We conducted experiments to simulate sulfide remobilisation from sulfide ore. The starting material was from the Hongtoushan massive sulfide deposit, NE China, and is composed of pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, quartz, and silicate minerals. The ore was immersed in a solution of 20 wt.% NaCl for 260 h, and then was mounted in a Changjiang 500 triaxial rock stress machine. After the experiments were performed for 13 h at temperatures of 362, 464, 556 and 682 degrees C, with corresponding confining and axial pressures, the samples were cooled at room temperatures. Our results from all the runs indicate that sulfides can be remobilised both mechanically and chemically, and that remobilisation is enhanced at higher temperatures. Mechanical remobilisation can only take place over limited distances and results in minor differentiation between various sulfide minerals. Distant external remobilisation to form new orebodies is most likely caused by chemical remobilisation. In contrast to plastically deformed areas, space resulting from cataclastic deformation could provide conduits for fluid transport and space for metal precipitation. Remobilised iron sulfides will precipitate as pyrrhotite at high temperatures, but as pyrite when temperature decreases. Furthermore, chalcopyrite is more easily remobilised than sphalerite under the conditions of the present experiments. Remobilisation accompanying deformation and metamorphism may add epigenetic features to syngenetic deposits.

The earlier thinking for tectono-geochemistry was rocks enduring deformation can have chemical changes(Sorby,1863).After a long extensive and in-depth study,some associated concepts and understandings have been proposed in tectono-geochemistry,including stress mineral,tectonic metamorphism,structural dynamic diagenetic mineralization,transformation of mineralization,tectonic facies and tectono-geochemistry.This field revealed plenty phenomena about tectonism controlling the rock formation and the deformation process,the distribution and differentiation of elements,petrogenesis,and mineralization,and at the same time promoted the development of different areas,including geotectonics,regional geology,petrology,mineral deposits,microscopic structure,geochemistry,and experimental geology.The theoretical problem is still existed in kinetic mechanism of tectono-geochemistry.Tectonic can affect the deformation of rocks,but its tectonic difference stress can not directly affect the fluid,thus can not independently constraint the process of chemical equilibrium in general.In recent years,researchers have proposed the idea of decomposing tectonic stress field,distinguishing shapes and volume and volume change of rocks,equal positive stress in different directions which caused the change of volume are called additional tectonically-induced static pressure or the additional tectonic stress.Additional tectonic stress can affect chemical reaction process,thus,it stresses more about the new field of tectono-geochemistry and promotes the theoretical development of tectono-geochemistry.Based on the progress in the tectono-geochemistry and literature analysis,the study on the tectonic combined facies and transformation with formation is the premise of the development of tectono-geochemistry,the tectonic quantification and rheology are the basis,theory and experiment are the only road of its deepening and development.Ultra-micro-nano-structure research is to construct a new level of tectonic physicochemical analysis in the developing trend of tectonic physicochemistry.

Based on the results of previous studies and under the direction of the theory of "ore deposit genesis", the authors made use of high temperature and high pressure experimental facilities and conditions at the Tectono-geochemistry Research Room under the State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and put the focus on the multi-source of tectonically controlling ore-forming materials, the characteristics of multi-stage and multi-episode hydrothermal activities and mineralization and the characteristics of multi-genesis and multi-ore deposition so as to shed light on the metallogenic mechanisms of super-large Cu and Au deposits. In addition simulating experiments were made on multi-stage and multi-episode tectonic activities and rock and ore deformation, multi-stage and multi-episode tectonic activities and mobilization and migration of ore-forming materials, and multi-stage and multi-episode tectonic activities and superimposition and enrichment of ore-forming materials. The experimental results showed that under the action of multi-stage and multi-episode tectonic stress the deformation and fragmentation of not only rocks and ores have been intensified, and but also the ore-forming materials originally disbursed in the rocks and ores have been mobilized and migrated and superimposed and enriched. The experimental results also provided the scientific experimental data and grounds for deep-going research on the rules of metallogenesis and geneses of super-large ore deposits in the Dexing region, Jiangxi Province.

In Southeast Guizhou, primary gold mineralization in the turbidites hosted by the Presinian Xiajing Group (meta-slate, sandstone and meta-tuff) is associated with quartz veins.The gold deposits all occurred at the NE-fold axis. Ore-forming materials were activated, transported and enriched during deformation and finally concordant and discordant gold-bearing quartz-veins were formed. Gold deposits of this type are obviously controlled by NE-trending folds.The experimental apparatus in the State Key Lab of Ore-deposit Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, was utilized to simulate the structural and ore controlling processes. Under high temperature and high pressure, deforming and fracturing of rocks and ores, activating and accumulating of metallogenic materials, and thus the formation of concordant and discordant gold-bearing quartz-veins were stimulated on the apparatus. The experimental results are consistent well with the characteristics of the quartz-vein gold deposits in the area studied. It will provide scientific experimental data and useful information about ore-forming rules and ore prognosis.

On the basis of the deep research of gold and silver-polymetallic deposit mineralization geology background and the structural features,to research the structural features of the gold and silver-polymetallic deposit,DiHu Area,CongJiang Country from tectonic geochemical aspects,and carried on deformation and rupture of the experiment,the mineralization material activated,the migration experiment and the pressure solution,the tough flowing modelling,and carries on macrostructures and the microstructures contrast.The experimental result has confirmed the gold and silver-polymetallic deposit structural features initially,controlled the gold ore for this area structure to provide the important experiment material,simultaneously to study this area the prospecting to supply the beneficial information at the same time.

杨开庆(1979;1986)通过实践和总结,探讨了矿田构造型式的研究方法.这一研究思路具有重要的地质找矿意义.矿田构造型式试图将地质力学的构造体系和构造型式的概念,延伸到三维空间,运用到构造结合岩石地球化学的解析上,深化了构造矿规律的认识,开阔了隐伏矿床预测的思路.

胶东玲珑金矿田的控矿构造以断裂为主,众多的断裂构造在规模、性质及其演化等方面均存在一定的差异,具有主次之分.不同次序的断裂在成矿过程中所起的作用有所不同,对矿床及矿体的产出也具有不同的控制作用.

Massive sulphide ore from Hongtoushan of Liaoning province comprise pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, quartz and silicate minerals. The ore was cut into cylinders 40 mm in length and 17 mm in diameter, immerged in a solution of 20% NaCl for 260 hours, and then was mounted in a triaxial rock stress machine Changjiang 500. The experiments were performed under various confining and axial pressures for 13 hours at temperatures of 362, 464, 556 and 682°C, respectively, and then the samples were cooled at the room temperature for 24 hours. Strong mechanic deformation was observed in various minerals after the experiment. The pyrite and hornblend are characterized with brittle cracking, while the pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, quartz and biotite are characterized by plastic deformation, with brittle distortion locally. During the experiment, sulphides were reactivated intensely, and the main products are veinlets and microcrystallites, with the former occurring mostly in fragments of pyrite porphyroclasts but not in chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite and gangue minerals. These veinlets consist mainly of chalcopyrite with lesser pyrrhotite, and minor sphalerite. Pyrrhotite in the veinlets commonly shows optical continuity over a length of 200 /im, implying that it was formed by slow crystallization at relatively higher temperatures. The amount of reactivated veinlets increased with temperature increasing, so did chalcopyrite/pyrrhotite ratio in the veinlets. Reactivated sulphide microcrystallites can be either irregular or rod-like in shape, and were formed during cooling of the runs. Irregular microcrystallites that fill the spaces between fragments of the same mineral include all sulphides in the runs, whereas those rodlike shape and filling fissures of chalcopyrite to form worm-like bodies are almost pure pyrite. In addition, replcement textures of pyrite by chalcopyrite was found in the experimental products at 556°C and 682°C. Present experimental results indicate that the sulphides can be intensely remobilized in both mechanical and chemical ways in accompany with deformation and metamorphism, and that remobilization will be enhanced at higher temperatures. Mechanical reactivation can take place only in a limited distance and result in minor differentiation between various sulphide minerals. Only chemical remobilization can result in long distance transport of compositions to form new orebodies. In contrast to plastically deformed areas, tensile spaces in the brittle deformation area could provide conduits for fluid transport and space for metal precipitation. Remobilized iron sulphides will precipitate as pyrrhotite at high temperatures and as pyrite when temperature decreases. Chalcopyrite tends to be more remobilized than sphalerite under the conditions in the present experiments. Reactivation of the synsedimentary deposits during deformation and metamorphism would add many epigenetic features to the deposits, which should be paid more attention during research.

The massive sulphide ore from the Hongtoushan deposit are composed mainly of pyrite,pyrrhotite,chalcopyrite,sphalerite,quartz,hornblende and biotite.As starting material,the ore was dried and mounted in a tri -axial stress machine.The experiment started with stepwise raise of axial pressure,confining pressure and temperature,and stopped when these parameters reached 1276 MPa,414 MPa and 350°C,respectively.Then,the sample was cooled in air to room temperature.The run product was characterized by cataclasis of pyrite and quartz,and plastic deformation of pyrrhotite,chalcopyrite,sphalerite and mica.As veins and networks,remobilized chalcopyrite,pyrrhotite and minor sphalerite cut pyrite porphyroclasts.This experiment shows that fluids released by fluid inclusions in response to tectonic stress are sufficient to cause mobilization and remobilization of ore materials even though no external water is added.

Modeling experiments for the metallogenic model of the Jinping gold deposits, eastern Guizhou, were performed with the experimental instruments at the State Key Laboratory of Mineral Deposit Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Through the shear experiment, deformation and rupture experiment, ore-forming material remobilization experiment, metallogenic model modeling experiment and several stress experiments, the authors found that ore-forming materials occurred in the modes of broken grain flow and plastic flow filling along and across bedding and concentrated in the cores of folds, and through several stress experiment the ore-forming materials were stacked and concentrated. The experimental results have preliminarily demonstrated the metallogenic model of the Jinping quartz vein gold deposits and provided important scientific experimental data for the structural control of gold deposits in the area and also furnished useful information for the study of the metallogenic characteristics of gold deposits and further gold prospecting in the area.

In this paper,the locations of gold ore bodies controlled by tectonic structures,the locations and shape of altered mylonite-type gold ore bodies and quartz-type gold ore bodies,and the geochemical characteristics such as trace element,rare earth element(REE),isotope,and fluid inclusion are studied systematically based on previous work.Metallogenic simulating experiments which simulated the deformation of rocks and ores,the activation,mobilization and enrichment of ore-elements controlled by tectonic structures and poly-stage tectonic stress under high temperature and high pressure conditions were done at the State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry,Institute of Geochemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences.It was indicated that rocks and ores were subjected to ductile shear deformation which happened firstly and brittle deformation which occurred after ductile shear transformation and superimposition on it under experimental conditions,the activated structures not only reinforced deformation of rocks and ores,but also provided hosting space for gold mineralization,and the activated structures may force the dispersed metallogenic materials in source rocks to be activated and to be migrated out of them as well as the accumulation of metallogenic materials and superimposition.Simulating experiments on the structural control over ore deposition provided the experimental grounds for the mechanism of formation of the Jinshan gold deposit and useful information on further ore prospecting in this area.

Southeast Guizhou area is a gold province, as shown by the well developed primary gold mineralization in the Precambrian rocks of the southeast Guizhou and southwest Hunan Caledonian fold belt. More than twenty gold deposits have been found in the area, with gold produced both from primary quartz veins and from alluvial placer deposits. Precambrian Xiajiang Group, with minor Sinian and Cambrian sediments, dominates exposed bedrocks. Mesozoic sediments are not well developed in this area. The Precambrian Xiajiang Group, which has been subdivided into Panzao, Qingshuijiang, Pinglue and Longli Formations, is characterized by a turbidite sequence composed of slate, meta_sandstone, meta_tuff and siltstone. This succession was deformed by NE_trending folds and NEE_dipping thrust faults and shear zones. No intrusion and dyke have been found in this area. The Precambrian Xiajiang Group and the Lower Cambrian sediments experienced low_grade regional weak greenschist facies metamorphism. Three mineralization types have been identified in the region, namely, auriferous quartz veins mostly parallel to the bedding (BPV), discordant quartz veins filled into shear zones and normal faults, and placer deposits. The vein type deposits can be subdivided into three types: ① high grade (approximately 16 g/t Au) narrow gold_bearing veins, ② low grade (0.5～4 g/t Au) thicker gold_bearing quartz veins, and ③ bedding cross cutting quartz veins (3～6 g/t Au) with intensive alteration. Recent studies show that the Au contents in turbidite and in pyrite of turbidite are higher than the Au Clarke value (4×10 -9). This indicates that the reaction between the turbidite and pyrite as the possible source of gold and the probable hydrothermal fluids finally led to the formation of this type of deposits.

This paper was formulated based on the previous researches. The geological background and quart-vein type gold deposits occur widespread in the Jingping-Tianzhu region, Southeastern Guizhou, here the ore-controlling structures of gold mineralization in the studied region were emphasized and a genetic model was established for these quartz-vein type gold deposits. Moreover, ore-forming simulating experiments were carried out, and the results show that: 1) Ductile deformation (fold) and brittle deformation (fault) took place under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions; 2) Ore-forming materials were activated, transported and enriched during deformation, and finally concordant and discordant gold-bearing quartz veins were formed. Multiple deformation during the simulation experiments help the ore-forming materials to be concentrated; 3) Formation of enriched orebodies in the axles of complex anticlines was finally resulted. The experimental results are consistent with the genetic model proposed for gold deposits in the studied region. Through geomechanical analysis of the simulation experiments, the authors discovered that the axis pressure (b1) can produce tectonic hydrostatic overpressure to enhance the enclosure pressure, and to promote rock deformation, materials migration and deposition as well as metallogenesis of mineralizing fluid at locations that show little tectonic overpressure. The experiments also show that the tectonic overpressure is an important condition for gold metallogenesis in the study area.

黔东南锦屏县广泛分布赋存于下江群浊积岩中、受剪切带和NE向褶皱-断裂控制的石英脉型金矿.由深大断裂剪切活动产生褶皱、断裂及顺层、穿层的石英脉金矿体,是该区典型的金矿成矿模式.锦屏县城南三江路红星桥头公路边岩壁剖面上出现的剪切带-背斜-石英脉三者所反映的相互关系就是该区石英脉型金矿成矿模式的具体表现.为深入研究该区金矿成矿规律,于锦屏县金矿中,采取有代表性的岩石、矿石进行金矿成矿模式模拟实验.

The gold-bearing quartz vein developed in the Xiajiang Group of Neoproterozoic in southeastern Guizhou Province and western Hunan Province has a great potential.The Xiajiang Group with an abundant gold-bearing quartz vein is named as a set of flysch assemblage containing thickly-bedded sandy-slate,volcanic taffaceous slate,and a few marble,and belongs to a turbidite deposition.In the paper,the authors mainly study the sedimentary characteristics,lithologic characteristics and geochemical background value of gold of the turbidites in Tianzhu and Jinping counties,Guizhou Province.On the basis of the palaeogeographic pattern of the Neoproterozoic Qingbaikouan(1 000 Ma-850 Ma)in South China,the palaeogeographic evolution and geochemical background of gold-bearing in the stratigraphical units of the Neoproterozoic in southeastern Guizhou Province are analyzed,and the results show that the ore-bearing quartz vein is not only controlled by the shearing zones along the anticline axis,but also the turbidite units may contain volcanic taffaceous slate.

Gold deposits in southeastern Guizhou are quartz vein type gold deposits hosted in the Neoproterozoic low - grade metamorphic series. The protoliths of the metamorphic rocks are represented by a volcanic - sedimentary sequence composed of tuff, tuffaceous sandstone and siltstone with a distinct rhythmic ribbon texture, reflecting an environment of turbidite sedimentation. The occurrence of quartz veins is controlled by anticlines and shear faults. Two types of vein may be distinguished: conformable interlayer veins and filling veins in fracture zones. The mineral composition of quartz veins is rather simple, and in addition to quartz, the veins mainly contain sulfide minerals and some minerals captured from wall rocks. Rb-Sr and isochron dating of inclusions in quartz from five gold deposits indicates that their age is Caledonian, which is consistent with the age of gold deposits of the same types of gold deposit in western Hunan adjacent to Guizhou. A Caledonian Hunan - Guizhou gold belt of gold has been delineated according to the lithology of host strata, geological evolution and structural environment, which will be of great reference value for mineral prospecting.

The ore as starting material for the experiment was taken from the Hongtoushan massive sulphide deposit,and is composed predominantly of pyrite,pyrrhotite,chalcopyrite,sphalerite.quartz and silicate minerals.The ore was out into a cylinder 40 mm in length and 17 mm in diameter,immerged in a NaCl solution of 20 wt% for 260 hours,and then was mounted in the 3-aes rock suess machine Changjiang 500.After the experiment performed for 13 hours at temperature of 362℃.confining pressure of 414 MPa and axial pressure of 1342 MPa,the sample was cooled at room temperatures for 24 hours Determination indicates that the sample has compressed to a length of 32.3 mm.The strain ratio is calculated at 4.1×10~(-6)/s.A set of relax fractures perpendicular to the long axis of the sample is observed.Pyrite has been intensely cataclastically deformed,while pyrrhotite.chalcopyrite and sphalerite are dominated by plastic deformation with local cataclastic lextures.Remobilized pyrite,pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite are found to fill fractures of the same minerals,or occur as veinlets cutting cataclastically deformed pyrite porphyroclasis.Minerals in the veinlets are dominated by pyrite with less pyrrhotile,while sphalerite in only locally seen.However,no remobilized sulphides occur in plastically deformed areas in pyrrhotite,chalcupyrite and sphalerite.and in deformed gangue minerals,such as quartz.The experimental results show that,in contrast to plastic minerals and geological bodies,cataclastically deformed competent minerals and geological bodies will provide more conduits and spaces for fluid transport and metal precipitation.Chalcopyrite will be more easily remobilized than pyrite. pyrrhotite and sphalerite by NaCl-rich fiuids under conditions for this experiment.Cataelastically deformed chalcopyrite and pyrite are more favorable than other minerals for overprinting of Cu-bearing remobilizing fluids.Therefore,embryo ore beds containing sedimentary Cu-bearing pvrite in the strata will be easily overprinted by metal-bearing fluids to form enriched strata-bound ore deposit

Erjia gold deposit, located in Hainan province, was closely related with Gezhen shear zone activity. In this paper, tectono-geochemical method and tectono-geochemical simulating experiments were applied to studying the relations of Gezhen shear zone activity and gold ore-forming process. Evidences show that dynamic deformation resulted in the deformation of migmatitic rock and the formation of mylonite, and in this process normally accompanied by tectonic fluid activity, variation in mineral compositions and chemical components can be observed. Several deformation mechanisms could be distinguished in the deformation of Gezhen shear zone, of which the resilience mechanism could benefit most for gold enrichment in mylonites. Differential paleogeometor from recrystallizied grain size of quartz testified a significant positive relation of deformation strength to Au enrichment; its correlation coefficient could be as high as +0.5928. Trace element abundances in quartz formed in different dynamic deformation stages varied greatly; chemical compounds of fluid inclusion formed in different stages also varied obviously, this indicates a closer relation between differentiations of tectonic fluid activity and gold enrichment. Results listed as follows could be observed in tectono-geochemical simulating experiments: texture of tested samples was altered due to dynamic deformation, micro-shear zone was formed where cataclastic grain flow and apparent fluid activity were accompanied. These phenomena are connected closely with pressure dissolution. Furthermore, gold enrichment and precipitation could be observed during deformation, and it is found that chemical elements Si and Fe played key roles in this process.

Gejiu tin deposit is obviously controlled by faults. The analyses results show that tectonic rocks has the same REE features and sources as ores, but not the same as wallrocks. It was the moving of hydrothermal of granite magma that caused enrichment of REE in tectonic rocks. According to anomalies of REE, some targets were enclosed, and one of targets has been found concealed ores by exploring.

The fault belt in Northeastern Jiangxi Province is located in a conjunction between Jiangnan platformal dome and Qiantang sag.Polystages of tectonic-magmatic acti vities and those of copper-gold metallogenesis may be controlled by a long-term evolution of geologic pr ocesses.A simulating experiment on this fault indicated that activated structures not only reinforced defo rmations of rocks and ores but also provided hosting space for copper an d gold mineralization.Furthermore,the activated structures maybe forced the dispersed metallogenic materials in source rocks to be re-actived and to be migrated out of them as well as accumulation of metallogeni c materials and supermposition.