1980s and 1960s hybrids and their parents,the modern varieties had higher grain yield with the eras evolution,the grain yield increased by 25.7%,35.8% and 16.3%,29.7%,respectively.The 100-kenerl-weight increased significantly,but no significant difference was observed in heterosis index of maize hybrid under high density.However,plant height,ear position height and ear position height/plant height of hybrids released in different eras did not change significantly with eras evolution,while plant stem diameter increased,and leaf orientation value was higher significantly,the plant density-resistance and lodging-resistance enhanced significantly.Compared with 1980s and 1960s hybrids,the contemporary hybrids and their parents had obviously higher dry matter accumulation,post-anthesis dry matter accumulation/total dry matter accumulation and harvest index,especially the distribution ratio in post-anthesis was significantly increased of dry matter of contemporary hybrids.Also,the contemporary hybrids photosynthesis capacity(mean leaf index,chlorophyll contents,and mean net assimilation rate) had obviously advantages under high density,and 2000s hybrids had higher grain-leaf ratio,and leaf area per unit showed more contribution to their yields.The correlation analysis indicated that yield was positively correlated with 100-kernel weight,plant stem diameter and leaf orientation value,but not significantly correlated with plant height,ear height and plant height/ear height,positively significantly correlated with biomass,ratio of post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and mean net photosynthetic rate.The grain-leaf ratio and obtained grain yield of leaf area per unit of the contemporary hybrids positively significantly correlated with its grain yield,but not positively with their parents.So physical density-resistance of high-yielding maize population was significantly ameliorated.【Conclusion】These results demonstrated that maize grain yield enhancing mainly attributed by synergistically increased plant morphology and physiological density tolerance improvement in the progress of genetic improvement for maize in China.

The objective of this study was to understand the effects of plant spacing on grain yield and root competition in summer maize (Zea mays L.). Maize cultivar Denghai 661 was planted in rectangular tanks (0.54m×0.27m×1.00m) under 27cm (normal) and 6cm (narrow) plant spacing and treated with zero and 7.5g nitrogen (N) per plant. Compared to normal plant spacing, narrow plant spacing generated less root biomass in the 0–20cm zone under both N rates, slight reductions of dry root weight in the 20–40cm and 40–70cm zones at the mid-grain filling stage, and slight variation of dry root weights in the 70–100cm zone during the whole growth period. Narrow plant spacing decreased root reductive activity in all root zones, especially at the grain-filling stage. Grain yield and above-ground biomass were 5.0% and 8.4% lower in the narrow plant spacing than with normal plant spacing, although narrow plant spacing significantly increased N harvest index and N use efficiency in both grain yield and biomass, and higher N translocation rates from vegetative organs. These results indicate that the reductive activity of maize roots in all soil layers and dry weights of shallow roots were significantly decreased under narrow plant spacing conditions, resulting in lower root biomass and yield reduction at maturity. Therefore, a moderately dense sowing is a basis for high yield in summer maize.

氮肥是玉米生产中最重要的增产要素之一.为探明不同地力水平下控释尿素对玉米物质生产及光合特性的影响,采用盆栽试验研究了释放期不同的2种控释尿素(CRU30,释放期为30d;CRU60,释放期为60d)的作用效果,以普通尿素为对照(U).结果表明,控释尿素处理显著增加玉米干物质积累量,但释放期不同的控释尿素在不同地力水平下增产效果不同,低地力水平下增产效果为CRU30>CRU60>U(P<0.05),CRU30处理比施用普通尿素增产18.9%;高地力水平下增产效果为CRU60>CRU30>U(P<0.05),CRU60处理比U增产18.2%.与对照相比,控释尿素使干物质向开花后分配比例增加,氮肥偏生产力(PFPN)显著提高,低地力时CRU30最高,而高地力时CRU60最高.控释尿素处理的单株干物质积累量、穗粒数及千粒重显著增加,主要因为生育中后期叶面积、光合速率、叶绿素及叶片氮含量维持较高水平.所以,在等氮量做基肥一次性施入时,低地力水平下施用释放期较短的控释尿素为宜,而高地力水平下应施用释放期较长的控释尿素.

甜高粱因其高光效、高抗逆性而被认为是一种重要的能源作物。对影响茎秆糖产量的内因的了解有助于下一步育种及栽培调控措施的改良。本文从个体发育、农艺性状和代谢生理几个方面总结了影响茎秆糖产量的内因及其研究进展。甜高粱作为能源作物,茎秆糖产量是其目标产量,一般随生育进程推进而增加,花后糖分积累速率加快,生理成熟期是最佳收获时期。株高、茎粗、叶面积、抽穗期与茎秆糖产量成正相关,而穗所占比例及籽粒产量与之成负相关。决定物质积累的光合速率在甜高粱不同品种间有显著的遗传差异,但其差异的机理探讨很少。对蔗糖代谢的有限几个研究发现,蔗糖代谢酶活性的差异不能解释不同品种糖含量的差异。明确不同品种物质积累差异机理,进一步提高生物量的积累是目前提高甜高粱糖产量的首选途径。明确茎秆糖含量差异是否来源于"库"强的制约和"库"强的制约因子是什么对下一步提高糖产量具有重要的指导作用。

To test the importance of the lower leaves of sweet sorghum to yield of stem sugar.Sweet sorghum Rio was treated with defoliation including cutting half of all leaves,cutting upper 5 leaves and cutting upper 6-10 leaves.All treatments reduced the stem weight,yield of stem sugar,but had no effect on panicle weight and sugar content in stem.Treatment of cutting lower leaves reduced more stem weight and yield of stem sugar than the treatment of upper leaves removal.Thus,our experiment revealed that the lower leaves had more important contribution to sugar yield of sweet sorghum and the panicle had higher competitive advantage to photosynthetic product than stem.To improve stem sugar yield of sweet sorghum,therefore,new cultivars with little panicle and erect upper leaves are suggested in future breeding.

According to the maize yield at plant density of 15000 ind x hm(-2) in 2007, the leaf-redundant type (cultivar Chaoshi 1) and non-redundant type (cultivar Chaoshi 3) at low plant density were selected, and the changes of their above-ground dry matter accumulation and grain yield after cutting all leaves to 1/2 (T1) and 1/4 (T2) at anthesis at the optimal density and under high-yielding condition were analyzed in 2008, aimed to approach whether the leaf redundancy exists in high-yielding maize colonies. The characters of grain-filling were simulated by Richards' model, and the photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence of the leaves on ear position were determined to reveal the activities of photosynthesis after the removal of redundancy. The results showed that at optimal plant density and under high-yielding condition, both the redundant and non-redundant types had leaf redundancy. The characterization of grain-filling by Richards' model indicated that appropriately removing redundant leaves could increase the net photosynthetic rate and solar energy use efficiency of the leaves on ear position, extend the active period of grain-filling, and enhance the grain yield.

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of simulated moderate drought in whole growth period on the grain yield and root physiological traits of drought-tolerant maize variety JK-628 and drought-sensitive maize variety ND-95. Compared with the control, the grain yield of JK-628 and ND-95 under the stress of moderate drought was decreased by 33.7% and 62.3%, respectively. Under drought stress, the root biomass of the two varieties decreased, with the maximum value appeared ahead. The root/shoot ratio of JK-628 increased at early growth stage but decreased at late growth stage, while that of ND-95 increased all along. ND-95 had a larger decrement of root activity than JK-628. The root SOD activity in drought-stress plants was higher in prophase but lower in anaphase, compared with that in the control, and the time of SOD activity begun to lower was later for JK-628 than for ND-95. The root MDA content in drought-stress plants was increased, and the increment was much higher for ND-95 than for JK-628. In addition, the root soluble protein content in drought-stress plants was decreased, and ND-95 had a larger decrement than JK-628. In a word, under drought stress, the root activity, SOD activity, and soluble protein content of JK-628 were higher than those of ND-95, which could slow down the root aging process and prolong the root functional period, possibly being one of the important factors of getting high yield of drought-tolerant maize under drought stress.

大田条件下采用人工去除分孽的方法,研究了两种种植密度下甜高粱高产品种分蘖特性对糖产量及其干物质生产和氮素吸收利用特性的影响.结果表明,常规种植密度(每公顷75 000株)下,保留分蘖较单茎秆植株对主茎和分蘖茎含糖量影响较小;在较低种植密度(每公顷37 500株)下,保留分蘖植株主茎含糖量明显下降,分蘖茎含糖量与单茎秆植株接近.在不同种植密度条件下,保留分蘖植株较单茎秆植株开花前和开花后茎秆、叶片和穗各器官干物质积累量均显著增加,保留分蘖显著提高了总生物量,达21.9%和81.6%,总糖产量分别增加了17.1%和63.8%.保留分孽植株开花后氮素向茎秆分配比高,同时,保留分蘖植株叶片氮积累及分配比例明显提高,叶片干重占植株总干重比例显著增加,单位氮素糖生产效率下降,但未达显著水平.常规密度和较低密度下分蘖茎糖产量的补偿效应分别可达20%和62%以上,说明常规种植密度下保留分蘖利于增加甜高粱糖产量,并能够达到简化栽培管理和降低经济人力投人的目的.

We conducted an experiment with two maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) to examine the effect of interplant root competition on root growth and to evaluate the impact to total plant performance. Two maize hybrids (Jinhai 5 and Denghai 3719) were grown either with no root competition in their own plot (owners) or as individuals sharing twice the space and nutrients (sharers). Plants were sampled every other week after pollination to track changes in root and shoot biomass. The carbohydrate allocation was smaller in the roots of sharers compared with owners at the pro-phase of grain filling and shoot accumulation was slightly accelerated during this period. However, at the lag phase, the accumulation rate in the shoots of individual plants was distinctly lower than in owners, as a result of earlier root senescence. Overall, shoot mass was reduced by 8% in sharers of both hybrids, while they showed a similar root to shoot ratio compared with the owners. Although the “sharing” treatment was confounded by larger soil spaces, the effects of larger soil volume and interplant root competition were different, and demonstrate that interplant root competition has an inhibitory effect on roots. Maize plants displayed an overcrowding effect (or an escape strategy) by allocating more carbohydrate to the shoots at the expense of the roots when faced with interplant root competition.Key words: Overcrowding effect, interplant root competition, maize (zea mays L.), root discrimination

The effects of different leaf-cutting treatments on the matter accumulation and nitrogen utilization of the super-high-yielding summer maize were studied.The results showed that under the condition of super high yield,the above-ground biomass and the grain yield did not reduce significantly after cutting 1/4 and 1/2 of the leaf.The nitrogen accumulation of maize plants increased after leaf-cutting.The treatments of cutting 1/4 or 1/2 leaf could improve the nitrogen harvest index;with the increase of leaf cutting,the nitrogen harvest index showed the increase trend.So breeding the maize variety with smaller leaf area was an effective way to solve the low nitrogen utilization under the condition of super high yield.

The pot experiment was conducted under the moderate drought stress in the whole growth period to study the effects of drought on the accumulation and distribution of dry matter and nitrogen of different drought-tolerant maize varieties.The results showed that under drought stress,the yield of drought-tolerant maize reduced 33.7% compared with the control,while that of non-drought-tolerant maize reduced 62.3%.Drought stress led to dry matter weight and dry matter transfer rate reduced,nitrogen harvest index(NHI) and nitrogen fertilizer efficiency(NFE) reduced significantly,nitrogen physiology efficiency(NPE) increased.The dry matter weight,dry matter transfer rate,NHI and NPE of drought-tolerant maize reduced less than those of non-drought-tolerant maize.It may play one of the important roles in getting high yield of drought-tolerant maize under drought stress.

The grain yield of normal oil maize (Zea mays L.) might increase when pollinated by high oil maize (HOM) hybrids because of heterosis. To testify that the grain yield increase might be a result of improved photosynthetic rate and related traits, the normal oil maize (NOM) hybrid, Nongda108, was cross-pollinated by three HOM hybrids, HOM202, HOM115 and HOM4515 (for short as ND108pHOM202, ND108pHOM115 and ND108pHOM4515). We found that the ND108pHOM202 and ND108pHOM115 exhibited higher net photosynthetic rate (P-n), accompanied by larger stomatal conductance (g(s)) and transpiration rate (E). Moreover, delayed leaf senescence was observed in their leaves, including larger leaf area index (LAI) and higher Chl content and Chl a/b ratio. Apart from higher phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) activity, the soluble proteins were also higher in the two cross-pollinations. The higher leaf photosynthesis could explain the grain increase in ND108pHOM202 and ND108pHOM115. However, ND108pHOM4515 exhibited a decreased photosynthetic characteristic and yield performance. Significantly positive relation between grain yield and biomass (r(2) = 0.96, P < 0.05), P-n and biomass (r(2) = 0.74, P < 0.05) also suggested that the yield increase in the two cross-pollination treatments was generally owing to the higher photosynthetic rate and related photosynthetic traits. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In situ experiments combined with venting method were conducted to study the effects of different fertilization patterns on ammonia volatilization from soil in the growth season of summer maize.The results showed that the NH3 volatilization rate of treatment of single fertilizer and treatment of wheat straw plus fertilizer had one peak and it first increased and then decreased after application of fertilizer.This trend behaved accordant with the change of earth temperature during the daytime.Ammonia volatilization occurred primarily during the daytime and the peak volatilization appeared between 11:0013:00 each day.The high speed of volatilization continued for only a short period.Whether treated with single fertilizer or with wheat straw plus fertilizer,the NH3 volatilization rate peaked,and then rapidly decreased.The accumulative ammonia volatilization of the first 7 days accounted for 88.57%~96.72%.Compared with single fertilizer,wheat straw plus fertilizer reduced the total rate of accumulative ammonia volatilization significantly,which was 4.06~8.25 kg·hm-2 less in treatment of wheat straw plus fertilizer,and its loss rate reduced 0.37%~1.17%.More N fertilizer was demanded after period of flare opening of summer maize,and high field water capacity could weaken loss of ammonia volatilization.The results also indicated that increasing rate of N fertilizer at the rapid growth stage and assuring the optimal proportion of wheat straw to N fertilzier could reduce NH3 volatilization and was an effective approach to increase nitrogen use efficiency.

A field experiment with colophony-coated fertilizer (CRF) and sulfur-coated fertilizer (SCF) showed that under the same application rates of N, P and K, applying CRF and SCF increased the summer maize grain yield by 13.15% and 14.15%, respectively, compared to the application of common compound fertilizer CCF. When the applied amount of CRF and SCF was decreased by 25%, the yield increment was 9.69% and 10.04%, respectively; and when the applied amount of CRF and SCF was decreased by 50%, the yield had less difference with that under CCF application. The field ammonia volatilization rate in treatments CRF and SCF increased slowly, with a peak appeared 7 days later than that in treatment CCF, and the total amount of ammonia volatilization in treatments CRF and SCF was ranged from 0.78 kg N x hm(-2) to 4.43 kg N x hm(-2), with a decrement of 51.34%-91.34% compared to that in treatment CCF. The fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency of CRF and SCF were also significantly higher than those of CCF.

23 maize varieties with different drought resistance were used as materials and 20%PEG solution was used to induce drought stress in this experiment.The changes of root physiological and biochemical characters and their relationship with drought resistance were studied under drought stress.The results showed that the drought stress during seedling stage could increase the ratio of root to shoot and root activity.The increasing amplitude of drought-tolerant maize hybrids was the largest.Under drought condition,the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) increased and the increasing extent of droughttolerant hybrids was the highest.The MDA content in roots of different maize hybrids increased and the lowest gradient of MDA content changes in the drought-tolerant maize varieties.The drought-tolerant maize hybrids had advantage under drought stress during seedling stage,because of the stronger root activity and the ability against active oxygen in root system.

Shading decreased significantly grains yield of maize. Different shading phases had different effects on grains yield of maize. The effects of shading from flowering to maturity stage on grains yield of maize were most significant, then were from joining to flowering stage and from seedling to joining stag. Shading from joining to flowering stage decreased grains number mostly, and shading from flowering to maturity stage decreased 1 000-kernels weight mostly. Grains yield of maize was decreased significantly as the intensity of illumination decreased. Effects of different shading phases on grains yield of maize were significantly bigger than those of different intensities of illumination. Shading affected grains quality of maize significantly, and different shading phases had different effects on grains quality of maize. Shading from seedling to joining stage had no significant effects on grains quality of maize, while shading from joining to flowering stage and from flowering to maturity stage increased significantly crude protein and lysine contents, and decreased significantly ether extract and total starch contents. As the intensity of illumination decreased, the effects of it on grains quality were increased. Effects of different shading phases on grains quality of maize were significantly bigger than those of different intensities of illumination.

Cytoplasmic male sterility(CMS)plays an important role in maize(Zea mays L.)breeding for increasing yield and reducing costs.To investigate the effects of nitrogen rates after anthesis on carbon and nitrogen metabolism traits,we conducted a pool experiment by two nitrogen treatment in 2004-2005 with two inbred lines,cytoplasmic male sterility(478CMS and Qi319CMS)and homotype fertile lines(478 and Qi319).The result showed that compared with their homotype lines(the maintainer lines),CMS lines had higher grain yield and harvest index under two nitrogen levels (P0.05),no significant difference existed in above-ground dry weight(P0.05),maintained larger root amount and higher root/shoot ratio at nitrogen deficiency(P0.05).CMS lines had green-maintaining character and higher net assimilation rate,photosynthetic rate(Pn)of ear leave at late growth stage.Also,CMS lines maintained higher nitrate reductase(NR),glutamate synthetase(GS)and glutamate dehydrogennase(GDH)activities of ear leaf under two nitrogen levels(P0.05).The nitrogen content and nitrogen assimilation amount of leave,stalk and root of CMS lines showed great advantages at former stage(0-20 d)after anthesis,whereas uptake and accumulation ability were not strong at late growth stage,but CMS lines had higher nitrogen translocation rate,nitrogen contribution rate and nitrogen utilization rate than those of their homotype lines,especially at nitrogen deficiency.These suggested that CMS lines had strong photosyn- thetic carbon production and nitrogen metabolization,improved nitrogen translocation and uitilization efficiency,thus,in- creased the grain filling ability and yields.