磷矿伴生稀土元素是获取稀土资源的重要途径.我国磷块岩型稀土矿分布广,稀土含量高,具有综合回收价值,是仅次于独立稀土矿床的伴生稀土资源.本文主要研究云南安宁磷矿中稀土元素分布规律和赋存状态,并比较了磷矿石中稀土元素总量与磷含量的关系,结果表明磷矿石中稀土氧化物总量为72×10-6～1 050×10-6,与磷含量呈一定的正相关关系.另外通过光学显微镜及电子显微镜观察发现,安宁磷矿中缺乏独立的稀土矿物,只在部分海绿石中找到了独立的稀土矿物(可能为独居石和褐帘石).LA-ICP-MS分析结果表明,胶磷矿单矿物稀土元素含量在770×10-6～920×10-6之间,而白云石单矿物稀土元素含量均低于34×10-6,石英单矿物的稀土元素平均含量为180×10-6.由于部分独立的稀土矿物的存在,海绿石矿物中稀土元素总量可高达2 947.27×10-6～3 159.87×10-6.综合分析结果表明,安宁磷矿中稀土元素主要以类质同像的形式赋存于胶磷矿之中.

中国东部燕山期的大规模岩浆活动,即侏罗纪—白垩纪(150—100 Ma)的碱性流纹岩-碱性玄武岩-金伯利岩-钾镁煌斑岩-碳酸岩及其管道系统,分布于江南造山带内侧和郯庐断裂带南段以西的华北地台内,累积面积超过30万km2.该期短时限内大规模活动的岩浆事件代表了中国东部地质历史演化中的一次大火成岩省(LIP)事件,实质控制着中生代以来中国华北—扬子地台的构造格局变化、资源能源形成与地质环境变迁.晚侏罗世—早白垩世(150—100 Ma)的大火成岩省,是中生代中期古太平洋大火成岩省沿中国克拉通东部边缘活动的一部分,是包括昂通爪哇(Ongtong-Java)(Mahoney et al.,1993;Ingle and Coffin,2004)—中国东部在内的超级地幔柱上涌,在岩石圈板片对流,挤压地幔物质快速上升,引起陆域内长英质地壳物质大规模重熔的结果,形成:(1)髫髻山组—张家口组碱性流纹质-玄武质双峰式火山岩及其管道系统,与华北大规模金-多金属矿成矿作用密切相关;(2)辽宁瓦房店—山东蒙阴—安徽栏杆,湖南宁乡—贵州镇远一带的金伯利岩—钾镁煌斑岩±碳酸岩±基性超基性杂岩及其管道系统,与金刚石、金-铂族元素等成矿关系密切;(3)辽东—胶东半岛、南岭—滇黔桂交界地区的连片花岗岩,是硅质大火成岩省(SLIP)的管道系统(plumbing systems),与金刚石矿、金-铂族元素矿、钨锡铌钽矿、锂-钾-铷-铯-铀矿等,以及油气等战略性关键金属成矿关系密切.同时,巨型岩浆作用引发的富含钾、磷及稀土等微量元素的基岩形成优质土壤层对生态多样性的助益等有利和/或有害的环境效应,直接关系到地球家园的生态环境.因此,中国东部燕山期大火成岩省产生深刻的岩浆-构造-资源-环境效应.

深大断裂的强烈活动为火山喷发提供了重要的岩浆通道,火山喷发后形成的火山口、高出夷平面300～450 m,最大厚度可达500 m的火山熔岩垂向堆积,加上深部地质作用导致的地壳抬升,为冰川形成-滑动提供了有利的地形条件和气候条件.张家口西北坝缘一带首次发现的冰川遗迹主要有冰碛物、冰水沉积物及冰川地貌.电镜扫描石英砂粒表面可见冰川成因的冰蚀擦痕和碾磨压坑,孢粉显示为干燥寒冷的气候环境.获得了(121.22±6.54)ka和(81.13±4.48)ka的光释光年龄,与河北省第四纪第五冰期和第六冰期相对应,与平原区的黄骅海退和大城海退时间相吻合,显示张家口坝缘一带在晚更新世早中期经历了两期冰川作用.这一发现填补了研究区冰川遗迹研究的空白,为我国东部中低山区第四纪冰川的存在提供了有力的证据,丰富了我国东部中低山区第四纪冰川研究的年代学数据,对认识本区及我国东部大陆气候特征和第四纪环境变化具有重要意义.

It has important theoretical and practical significance to clarify the causes and distribution of oil and gas. This paper focused on the key scientific issues in the current petroleum genesis research, guided by the general principles of global tectonics and petroleum geology. Various petroleum genesis hypotheses have been sorted out, merged, integrated and innovated, thus a hypothesis framework of organic-inorganic coupling causes for petroleum was introduced. The main factors are that oil (including natural gas) is a renewable resource with multiple origins and has huge reserves. The formation and distribution of petroleum is the result of the coupling of four pairs of hydrocarbon-forming factors, including basin and mantle uplift, deep and shallow fluids, organic and inorganic hydrocarbon generation mechanisms, deep faults and sealing conditions. The higher degree of organic-inorganic cause coupling indicates the richer the oil and gas. The basin and the area below its basement are the locations with the best degree of coupling, followed by the deep and large fault development areas with good sealing conditions in the surrounding areas of the basin. The matching of deep and large faults with sealing conditions is an important factor constraining hydrocarbon accumulation. Large-scale traps with good sealing conditions in long-term, multi-period or recent active deep and large fault development areas are the most favorable targets for major exploration successes.

钾镁煌斑岩是一类较为特殊的火山成因或浅成的超基性岩,是一种重要的深源岩石,是深源岩浆活动的标志性产物,可作为了解地幔信息的窗口,也作为继金伯利岩之后的另一种金刚石寄主岩被持续关注.全球最优质的金刚石产于钾镁煌斑岩中,主要分布于西澳阿盖尔等地.中国钾镁煌斑岩主要分布于黔湘一带、山西饮牛沟、山东大井头、湖北大洪山和西昆仑克里阳地区,综合分析认为,钾镁煌斑岩主要分布于深大断裂附近,中国钾镁煌斑岩受江南台隆西缘的都匀—贵阳—铜仁—怀化深断裂、常德—安仁深断裂以及郯庐断裂带等深大断裂带控制;贵州镇远马坪、湖南宁乡云影窝、山东平邑大井头等钾镁煌斑岩有原生金刚石产出,钾镁煌斑岩的金刚石成矿潜力仍然有待深入研究,尤以湘黔钾镁煌斑岩带、郯庐断裂带大井头等地可望突破.钾镁煌斑岩的标志性矿物有富钛贫铝金云母、钾碱镁闪石、镁橄榄石、镁铝榴石、铬尖晶石、铬铁矿等.其中S1、S2组贫铝富镁铬铁矿对钾镁煌斑岩中金刚石的形成有指示意义.中国钾镁煌斑岩活动具多期性,其中晚侏罗世—早白垩世(147—100 Ma)时期属于中国含金刚石钾镁煌斑岩和相关的金-稀土等金属矿产的重要成矿时期.

20世纪60年代末中国离子型稀土矿在江西赣州首次发现并开采,在长期开采过程中对矿区及周边水土的生态环境问题产生了持续影响,本文选择赣南足洞离子型稀土矿及其周边地区进行了系统的土壤地球化学调查和风险评价.结果表明,土壤中重稀土含量明显高于轻稀土,其中Y含量是全国背景值(22.90μg/g)的7.2倍,占比最高;地累积指数评价Igeo均值显示HREE和Sm分别有77.44％和99.55％为无污染至中等污染,95.92％的LREE为无污染;重金属除Pb处于轻度-中等污染水平外,As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Zn、Ni元素均为无污染,与农用地污染风险筛选值相比,样品中重金属的超标率为7.35％,区内土壤重金属生态风险低.统计结果显示稀土含量与重金属污染具有较好的相关性,花岗岩风化壳地质背景对稀土、重金属Pb的控制占主导地位,意味着重稀土含量越高,Pb污染可能越大,因此,在矿山土壤修复中需重视Pb元素的地球化学特征与分布,采用合理的修复技术和手段.

大量前人成果和1:5万区调钻孔资料证实,五大连池第四纪火山地层属于水平岩层.因此,该地区第四纪火山地层的划分,是在地表岩石层序与钻孔岩石层序充分划分与对比的基础上进行的.从沉积角度看,五大连池火山地层属于松嫩盆地连续沉积过程中的第四纪短暂幕式火山喷发所形成的水平岩层.本文结合K-Ar同位素测年新资料,将该区第四纪岩石地层重新划分为11个组级地层单位.其中的火山岩石地层可以自下而上划分为:下更新统焦得布玄武岩(1.214—1.113 Ma);中更新统尾山玄武岩(0.62—0.285 Ma);中更新统笔架山玄武岩(0.24—0.132 Ma)和全新统老黑山玄武岩(距今290～288 a),对夹于其间的正常沉积地层也进行了相应的划分.对层状火山岩层序的层位划分和空间分布研究对于理解五大连池火山群的构造背景和生态环境具有特别重要的意义,五大连池火山群处于中国大陆内部的大同—大兴安岭火山岩带的最北东端,是地幔流体向北东方向流动的最前缘;这类富钾的碱性玄武岩的火山喷发活动对东北富饶的黑土地的形成具有重要贡献,火山岩在嫩江平原上塑造的台地和火山锥地形地貌对生态多样性和优质地下水的生态要素具有重要影响.

金伯利岩是一种偏碱性的超基性岩,来源于地幔深部,富含挥发份和钾质,属于火成岩类,金伯利岩中主要含有镁铝榴石、金刚石、橄榄石、铬铁矿、铬透辉石、镁钛铁矿,锆石、碳硅石等造岩矿物.同时金伯利岩也被认为是含金刚石最主要的岩石.本文通过文献调研方法,野外现场表明金伯利岩中含有深源包裹体;全球金伯利岩主要分布在俄罗斯、博茨瓦纳、加拿大、安哥拉、南非、刚果民主和纳米比亚;中国金伯利岩主要分布在华北地台,在山东、辽宁、吉林、山西、河南和新疆等地.这些金伯利岩常常与深大断裂甚至地幔深部地质作用关系密切,常出现标志性矿物橄榄石、石榴石、高铬磁铁矿,伴有烃类或氢气.但含金刚石金伯利岩主要沿郯庐断裂带分布,如辽宁瓦房店、山东蒙阴等地.从时代上看,以往认为的早古生代的金伯利岩,更可能都是在早期形成于华北地台之岩石圈底部,而在中生代白垩纪时期才在大规模岩石圈拆沉的地质背景下的以快速上升的,尤其是那些含金刚石的金伯利岩岩管更是快速上升的典型代表,其标型矿物是镁铝榴石、高铬磁铁矿、钙钛矿等.国内辽宁瓦房店含金刚石金伯利岩产于郯庐断裂带东侧,有着与同期金伯利岩相同的岩石矿物学特征,其中的以50号岩管为代表的金刚石矿床是我国重要的战略矿产.金伯利岩及其中的金刚石带来众多直接的深部地幔信息,中国瓦房店、蒙阴一带的金刚石来自上地幔,而一些含硼蓝色金刚石则来自下地幔,不同层圈的金刚石携带不同的标志矿物,以橄榄石为例:来自上地幔金刚石携带的橄榄石为橄榄石;过渡带金刚石携带的主要为瓦兹利石和林伍德石;下地幔的金刚石则为布里奇曼石,它们是深部探测的重要探针.

斑岩铜矿是最重要的铜矿资源类型,高氧逸度岩浆是公认的评价斑岩成矿的有效指标.硫在成矿岩浆中主要以硫酸盐形式存在,在矿石中则以硫化物为主.什么触发了高氧化性成矿岩浆热液的还原与成矿?这是关系斑岩铜矿形成机制和高效评价的重大科学谜题.前人关注的焦点是成矿母岩浆的起源与演化,还原性围岩在成矿中作用长期被忽视.还原性围岩主要有两种:富碳质围岩和富亚铁围岩.本文在前人工作基础上,以甲玛、德兴、普朗等大型-超大型斑岩铜矿为例,研究了斑岩铜矿的空间分布与含碳质围岩之间的关系,发现斑岩铜矿围岩中普遍发育黑色含碳质地层,并在成矿过程中普遍发生褪色蚀变;发现蚀变围岩和矿床中方解石和矿石矿物流体包裹体的 δ13CV-PDB值普遍较低,与沉积碳酸盐围岩的值显著不同.首次提出并论证了含碳质围岩中甲烷等还原性气体组分的加入可能是引发斑岩成矿系统氧化-还原转换和矿质沉淀的关键.CH4沿构造裂隙扩散进入斑岩成矿系统,无需成矿斑岩与围岩直接接触即可将成矿溶液中SO2–4还原,解决了困扰矿床学家多年的一道难题.围岩中碳质含量高,产生的甲烷数量大,可将成矿热液中SO2–4在斑岩体内全部还原,形成金属硫化物沉淀,则矿体主要产在斑岩体之内;围岩中碳质含量低,产生的甲烷数量不足,则矿体主要赋存于斑岩体与围岩的内外接触带.含碳质围岩中还原组分即可在岩浆阶段加入,也可在热液阶段加入.在岩浆阶段加入将造成岩浆还原,形成"还原型斑岩",易导致成矿物质分散,不利于形成大矿富矿;在热液阶段加入,对成矿更有利."高氧化性斑岩+还原性富碳质地层/富铁火山岩"是高效评价斑岩成矿的新指标.

郯庐断裂带是太平洋西岸的中国东部乃至东北亚最重要的一条深断裂带,影响着中国东部的岩浆活动和有关固体矿产(金多金属、金刚石等)和能源(油气)的产出.该断裂的山东段被称为沂沭断裂带,其东侧的胶东金矿带是中国最重要的金矿床集中区,西侧则分布有金刚石(蒙阴金伯利岩群)、石油(胜利油田)等资源-能源,其研究的理论意义和经济意义重大.借助于场发射扫描电镜支持下的自动矿物识别表征系统(AMICS),笔者从郯庐断裂带西侧的深部岩浆岩(金伯利岩和碳酸岩-碱性杂岩)矿物组合中,识别出具有标志性的矿物组合,主要包括:① 金伯利岩的典型矿物组合为镁铝榴石-钙铁榴石-钙钛矿-金云母-磁铁矿-铬铁矿±斜硅镁石±自然硅±金刚石等,并首次观察到自然硅,蚀变矿物组合——金云母-富钛磁铁矿-钛铁矿-富钛尖晶石-绿泥石等,这种矿物组合充分反映了较为还原的深部流体条件;② 碱性杂岩的典型矿物组合——方解石-氟碳铈矿-氟碳钙铈矿,叠加改造矿物组合——重晶石-天青石-白云石等.在碱性杂岩中,还观察到黄铁矿中含有异常高的深源的稀贵金属元素(Au、Co、Pt、Ru、Os、Ir、Re等).郯庐断裂带山东段(沂沭断裂带)岩浆岩中深部来源的矿物组合特征,为矿床成因研究和深部资源探测提供了重要信息.

云南禄丰鹅头厂铁铜矿床是滇中地区著名的元古宙含铜富铁矿床之一,矿床中除了铁、铜等资源外,还伴生少量的稀土组分.本文利用国际上矿物与地质行业前沿的矿物自动分析测试方法——矿物表征自动定量分析系统(AMICS),结合扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)显微结构原位分析技术,完成了常规岩矿鉴定手段难以完成的矿物定量识别和鉴定,首次在禄丰鹅头厂铁铜矿床中发现了氟碳钙铈矿、氟碳铈矿、褐钇铌矿等独立的稀土矿物.其中,氟碳钙铈矿主要富集在条纹条带状矿石中,分布极不均匀,局部富集,主要呈微细粒半自形至它形粒状晶体,多为微细粒的不规则粒状集合体,与磁铁矿间隙中的方解石和绿泥石等脉石矿物紧密共生,在氟碳钙铈矿颗粒中普遍含有呈板状或柱状、片状、针状的微细粒氟碳铈矿;褐钇铌矿也主要富集在条纹条带状矿石中,呈细小的不规则粒状,与铁氧化物边缘缝隙中的绿泥石等脉石矿物紧密共生.X射线能谱分析表明,氟碳钙铈矿和氟碳铈矿富含轻稀土元素,以Ce、Nd、La为主,含量一般Ce ＞La＞Nd,含少量Pr、Y等元素;褐钇铌矿中主要金属元素有Nb、Y、Ce、Nd、Fe、Ti、Mg、Ca、U等,其中Nb的含量较高,稀土元素以Y为主,并含少量Ce、Nd等.稀土矿物的发现,对探讨该矿床及整个滇中地区前寒武纪(中元古代)铁-铜(-稀土)矿床的成因有着一定的指示意义.根据矿床中稀土-铁氧化物的产出特征和区域成矿地质背景,结合前人研究成果,认为鹅头厂矿床中稀土-铁氧化物的形成与Columbia超大陆裂解时的深部(地幔)岩浆活动有关,并受到多期次后期热液事件的叠加改造.

内蒙古白云鄂博稀土-铌-铁矿床是世界上著名的巨型多金属矿床,但对其区域地质演化历史的认识至今仍不统一,而同位素年龄是解决矿床区域地质演化历史的有效手段.本文基于测年方法对白云鄂博矿床同位素年龄数据收集整理,结合矿床地质背景对矿床区域地质演化历史进行讨论:白云鄂博矿床发育在上太古界-下元古界结晶基底色尔腾山群之上,中元古代白云鄂博裂谷期的海底火山喷发-同生沉积作用发育了层状的含稀土铌铁矿层,同时发育了广泛的碳酸岩墙群和基性岩墙群,这是白云鄂博矿床最主要的成矿事件.白云鄂博矿床还经历过至少三次后期成矿热事件叠加或改造成矿,主要包括:(1)新元古代南华期热事件(约720Ma);(2)早古生代志留纪晚期叠加成矿事件(约440Ma);(3)晚古生代二叠纪岩浆岩侵入事件(约280Ma).白云鄂博矿床是中元古代裂谷成矿事件为主并叠加了后期多次热事件的结果.

将全球不同时代的碳酸岩体经过Arcgis软件进行坐标投点,得到了世界主要的碳酸岩体和碳酸岩有关矿产的分布特征图,结合全球主要构造,本文探讨了不同时代碳酸岩的产出和分布与深大断裂的关系.碳酸岩的空间分布主要与板块内部环境和造山带伸展环境中的拉张岩石圈构造背景有关,这种背景下的深大断裂容易切割到地球深处,为碳酸岩岩浆上涌提供通道,从而控制着碳酸岩的形成和分布.碳酸岩从太古代至新生代均有分布,年代越新出现的频率越高.碳酸岩的岩石学特征标志是其岩浆通过的上部地壳围岩中发生霓长岩化作用,形成一套含有霓石、钠(铁)闪石、钠长石、金云母、钾长石等为特征的霓长岩.碳酸岩体在平面和剖面上的分布,与其共生的碱性岩和超基性岩分布亦具有一定的规律性.碳酸岩的主量元素主要包括CO2、CaO、MgO、FeO、Fe2O3、MnO以及SiO2等,根据碳酸岩中的CaO、MgO和(FeO+ Fe2O3+ MnO)以及碱质之间的重量百分比可将碳酸岩划分为钙质碳酸岩、镁质碳酸岩和铁质碳酸岩以及碱质碳酸岩四大类.碳酸岩的微量元素主要是F、P、Nb-Ta、REE(LREE)、Zr(Hf)、碱金属(K、Na、Rb、Cs、Li)、碱土金属(Sr、Ba)以及衍生的Fe等强不相容的大离子亲石元素(LIPLE),通常是张性深大断裂导致的深部地幔低度部分熔融的产物,易在碳酸岩中富集成矿,形成一系列具有重要价值的金属和非金属矿床.碳酸岩中同位素及包裹体的研究,均不同程度反映了碳酸岩浆的深部来源及其演化特征.因此,碳酸岩特殊的产出背景、特有的矿物共生组合、围岩蚀变、岩石学特征以及地球化学特征等研究资料,还可以为人们了解深成岩浆的演化和探索地球深部信息提供证据.最近十几年的研究中,人们发现可能存在一种新的壳源成因的碳酸岩.

Pore types and structures are of great significance for shale gas resources evaluation.In order to study the pore structure features and evolution regularity of shale,the authors used field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and nitrogen adsorption method to study the pore characteristics and structures of black shale samples from the Late Ordovician-Lower Silurian Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation of the marine shale gas reservoir in northwest Guizhou.The results show that the shale has various kinds of reservoir space,mainly comprising intragranular pores,intergranular pores,organic pores and microfractures.Low temperature nitrogen adsorption experiment results show that the pores in the shale are mainly mesopores in size,and mainly include ink bottle-like and parallel plate-like pores in structure.The authors investigated the main factors influencing the shale pore development,organic carbon content,degree of thermal evolution and content of mineral composition and found that their actions were not conducted singly but restricted each other in influencing the development of shale pores.Quartz content is correlated positively with micro-and mesopores,but has no evident relationship with macropores.Clay content has no obvious relationship with micro-and mesopores,but has negative relationship with macropores.The organic matter pore is at its peak of development,has an important contribution to shale pores,and increases with the increase of maturity.

The Huize and Maoping deposits,the famous high-grade Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits in China,are located in the central south of the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou lead-zinc polymetallic ore cluster area in the southwestern margin of the Yangtze block and tectonically in structural composite area of Xiaojiang fault zone,Zhaotong-Qujing hidden fault zone,and Yadu-Ziyun fault zone.This study discussed effect of sulfate evaporate salt layer on lead-zinc mineralization of the Huize and Maoping deposits using sulfur isotope compositions of sulfides and gypsum from the two deposits.δ34 SV-CDT value of the Huize ore sulfides ranges from 11.0‰ to 20.0‰ (averaging 14.7‰),with most concentrated in 13.0‰～17.0‰,roughly representing total sulfur isotopic composition.δ34 SV-CDT value of the carbonate-associated sulfate ranges from 10.4‰ to 18.6‰ (averaging 13.1‰),slightly lower than the ore sulfides.δ34 SV-CDT value of the gypsum in the Carboniferous gypsum salt layer ranges from 12.9‰ to 17.1‰ (averaging 13.6‰),which is consistent with that of the carbonate-associated sulfate.δ34 SV-CDT value of the ore sulfides in the Maoping deposit is closely related to its occurrence layers.The δ34 SV-CDT value of the ore sulfides in the Baizuo Formation (C1b) ranges from 7.1‰ to 17.5‰,with an average of 12.8‰,which is slightly lower than carbonate-associated sulfate and gypsum in Carboniferous carbonate strata.The δ34SV-CDT value of ore sulfides in the Zaige Formation (D3zg) ranges from 18.3‰ to 22.7‰,with an average of 21.1‰.The results are unlikely with the ore sulfides in the Baizuo Formation (C1b) or the Huize deposit.The δ34 SV-CDT value of the gypsum in the Zaige Formation (D3zg) ranges from 21.9‰ to 25.9‰,with an average of 23.6‰,which is slightly higher than sulfides in the Zaige Formation (D3zg).By comparing the sulfur isotopic compositions of the sulfides,sulfate and gypsum,we propose that the sulfur in the ore sulfides of Huize and Maoping lead-zinc deposits mainly came from the sulfate in the ore-bearing strata.In addition,sulfur in the ore sulfides of the Huize lead-zinc deposit mainly came from Carboniferous gypsum salt layer,with only 10％ of the sulfur from the underlying Zaige Formation gypsum salt layer;while sulfur in the Zaige Formation ore sulfides of Maoping lead-zinc deposit derived from the Zaige Formation gypsum salt layer,sulfur in the Baizuo Formation ore body mainly came from the Baizuo Formation gypsum salt layer,i.e.the gypsum was reduced in situ.Collectively,we divided the metallogenic process into two stages.At the first stage,gypsum reacted with methane and/or other organic compositions forming hydrogen sulfide gas,which preserved in interlayer fissures or karst caves companied with large scale dolomization.At the second stage,ore-forming fluids containing Pb,Zn and other metals leached from the basement rocks mixed with H2 S-rich fluids,resulting in precipitation of pyrite,galena,sphalerite and forming high-grade ores,

金沙江缝合带是特提斯东段重要的缝合带之一,羊拉地区的金沙江缝合带处在青藏高原东构造结东侧,是研究金沙江古洋盆的碰撞闭合过程等构造事件的重要窗口。在前人工作的基础上,通过野外系统观察取样,结合花岗岩侵入体的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄测定结果,对金沙江古洋盆的碰撞闭合过程做初步研究。结果表明,从南部加仁岩体的通吉格花岗闪长岩（加仁岩体之一部分）,经中部的路农—里农—江边岩体的花岗闪长岩,到北部的贝吾花岗闪长岩,岩体的侵位年龄分别为通吉格（246.1±3.5）Ma、路农花岗闪长岩（238.1±5.3）Ma、里农花岗闪长岩（239.0±5.7）Ma、江边岗闪长岩（227.9±5.1）Ma和贝吾花岗闪长岩（213.6±6.9）Ma,表明金沙江缝合带的碰撞关闭是从南向北逐渐闭合的,闭合的时限可达33 Ma,但闭合碰撞不是连续而是幕式的,碰撞闭合作用主要发生在约246 Ma、239 Ma、228 Ma、213 Ma 4个幕次。里农大沟还出现222 Ma的辉绿岩脉,与江边岩体时间上较为接近,似乎表明江边岩体侵入时期本区处于局部拉张的构造背景。

云南武定迤纳厂铁-铜-稀土矿床是滇中地区具有代表性的元古宙铁-铜-稀土矿床之一.矿床中除了铁、铜资源外,还伴生有稀土、稀有(铌)、钇、钼、钴等组分.研究表明:稀土元素含量在条纹条带状矿石和脉状矿石中均较高,ΣREE含量分别高达(1 446.83～11 259.23)×10-6和(2 020.92～3 415.51)×10-6,尤其富集La、Ce等轻稀土元素;稀有(铌)元素主要富集在条纹条带状矿石中,含量高达(278.8～529.0)×10-6.由于矿床的矿物组成非常复杂,并且矿石中稀土、稀有(铌)矿物含量相对较少,矿物结晶粒度细小,用传统的测试技术和方法很难识别鉴定,因此矿床的矿物学特征,尤其是稀土、稀有(铌)矿物的赋存状态特征研究一直以来都较为棘手.论文应用矿物表征自动定量分析系统(AMICS),结合扫描电镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)显微结构原位分析技术,完成了常规岩矿鉴定手段难以完成的矿物定量识别和鉴定,在矿石中发现了含量可观的氟碳钙铈矿、氟碳铈矿和少量的独居石、褐帘石、铌铁矿、褐钇铌矿、硅钍钇矿、含铌金红石等稀有稀土矿物.其中,氟碳铈矿、独居石、铌铁矿、褐钇铌矿等主要富集于条纹条带状矿石中,与铁氧化物、磷灰石、萤石、菱铁矿和早期黄铜矿、黄铁矿等紧密共生;氟碳钙铈矿、褐帘石、硅钍钇矿、含铌金红石等主要局部富集在脉状矿石中,与石英、方解石、绿泥石和晚期黄铜矿、黄铁矿等紧密共生.显然,在铁氧化物和铜硫化物成矿两个阶段均伴随有稀土成矿作用.结合前人的研究成果,笔者将主矿化期划分为铁氧化物-磷灰石-稀土成矿阶段(Ⅱ-1)和铜硫化物(-金)-稀土成矿阶段(Ⅱ-2).其中,氟碳铈矿、独居石、铌铁矿、褐钇铌矿等主要形成于Ⅱ-1阶段,其成矿作用可能与Columbia超大陆裂谷化-裂解有关;氟碳钙铈矿、褐帘石、硅钍钇矿、(含铌)金红石等则主要形成于Ⅱ-2阶段,其成矿作用可能与Rodinia超大陆裂解有关.对比研究发现,云南武定迤纳厂铁-铜-稀土矿床与白云鄂博超大型铌-铁-稀土矿床在大地构造背景、成矿元素组合、赋矿岩系、矿物组成、成矿时代、稀土来源等方面均有可对比性,初步确定云南武定迤纳厂铁-铜-稀土矿床是一个“白云鄂博式”矿床.

The Yinachang Fe-Cu-REE deposit is one of the representative Proterozoic Fe-Cu-REE deposits in central Yunnan,at the southwestern margin of the Yangtze Block,China.Beside Fe and Cu,there are REEs,Nb, Mo,Co,Au,U and other elements in the ores.The study on the occurences of rare earth minerals and rare minerals is very weak.It is difficult to identify precisely using the traditional testing techniques and methods due to the relatively complex mineral composition,the small size and the complex dissemination characteristics of rare earth minerals and rare minerals in ores.In order to explore the occurrences of rare earth minerals and rare minerals,the Automated Mineral Identification and Characterization System(AMICS)was used.This system is the most up-to-date mineral automatic analysis system in mineralogy and geology in the world.Combined with the Scanning Electron Microscope and X-ray Energy Dispersive Spectrometer(SEM-EDS)microstructure in-situ analysis technique,this system was used to determine the species and contents of minerals in vein ores from the Yinachang Fe-Cu-REE deposit.The quantitative mineral identification,which was difficult to achieve by conventional means of rock-mineral identification,have been completed.The results show that there are 0.82%parasites and 0.02%Nb-bearing rutiles in the vein ores.Both of the iron oxides and copper sulfides mineralization stages are associated with REE mineralization in this deposit.Two main mineralization stages are identified,i.e.,the Fe-REE mineralization stage (Ⅱ-1)and Cu(-Au)-REE mineralization stage(Ⅱ-2).This study provides accurate and reliable evidence for the comprehensive utilization of rare earth and rare metal resources and the further study of Fe-Cu-REE deposits.An advanced and practical technical method of rock-mineral identification was established,which is expected to be more widely used in fields such as geology,exploration and effective utilization of mineral resources.

The Baoxingchang Cu-Mo deposit is one of the typical alkali-rich porphyry-type deposits in the Sanjiang metallogenic belt of southwestern China,which is located in the east-central part of the Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan alkali-rich intrusive rock belt.This work took the Baoxingchang area as the study objective,using the S-A method,based on the "multifractal generalized self-similarity" and "local singularity" theories,to distinguish and extract the alteration information from remote sensing data.It involves quartz,K-feldspar,sericite,epidote and chlorite.The alteration information can be divided into three zones,from the inner to outer which are quartz (K-feldspar),sericite and epidote (chlorite),mostly occur within the intrusive bodies (including granite porphyry,monzonite porphyry,syenite porphyry and so on) and are distributed along the interface between the bodies and wall rocks,or around the rock bodies,trending in NE and NW directions as bandings and annulus.The alteration zone is roughly consistent with the typical alteration zoning,which consists of silicification-potassium alteration,silicification-sericitization and propylitization zones from the inside to the outside,but not completely exposed in the contacting zone of the outcropped intrusive rocks and adjoining rocks and either side.Field tests show that the alteration anomalies from remote sensing indicate the mineralization is very well,which can provide some guidance for the further prospecting of Cu-Mo deposits in the Baoxingchang area.

Bimodal volcanic rocks are widely distributed in Yunnan Province.They occurred throughout the whole process of geological development and evolution in Yunnan Province and the Sangjiang area in southwestern China,forming a variety of special minerals resources.Based on previous research results,this paper summarized the temporal and spatial distribution of bimodal volcanic rocks and associated minerals resources,and discussed the geotectonic setting about the bimodal volcanic rocks in Yunnan.The process of geologic evolution history in Yunnan can be summarized below:(1) Proterozoic:the Mesoproterozoic alkaline volcanic rocks series and spilite-keratophyre association of Dahongshan Group,Hekou Group,Dongchuan Group,Kunyang Group,etc.in central Yunnan,and also the Neoproterozoic bimodal volcanic rocks,which is equivalent to the Suxiong Formation;(2) Meishucunian stage of early Cambrian:basalt and tuff in the western margin of the Yangtze Block;(3) Middle-Late Silurian:spilitequartz keratophyre assemblage of the Da'aozi Formation (S2+3d) in the Dapingzhang copper-polymetallic ore district in Pu'er,western Yunnan;(4) Middle-Late Devonian:clasolite of Linong Formation (D2+ 3l),intercalated with bimodal volcanic rocks and carbonate rocks,in Yangla,Deqin,northwest Yunnan;(5) Early Triassic:Pantiange Formation (T1p) rhyolite and Cuiyibi Formation (T1C) basalt (spilite or altered basalt) in the Jinshajiang orogen,and Eryuan Group bimodal volcanic rocks in western Yunnan;(6) Middle-Late Triassic:Manghuai Formation (T2m) rhyolite,rhyolitic dacite,rhyolitic pyroclastic rock,minor basalt,and Xiaodingxi Formation (T3x) basaltic pyroclastic rock and Manghuihe (T3mh) basalt rhyolitic pyroclastic rock;and (7) Paleogene:Jianchuan Formation (E2j) alkali basalt and potassic volcanic breccia constitute seven episodes of bimodal volcanic rocks,characteristic of various geotectonic settings and related special minerals.These bimodal volcanic rocks can be used as an iconic geological phenomenon of key geological evolution and metallogenic events in Yunnan and the whole Sanjiang area of southwestern China,which is important evidence for studying the geotectonic setting and mineralization.