目的探讨血凝反应法检测黄毛鼠对抗凝血杀鼠剂抗性的可行性。方法以杀鼠灵（warfarin）抗药性区分剂量（10mg/kg）单次灌胃处理结合致死期食毒抗性检测法（LFP）筛选出黄毛鼠敏感种群和抗性种群,在不同时间段采集试鼠血浆,通过检测试鼠血浆的凝血酶活度（PCA）建立黄毛鼠凝血反应标准曲线,并分析抗性区分剂量处理后抗性个体与敏感个体PCA的变化差异。结果建立了黄毛鼠的凝血反应标准曲线:INR（y）=34.984/x+0.688（x=PCA）（R2=0.992）;以10mg/kg为区分剂量单次灌胃处理后,抗药性黄毛鼠个体的PCA虽有所下降,但可在2～3d内恢复到正常凝血水平的17%左右;敏感个体的PCA可下降到很低,且不能恢复。结论证实了以血凝反应法检测黄毛鼠对抗凝血剂抗药性的可行性:杀鼠灵10mg/kg为区分剂量单次灌胃处理4d后,以PCA=16.5（或INR=4.4）作为阈值来区分黄毛鼠抗药性与敏感性个体,是准确、简便的抗药性判定方法。

为明确农村城镇化进程中广东省典型作物种植区害鼠群落结构状况,采用夹夜法对分布在省内5地(市)的代表性样地进行了调查。结果表明,黄毛鼠、小家鼠是省内作物种植区优势密度鼠种,板齿鼠为次优势密度鼠种;黄毛鼠、板齿鼠是省内作物种植区的两种优势生物量害鼠;褐家鼠和黄胸鼠等家栖鼠在作物种植区的密度及生物量也有明显升高。分析调查结果,黄毛鼠、板齿鼠依然是本省作物种植区主要害鼠鼠种。在防控中必须重点针对其生物学习性研究持续治理对策。同时,要密切注意害鼠群落中家栖鼠密度变化,及时调整防控策略,以全面做好农业鼠害的防控工作。

The buff-breasted rat ( Rattus flavipectus ) is a major agricultural pest across China. Warfarin-resistant animals have been found in several major provinces in China, and are hampering effective control. Molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides have been determined for other species, but genetic information regarding resistance in R. flavipectus remains unknown. The vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) encoded by VKORC1 gene is the molecular target of coumarin anticoagulants, and amino acid substitutions in VKORC1 coding-regions have been reported as one of the supposed mechanisms of warfarin resistance. Here, lethal feeding test in R. flavipectus ( n = 36) was conducted in Zhanjiang, China. Four animals (11%) survived the test period of 25 days and were identified as warfarin resistance. Polymorphism across the whole genome DNA sequence of the VKORC1 gene was screened out and compared with resistant and non-resistant rats. A total of nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified including seven SNPs in introns and two SNPs in exons, and the SNP (2317A > G) located in exon 3 led to the amino acid substitution (Tyr139Cys) in VKORC1 protein. Based on the characteristics of Tyr139Cys mutation of VKORC1 in humans or rats and its relationship with warfarin-resistance, Tyr139Cys mutation may be one mutation responsible for anticoagulant resistance in R. flavipectus . Given the low numbers of resistant rats in our feeding test, wider surveillance, tests of resistance development in a larger wild population and further researches on the genetic mechanisms of anticoagulant resistance in R. flavipectus are necessary.

Objective To investigate the resistance of Rattus norvegicus to the first - generation rodenticide,warfarin,in Zhanjiang,Guangdong.Methods Rats sampled from the urban areas were screened with a trial test indoor for non - selective feeding with baits containing 0.005%warfarin to observe the dose-response relationship.Results Among 37 eligible candidates for the resistance test,29 were dead due to administration.The resistance of R.norvegicus was 21.62%,indicating the formation of a resistant community.There was no significant difference in the lethal dose and time between male and female rats(P0.05). The average intake of poison baits was 19.14±5.44 mg/kg,and the average time to death 7.34±3.51 days.Conclusion The first-generation rodenticide was no longer an agent of choice for control of R.norvegicus in Zhanjiang.Monitoring the changes in the resistance among rodent population was necessary for optimal allocation of resources.

The time distribution was one of important behavioral adaptive strategies in animals.The effects of high fibre food on the time distribution of feeding,locomotion,resting and grooming in Rattus losea were determined.The results showed that Rattus losea was a kind of typical nocturnal rodent,and high fibre food would lead to increase in feeding time and decrease in activity time,but it had no effects on time of resting and grooming.It indicated that Rattus losea employ a behavioral strategy including an addition of energy intake and a reducing of energy output to adapt the high fibre food.

Objective To measure the resistance of Rattus tanezumi to the 1st generation agent after their exposure to the 2nd generation anticoagulant rodenticides for several years in Leizhou city, Guangdong province. Methods Rats captured in Leizhou suburb were raised indoor for days. Eligible rodents were subject to non-selective feeding test using 0.005% warfarin baits. The relationship between the mortality and intakes was recorded and analyzed. Results Among 36 eligible rodents, 32 died from the consumption of agents. The development of warfarin resistance in the subjects, 11.11%, was close to the critical level of development of population resistance. There was no significant difference in the lethal dose and lethal time between male and female rats (df=30, Pd=0.987, Pt=0.971). The average volume of toxicant intake was (115.71±53.84) mg/kg for dead rats, with the average lethal time of (7.2±2.4) d. Conclusion The changing trends of rodent sensitivity to anticoagulant rodenticides should be regularly monitored during the application of these agents for economically optimizing the use of drugs.

Food resources and energy budget affect the behaviors and time budgets of animals. To clarify the effects of a high-fiber diet on greater bandicoot rat (Bandicota indica) behavior, we compared B. indica under a high-fiber diet and a standard rat diet using video monitoring. Our results show that B. indica are mainly active and feed at night, typical of nocturnal animals. A high-fiber diet resulted in a longer time to feed and become active at night and reduced the time spent feeding during the day. These findings suggest that food quality plays an important role in the behavioral timing of B. indica; this helps to understand seasonal changes in behavior demonstrated by B. indica.

The digestive physiological characteristics and strategy of an animal can determine their trophic niche.To examine the digestive response of Rattus losea to high-fiber food,food intake,fecal output,and corresponding energy parameters were measured after 10 days and 20 days of high-fiber food consumption.There was no significant change in food intake,but fecal output significantly increased and apparent digestibility decreased significantly after feeding on high-fiber food for 10 days.On day 20,apparent digestibility was lower still,but digestible energy was similar to controls due to a significant increase in food intake.Body weight on day 10 of rats fed the high-fiber diet decreased significantly from their initial weight,but did not decline further on day 20.The results show that R.losea adapted to a high-fiber diet by increasing food consumption and reducing apparent digestibility,as is observed in strict-herbivorous rodent species.However,R.losea adapted to high-fiber foods more slowly than strict-herbivorous rodents.This response led to a reduction in body weight and hence,overall energy demands,and may be one strategy to used by R.losea to adapt to and survive on low-quality food.

目的 测定板齿鼠对田间作物种子或果实的日食量和喜好程度,并分析其性别、年龄、体重以及季节变化与食量的关系,为衡量板齿鼠的危害程度和提出持续控害技术提供理论依据.方法 采用实验室人工饲喂的方法,包括室内无选择试验和有选择试验.结果 不同作物的食量指数分别为干稻谷(37.48±5.98)g、新鲜稻谷(95.57±7.85)g、番薯(229.84±26.86)g、甜玉米(259.12±27.68)g、花生(101.92±20.40)g、黄豆(40.42±6.56)g、蔬菜(377.96±52.33)g、甘蔗(262.29±34.77)g;除黄豆外,雄鼠的食量指数高于雌鼠;除甘蔗外,幼鼠的食量指数均高于亚成体鼠和成体鼠,且食量与体重具有显著至极显著的线性相关关系;食量呈现冬季最大、秋季居中、夏季最小的季节差异.有选择试验的结果表明:板齿鼠对不同作物的喜好性表现为新鲜稻谷>甜玉米>番薯>干稻谷>花生>黄豆>甘蔗>蔬菜.结论 板齿鼠食量的大小与食物的干物质含量和营养价值、动物的新陈代谢、生长速度、外界环境条件都有很大的关系,喜食指数能准确反映鼠类对不同食物的喜好程度.

Objective To analyze the dietary composition of Bandicota indica to unearth the seasonal and annual patterns of the food structure,providing theoretical foundation for the development of scientific control countermeasures and sustainable management.Methods The contents of rat stomachs were analyzed in conjunction with field observation.Results Fibers accounted for(68.68±5.17)% in the gastric contents of the rats,while starch food(23.06±4.32)% and animal food(8.26±1.43)%,respectively.Significant differences were found in the gastric contents of subjects of different age,sex and in different seasons and years(P0.01).The proportion of starch and animal food in females was significantly greater than that in males.No significant differences were found in starch and fiber food consumed by the juvenile versus that by the sub-adults and adults,though the juvenile had higher intake of such kind of food(P0.05).However,the proportion of animal food consumption in adults was significantly higher than that in sub-adults and juvenile(P0.01).Considerable seasonal disparity in the food structure,characterized by higher amount of starch and animal food in summer and autumn and higher amount of fiber food in winter and spring,was also shown in B.indica.Conclusion B.indica were mainly fed on fiber food,as well as starch and animal food,under natural conditions.Diversity of food structure was associated with the reproduction and population growth,growth season of crops and vegetation types of the habitat.

Objective To determine the lethal feeding period (LFP) of 0.0025% Chlorophacinone baits in Meriones unguiculatus. Methods A LFP-resistance-based detection method developed by the EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization) was adopted. Results The minimum lethal dose was 6.3510 mg/kg for M. unguiculatus,the highest survival dose 13.0230 mg/kg. Statistically significant differences were observed in the feeding period and its corresponding mortalities between male and female groups (P=0.036),the Probit model (feeding period versus mortality) being Probit (p)=-2.651 95+0.798 17x (P=0.901),and Probit(p)=-5.620 58+2.160 45x (P=0.999),respectively. The LFP50,LFP98,LFP99 and their 95% confidence limits(CI) were 3.322 53 d(2.740 04-3.952 39),5.895 58 d(4.939 49-8.323 31),and 6.237 11 d (5.184 50-8.950 40) in the female M. unguiculatus; and 2.601 59 d (2.210 62-2.989 34),3.552 20 d (3.115 84-5.024 47) and 3.678 38 d (3.204 01-5.326 58) in the male M. unguiculatus. Conclusion In LFP resistance detection using 0.0025% Chlorophacinone baits in M. unguiculatus,the 95%CI upper limit of LFP98,an integer number of days when applied as the drug-resistant testing standards,was 8 d for female rats and 5 d for males that survived in the feeding period; on the other hand,the 95%CI upper limit of LFP99,as an alternative,was 9 d for surviving female rats and 5 d for surviving males in the feeding period.

及时、准确的抗性检测是合理使用抗凝血类灭鼠剂和有效应对害鼠形成抗性的关键.抗性检测方法目前有3种,致死期食毒法(lethal feeding period,LFP)应用成熟,通过分析抗凝血剂抗性鼠和敏感鼠的数据确定98%(或99%)饲毒致死期(LFP98或LFP99)作为抗性检测标准;血凝反应法(blood clotting response,BCR)的原理是通过检测维生素K环氧化还原酶(VKOR)活性区分抗凝血剂抗性鼠和敏感鼠,也在广泛使用;基因检测法的研究方兴未艾,通过检测抗凝血剂抗性控制基因的突变情况来确定抗性,是目前最为准确和快捷的检测方法.3种方法都处在不断完善之中.

阐述了我同常用杀鼠剂对家禽的安全性、主要杀鼠剂对黄毛鼠和板齿鼠的毒杀效果、抗凝血药物增效剂的作用等方面的试验结果.结果表明,急性灭鼠剂磷化锌对家禽具有很高的毒性,家禽一次食入磷化锌纯药30 mg/kg,死亡率达60%～100%;家禽多次少量取食第1代抗凝血灭鼠剂也可能中毒死亡,第2代抗凝血剂对家禽的毒性比第1代大得多,鹅无选择性饱食0.01%溴敌隆毒谷1 d后的死亡率达到40%;而增效剂S有明显的协同抗凝血作用.显著提高抗凝血灭鼠剂的防治效果,可减少50%的杀鼠剂用量.同时,根据当地的生产实际和害鼠的发生动态,提出了持续控制农区鼠害的技术对策.

Objective To test the resistance to warfarin by the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) captured from Shunyi district of Beijing. Methods 33 mice were given the bait which contained 0.02% warfarin in 6 consecutive days with no-choice way in laboratory. Results The warfarin bait caused 63.64% mortality, the average ingestion of poison of dead mice was (76.91±34.76)mg/kg and the average lethal time was (7.23±2.51)d. The resistant percentage was 36.36% and the average ingestion of poison of survival individuals was (106.79±26.68)mg/kg. Conclusion (1) The striped field mouse from Shunyi district has become resistant to warfarin after 20 years’ application of the second generation of anticoagulant rodenticides, which resulted in the resistant group;(2) The female mouse has broader sensitivity range than the male one; the juvenile and old group have higher resistance than adult and sub-adult ones. It is suggested that the no-choice of six-day feeding resistance test program is suitable for monitoring the resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides by rodents and integrative methods are necessary to reduce resistance of rodents and to prolong the time of using anticoagulant rodenticides.

多年来,我国一直采用0.005%的浓度配制溴敌隆毒饵,并对其药效做了专门报道[1-3].为了探讨降低毒饵浓度是否影响药效,我们以布氏田鼠(Lasiopodomys brandt)为实验动物,分别对0.5%和0.25%两种溴敌隆母液做了毒力测定.

To test the acute virulence of Coumaterralyl against Brandti's voles(Lasiopodomys brandtii)and to deter- mine the its feasibility of application in practice, the Brandti's voles were treated the toxicant in different consistencies with gavage infusing in stomach according as the Sun Improved K er's Integrated method in laboratory; At the same time the feeding test which two groups of animals included 10 each were given the bait containing 0.0375% and 0.1% toxicant respective in no-choice way was carried out. The result showed that the acute toxicity of once toxicant given way is low and its effect is unstable; The LD50 of 4 times/4 days toxicant given way was 9.739 mg/kg and the standard error was 0.079, the confidence limit on 95% was (9.739±3.443) mg/kg; In the feeding test, the tasting acceptance of 0.0375% bait was low and the chosen coefficient is 0.566, the lethal rate was 30%, when administered with 0.1% bait the acceptance was low too and the coefficient is 0.563, the lethal rate was 80%. These revealed that the acute virulence of Coumaterralyl to Brandti's voles of once toxicant given way was low or even less, when came to 4 times/ 4 days way it was the virulent level by the graded standard of toxicant against mice which presumed its potential of use in controlling job, but the toxicity has diversity in individuals and the tasting acceptance was not good. It suggested that pre-test be carried out to inspect the effect to certain bandicoot before its chosen being used in practical.

Objective To test the acute virulence of chlorophacine-Na against Clawed jird(Meriones unguiculatus). Methods The M.unguiculatus were treated with the toxicant in 5 consistencies infused in stomach according as the method of Improved Kou's Integrated Way by Sun's in laboratory. Results The LD_ 50 of chlorophacine-Na in M.unguiculatus was 0.325 mg/kg and the standard error was 0.058 . The confidence limit on 95% was ( 0.325± 0.085 )mg/kg. By F test,there was no significant difference( P 0.05 ) on the efficiency of the acute virulence between sex. Conclusion The acute toxicity of chlorophacine-Na against M.unguiculatus comes veriest toxic by the graded standard of toxicant against mice and it revealed that its acute toxicity can be used as complementarities of the chronic virulence or even by itself in controlling mice.

采用5个浓度以急性无选择攻毒的方式对捕自北京顺义区褐家鼠进行溴敌隆敏感性检验。结果表明:各浓度的溴敌隆毒饵对褐家鼠的致死率均为100%,此地区褐家鼠对溴敌隆敏感,未检测出抗药性,且致死量与药饵浓度间相关性不显著(p>0.05),各浓度组试鼠死亡时间亦无显著差异(p>0.05)。测试表明在本地区仍然可以继续使用溴敌隆控制褐家鼠。建议采用低浓度以降低鼠防成本和延缓抗药性的产生时间从而延长溴敌隆的使用寿命。

Objective To determine acute toxicity of chlorophacine-sodium in Brandti's voles(Lasiopodomys brandtii).Methods Brandti's voles were treated with chlorophacine-sodium via gastric tube at concentrations of eight gradients based on its median lethal dose(LD_(50)) by modified's Krber's method.Results LD_(50) of chlorophacine-sodium in Brandti's voles was(5.913 mg/kg) with a standard error of(0.082 mg/kg) and 95% confidence limit of((5.913±)(2.172))mg/kg,without significant difference between male and female voles by χ~2 test((P)(0.05)).Conclusion(Acute toxicity) of chlorophacine-sodium in Brandti's voles reached the highest level according to classification standard for toxic chemicals in mice and could be used as an alternative rodenticide with chronic-toxicity in rat control.