互联网及信息化的快速进步,严重冲击着"草地保护学"传统课堂.进一步深化教育教学改革已成为信息时代教学改革发展的必然要求.通过分析内蒙古农业大学"草地保护学"课程教学中存在的重点和难点问题,从课堂、教学内容、教学手段和考核方式四个方面入手,应用混合式教学对该课程教学模式进行改革.通过三轮混合式教学,结果表明:混合式教学延伸了课堂时空性,有效解决了课程前沿性和创新性,学生学习和思考的主动性及综合应用知识能力不断增强,学生满意度不断提高.同传统授课班级相比,混合式教学班级平均成绩提升了5.0～9.3分,优秀率平均增加21.5％,不及格率平均降低4.7％."草地保护学"混合式教学改革成效显著.

2012年3～5月和2013年3～5月,在内蒙古自治区中部的中蒙边境地区,采用粪便显微组织学分析方法并结合野外观察,分析研究了蒙古野驴(Equus hemionus hemionus)春季的食物组成.在取食点采集植物标本并进行种类鉴定发现共有20科45种植物;野外共观察到蒙古野驴取食群162次,群体平均大小为29.32头,采集粪样175个,将采集到的粪样按月分组,并组成6个混合粪样组.粪样显微分析结果表明,分布于内蒙古自治区中部地区的蒙古野驴,在春季共取食15科31种植物,其中实际采食比例(DR)禾本科植物54.88％、藜科植物17.37％、柽柳科植物6.64％、豆科植物6.52％;在取食植物中,克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)(24.38％)、芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens)(15.11％)、珍珠猪毛菜(Salsola passerina)(9.92％)、狗尾草(Setaria viridis)(6.97％)、红沙(Reaumuria soongorica)(6.64％)、雾滨藜(Bassia dasyphylla)(5.67％)、糙隐子草(Kengia squarrosa)(5.10％),是主要取食植物种类,占取食植物的73.79％.春季采食的植物种类数比冬季多,各种植物在食物组成中所占的比例的差异不显著,低选择性是蒙古野驴春季取食对策的显著特征.

We analyzed winter diet of Asiatic wild ass ( Equus hemionus hemionus) by using micro histological analysis of fresh fecal simples and measure the nutrient of diet. There were 26 species of plants belonging to 13 families in the spring diet of Asiatic Wild Ass. Specifically, the Graminaceous plants ( Gramineae) as the primary food sources accounted for 54.74%, Chenopodiaceous plants ( Chenopodiaceae) for 14.96%, Tamarisk ( Tamaricaceae) for 9.48%, Leguminous plants ( Legu?minosae) for 5.43%, Rose family ( Rosaceae) for 2.17%, and Iris family ( Iridaceae) for 1.57%, respectively. While the primary plants consumed were as follows: Krylov needlegrass ( Stipa krylovii ) ( 24. 44%) , Lovely achnatherum ( Ach?natherum splendens) (15.31%), Humifuse euphorbia herb (Reaumuria soongorica) (9.48%), Salsola passerine (Salsola passerine) (9.41%), which took the major part (58.64%) of the diet together. Therefore, the winter diet of Asiatic wild ass in the center part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region had good diversity with high?energy and less?fiber. High?ener?gy food and good?taste were the criteria for winter foraging behavior, while less selection was the outstanding feature of the winter diet.

目的 立足于我国北方区域性新造林、次生林的不同森林立地条件下,探讨林区鼠害控制标准.方法 在蛮汉山林场新造林地和次生林地各选择3块样地,采用毒饵盒法连续3d调查毒饵取食情况,之后采用夹日法在所选样地连续捕获4d,计算鼠的捕获率;同时在新造林地和次生林地再分别选择3块样地作为对照区,调查对照区啮齿动物的群落组成及数量.根据灭鼠前后捕获率变化情况计算防治效果.结果 在蛮汉山林区,新造林地长尾仓鼠为优势种;次生林地大林姬鼠为优势种.应用PVC毒饵盒以C型肉毒素为毒饵进行林区鼠害防治后,防治区害鼠密度显著低于对照区(F=6.46,P＜0.05).结论 C型肉毒素在2块林地均具有较好的适口性和防治效果,可在林区灭鼠中推广应用.

From 2009 to 2011,via stifled and recovered rodent investing the number of Rhombomys opimus on Alashan desert in Inner Mongolia,meanwhile survey the Biomass of Haloxylon ammodendron woodland.Using pearson correlation analysis the the number of Rhombomys opimus and the biomass of Haloxylon ammodendron woodland.The results show that the number of effective holes for R.opimus in autumn was significantly higher than that in spring in those three years.the biomass of Haloxylon ammodendron woodland in autumn was significantly higher than that in spring in those three years.in the spring,The number of effective holes for R.opimus significantly negative correlated with the Biomass of Haloxylon ammodendron(r =-0.80,P 0.01),positive correlated with the height of Haloxylon ammodendron(r=0.88,P 0.01),negative correlated with the coverage of Haloxylon ammodendron(r =-0.71,P 0.05).in the autumn,The number of effective holes for R.opimus significantly negative correlated with the Biomass of Haloxylon ammodendron(r =-0.69,P 0.05),positive correlated with the height of Haloxylon ammodendron(r=0.68,P 0.05),negative correlated with the coverage of Haloxylon ammodendron(r =-0.80,P 0.01),negative correlated with the biomass of Nitraria tangutorum Bobr(r =-0.84,P 0.01).

The physical and chemical characteristic of soil of Hulunbuir meadow steppe Leymus chinensis community under different degradation degree of grazing disturbance were studied. The results showed that soil moisture, soil total nitrogen and available nitrogen decreased significantly with the increasing of degeneration degree, but soil bulk density, soil (1-2mm) coarse-sandy particles, soil available K increased significantly with the degree of degradation. The trends of soil organic matter content were the first increase after the reduction. Available P and soil pH did not change regularly. Research showed that these indicators had significant difference. So that these indicators can be taken as degradation indicators to determine the extent of the degradation of soil of meadow steppe leymus chinensis community.

The community average height and above-ground biomass decreased with the increasing of degeneration degree.The plant community α-diversity indexes also displayed a declining trend.There were very big change in species importance values.The importance value of Leymus chinensis in the serious degenerated area was higher than that in the slight degenerated area.The companion species importance values of Leymus chinensis community decreased with the increasing of degeneration degree,but the importance value of some trample tolerance species,bad palatability species and annual-biennial plants were increasing.The research indicated that community average height,above-ground biomass,plant community α-diversity indexes and the importance values may take as the plant community indications to determine different degeneration degree of grazing disturbance.

The deer placenta biologic activity multi-peptides had been prepared by the low temperature enzymolysis method,and its extraction optimum condition has determined through the orthogonal test.The deer placenta extracts had been ultra filtered,than obtains the mix peptide that its molecular weight less than 3000 Dalton.Its pharmacological action had been studied through mix peptide principal constituent separation,experiment that irrigate the placenta extracts in mouse stomach,cell nurture experiment.The result indicated that the deer placenta biologic activity multi-peptides have the sedative activity,promote the nerve cell and the person skin cell growth function,have the very good Research and Development Value in clinical Application and the cosmetology.

A study was carried out on the relationship between the changes of micro-relief and the changes of plant communities as well as their spatial distribution patterns,by systematic sampling in a dry depression and its adjacent flat background grassland in the Hulunbuir sandy meadow grassland,Inner Mongolia,China.It was discovered that the changes of micro-relief has a great influence on the variety,composition,and the distribution pattern of plant communities in the depression.There are significant differences about the species composition,the community biotype and ecotype.Heterogeneity of the dominant species and sub-dominant species in different micro-relief were also observed.Plant community characteristics of coverage,ground biomass,and height were high on lower slopes,medium on the middle of slopes,and low on upper slopes.The important value differentiation of dominant specie at different places on slopes facing different directions was also significant.Overall status of plant community on upper SW slope was the poorest,compared with that on the depression and on background grasslands,coinciding with the mass occurrence of blowouts,which indicated that the poorness of vegetation coverage should be an important reason for the mass development of sandy grassland blowouts on upper SW slope in Hulunbuir sandy meadow grasslands.

Antler velvet processing is the important link of deer products processing and deer farming.Velvet processing methods directly related to the product quality and economic benefits.According to the different equipment condition and technological level,technical link and technological process of every processing methods have great differences.Recently,there were some new methods of processing antler velvet,such as Microwave energy with Far infrared integrated processing methods,Dual electronic controlling far infrared drying velvet box processing method,Cryogenic vacuum freeze-processing method,and Low-temperature ultrasound pyrolysis and extract velvet-elements processing methods,which is developed by Inner Mongolia Dasheng bio-technology co.,ltd.So velvet processing had a gradually transition from manual processing operations to modern mechanization.The processing quality had been improved and raised.

The forecast model for population dynamics of Meriones unguiculatus and Cricetulus barabansis was built by using Markov chain,combining with optimization method(0.618) based on of population dynamics data of these two species that collected in Hohhot suburbs of Inner Mongolia from 1984 to 2004.And a forecast on the population dynamics of M.unguiculatus and C.barabansis in 2004 was made in this paper.The result showed that the forecast was corresponded to the field data accurately.The Markov model was applied to forecast the population dynamics of M.unguiculatus and C.barabansis for three years,from 2005 to 2007.The result showed that the model provided a handy,accurate and reliable method for the prediction on rodent population dynamics.

The habitats under four kinds of different disturbance were selected in Alashan Desert of Inner Mongolia in which the patterns of rodent communities were studied on three spatial scales.The results showed that the patterns of desert rodent communities appeared evident difference under different disturbance and scales.With scaling up,the rodent species under different disturbance increased,and the composition patterns of dominant species in communities changed as follows: Meriones meridianus was the dominant species on three spatial scales under farmland;Meriones meridianus was the dominant species only on small spatial scales,but Phodopus roborovskii was the dominant species on other two larger spatial scales under rotational grazing;Meriones meridianus was the dominant species only on small spatial scales,but Dipus sagitta was the dominant species on other two larger spatial scales under over grazing;Meriones meridianus and Cricetulus barabensis as a dominant species appeared alternately between 1hm2 and 10hm2 scales,but on the 40hm2 scale,they both were dominant species under forbidden grazing disturbance.The patterns of rodent communities were evidently influenced by fragmented desert habitats.It was the one of the phenomenon of desert habitats starting to fragment that the numbers of Dipus sagitta species in rodent community increased.

The farmland,rotational grazing,over grazing and fenced grazing areas were selected as four kinds of disturbances areas in which the soil seed banks were sampled in the Spring,Summer and Autumn respectively in 2005 in Alashan Desert of Inner Mongolia.All of the seeds were conducted for germination test in the laboratory.The results showed that(1) in three seasons,the numbers of germinated seeds under four different disturbances were as follows: farmland area 668 grains/m2;rotational grazing area 1328 grains/m2;over grazing area 1488 grains/m2;fenced area 944 grains/m2.(2) The numbers of germinated seeds of soil seed banks in farmland and fenced areas in three seasons showed trends of continued raising,but these in rotational grazing and over grazing areas showed trends of raising and then declining.(3) Under four different disturbances,the water contents in different soil depths in farmland,over grazing and fenced areas were not significantly different.But the water contents in soil depths between 0-5cm and other three depths in rotational grazing area showed significant difference and the water content in soil depths in 0-5cm in rotational grazing area was positive related to the numbers of germinated seeds.

The species and abundance, the structure and distribution of rodent communities, and GIS analysis of zone rodent communities were comprehensively studied mainly using the trap-day method in semi–desert and desert regions of Inner Mongolia from 1988 to 1993 and from 1998 to 2004.The regions belonged to the arid and super-arid regions of Inner Mongolia (37°24' - 44°59' N, 97°10' - 114°10' E) including the northwest part of Xilinguole league, the center-west part of Wulanchabu league, the center-north part of Bayenaoer league and the total area of Alashan league. It contained various types of grassland: temperate desert–steppe, steppe–desert and typical desert. The total of 317 sampling plots were arranged according to characteristics of landform, soil and zone vegetation in an area of 380 000 km~(2), and a total of 157 702 trap-days were completed. We selected 23 principal species to form a calculating matrix (23×317) to classify the rodent communities with the fast cluster method into 9 zone communities as follows: Ⅰ. Citellus dauricus + Cricetulus longicaudatus + Eutamias sibiricus community, Ⅱ.Phodopus roborovskii + Cricetulus barabensis + Cricetulus longicaudatus community, Ⅲ. Meriones unguiculatus + Phodopus roborovskii + Cricetulus longicaudatus community, Ⅳ. Allactaga sibirica + Allactaga bullata + Citellus dauricus community,Ⅴ.Allactaga bullata + Dipus sagitta + Meriones unguiculatus community,Ⅵ. Meriones meridianus + Citellus dauricus + Allactaga sibirica community,Ⅶ. Allactaga sibirica + Allactaga bullata + Dipus sagitta community, Ⅷ. Phodopus roborovskii + Dipus sagitta + Allactaga sibirica community, Ⅸ. Meriones meridianus + Allactaga sibirica + Dipus sagitta community. Based on the above data, the typical habitat type of each one of the 9 zone communities that are defined on vegetation type, with abundance of dominant species of the communities, is comprehensively demonstrated on the map of TM by applied ArcView 3.2 software. The GIS maps of the 9 zone rodent communities are completed on which the information of vegetation and distribution of rodents is showed comprehensively, and the region and characteristic of distribution of rodent zone communities are demonstrated, which can be used scientific basis for regional comprehensive controlling to rodents.

The diversity and species component of small mammal communities were measured with trap-day method in Alashan region of Inner Mongolia from August to September 1998 and 1999, and in October 2002. The 54 sites were selected in different habitats. The area of the site was 10 hectare in which 400-500 traps were arranged. A total of 866 individuals were captured with 22 606 trap-days during investigation period, and 20 species of small mammals were recorded in the study sites. The results of analysis on diversity of small mammal communities showed that Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 1.186-1.589; Pielou evenness index was 0.630 9-0.861 8; Simpson dominance index was 0.234 9-0.415 7; Margalef richness index was 0.931 8-2.020. Based on similarity indices of the communities, the 8 communities could be clustered together at the level of 0.093 5 with systematic clustering, which could be divided into 4 types as follows: Drought-enduring type including community Ⅴand Ⅶ; Arid type including communityⅠ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ; Ecotone type that was from farmland to forest including community Ⅵ and Ⅷ; and Forest type including community Ⅳ. The diversity and species component of small mammal communities were determined by the difference of habitats and affected by human activities.

The four kinds of study areas under different human disturbance were selected in typical region in Alashan desert of Inner Mongolia from 2002 to 2004, i.e. farmland area, rotational grazing area, over grazing area and forbidden grazing area. Four sites were located in every study area and one time of investigation on one site was done with 500 trap-days. The rodent samples were collected and recorded in study sites in April, July, and October every year. The data was analysed with Correspondence Analysis program using the SAS 8.1 software. The results showed that the rodent community patterns of the farmland area and forbiden grazing area were similar. Meriones meridianus[WTBZ] and Cricetulus barabensis [WTBZ]had a stable correspondence with the farmland area and forbidden-grazing area. Phodopus roborovskii[WTBZ] had a stable correspondence with the rotatinal grazing area. Dipus sagitta[WTBZ] and Salpingotus kozlovi[WTBZ] had a stable correspondence with the over-grazing area.

用3种不同的生态位宽度和生态位重叠测度方法,对内蒙古阿拉善荒漠11种主要啮齿动物的生态位进行了比较研究.结果表明,子午沙鼠的生态位宽度指数最高,3种方法计算结果分别为0.842、0.723、0.516.该种在7种生境中均有分布,且以人工草地和农田的数量最高,天然草地的数量最低,对7种资源等级的利用具有一定的选择性.五趾跳鼠的次之,分别为0.751、0.722、0.513.该种在7种生境中均有分布且数量差异不大,对7种资源等级的利用具有一定的普遍性.比较3种生态位宽度指数测度方法,以Shannon-Wiener Index对荒漠区啮齿动物较为适宜.生态位重叠指数最高的啮齿动物因计算方法的不同有1～9个种对,生态位重叠指数最低的有10～11个种对.分析比较3种生态位重叠指数测度方法,以Pianka Index更适合于荒漠区啮齿动物的生态位重叠测度.

Studying on the population niche of 11 species principal rodents in the Alashan desert region of Inner Mongolia showed that the ecological niche breadth index of Meriones meridianus is the highest, equal to 0.786, and it distributes into 7 kinds of habitats to utilize the resources. The ecological niche breadth indexes of Allactaga sibirica and Dipus sagitta are the second, equal to 0.649 and 0.610. The ecological niche overlap indexes of Crieetulus longieaudatus and Crieetulus barabensis, Allactaga sibiriea and Allactaga bullata are higher than others, equal to 0.857 and 0.828,which showed that they utilize similar environmental resources in competing. The ecological niche overlap indexes of other 6 species rodents are the second, equal to 0.700, 0.700, and 0.706.

Studies on the community structure and diversity of rodents in the desert of Alashan show that the mammals could be divided into 6 zone communities by means of the local vegetation and environmental characteristics.These communities are: Ⅰ.the community of Phodopus roborovskii + Dipus sagitta + Meriones meridianus,Ⅱ.the community of Cricetulus longicaudatus + Apodemus speciosus,Ⅲ.the community of Allactaga sibirica + Meriones meridianus + Dipus sagitta,Ⅳ.the community of Dipus sagitta + Phodopus roborovskii + Meriones meridianus,Ⅴ.the community of Euchoreutes naso + Allactaga sibirica, and Ⅵ.the community of Meriones meridianus + Cricetulus barabensis. The diversity index of Community Ⅲ is the highest,reaching 2.0557. The similarity index between Community Ⅰ and Community Ⅳ is the highest, amounting to 0.5147. Community Ⅲ is a representative type of all.The population of the desert rodents correlates positively to the amount of soil water and substances,and negatively with the varieties of local vegetations,and does not relate much to the altitude on the rodents' habitat.

1998年8～9月和1999年8～9月在内蒙古阿拉善地区对啮齿类进行了调查,捕到内蒙古兽类两个新记录种:间颅鼠兔(Ochotona cansus)和肥尾心颅跳鼠(Salpingotus crassicauda),经鉴定在国内属新的分布区.