Increased consumption of vegetables has been recommended worldwide as a part of a healthy diet; therefore, determining gene function among breeding materials is crucial for vegetable improvement to meet the sustainable development of new vegetable varieties. However, genetic transformation is time-consuming and laborious, which limits the exploration of gene function for various vegetable crops. Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) can perform large-scale and rapid gene silencing in plants due to a reduction in the experimental period and its independence from the stable genetic transformation, providing an excellent opportunity for functional research. VIGS can accelerate model plant research and make it easier to analyze gene function and validation in vegetable crops. Moreover, with the advent of technologies such as virus-mediated heterologous protein expression and the development of CRISPR/Cas9 technology, virus-mediated genetic tools have ushered in a new era in genetics and crop improvement. This study summarizes recent achievements in VIGS and Virus-Induced Gene Editing (VIGE) in vegetables. We also identify several challenges in the current state of VIGS technology in vegetables, serving as a guide for future research.

ABSTRACT In recent years, the destruction of the soil environment caused by excessive application of chemical fertilizers has attracted attention to using organic fertilizers to replace chemical fertilizers. Previous studies have shown that chicken manure fermentation extract (CMFE) as an organic fertilizer may also directly influence soil nutrient availability from the soil native pool and fertilizer application. However, it is unclear whether application CMFE can partially replacing chemical fertilizer to reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer without reducing cucumber yield. Therefore, an experiment was conducted in Yantai Agricultural Science Academy of Shandong Province in 2018 and 2019. In 2018, five fertilization combinations were set up, namely CK (900 kg·ha−1 chemical fertilizer), T1 (750 kg·ha−1 chemical fertilizer +150 L·ha−1 CMFE), T2 (675 kg·ha−1 chemical fertilizer +225 L·ha−1 CMFE), T3 (600 kg·ha−1 chemical fertilizer +300 L·ha−1 CMFE) and T4 (525 kg·ha−1 chemical fertilizer +375 L·ha−1 CMFE). Selected the optimal combination T3 for testing in 2019. The yield, quality, photosynthesis and growth indicators of cucumber, as well as soil nutrients and microbial content were determined. The results showed that the fertilization combination of 600 kg·ha−1 chemical fertilizer +300 L·ha−1 CMFE (T3) can minimize the amount of chemical fertilizer used without reducing yield. Compared with conventional fertilizer application, CMFE partially replacing chemical fertilizer did not reduce cucumber yield, but significantly increased cucumber vitamin C and protein content. CMFE partially replacing chemical fertilizer increased the root to shoot ratio as well as the fresh and dry weight of vegetative organs in cucumber, optimizing the growth and development of cucumber. Compared with conventional fertilizer application, CMFE partially replacing chemical fertilizer increased the content of soil organic matter, improved the composition structure of soil microbial community, increased the relative abundance of Actinomycete and Acinetobacter, and reduced the relative abundance of Bacteroides, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycetes. Overall, CMFE partially replacing chemical fertilizer optimized the growth and development of cucumbers, increased the root to shoot ratio, increased soil organic matter content, increased microbial abundance and diversity, and improved the composition structure of soil microbial communities. Therefore, in order to reduce the use of fertilizers, it is recommended to partially replacing chemical fertilizers with CMFE, with the optimal combination of 600 kg·ha−1 chemical fertilizer +300 L·ha−1 CMFE (T3).

本研究利用分子标记检测技术对 134 份番茄材料进行黄化曲叶病毒病抗病基因Ty-1、Ty-2、Ty-3,叶霉病抗病基因Cf-9,颈腐根腐病抗病基因Frl等 5 个抗病基因标记进行检测,并通过田间调查进行验证,以对PARMS检测方法在番茄育种材料中的应用进行综合评价.结果表明,应用PARMS方法,操作便捷,准确率在95%以上,适于大批量样本检测.

MYB转录因子是植物中最大的转录因子家族之一,能够结合基因5'端上游特定核苷酸序列,协助RNA聚合酶催化DNA模板链转录成RNA,起到调控目的基因表达的作用.根据myb结构域分为4个亚类,其中大部分与植物生长发育、次生代谢及逆境胁迫密切相关.番茄作为重要的栽培作物,在生产及科学研究中具有重要地位.主要阐述MYB转录因子的结构特征、分类,以及在番茄生长发育、次生代谢、生物与非生物胁迫中调控作用,归纳总结国内外的研究成果,并对其进行了较为详细的介绍,为进一步开展番茄MYB转录因子的研究和利用提供了相关参考及新的思路.

为研究液态有机肥部分替代化肥对设施番茄根区细菌群落的影响,以化学冲施肥为对照(T_CK),设置液态有机肥分别替代20％(T_R20)、30％(T_R30)和40％化学冲施肥(T_R40)3个处理,应用16SrRNA高通量测序技术,分析番茄根区土壤样本中细菌的群落多样性、结构组成和差异.结果表明,在97％的相似水平下,共发现3 747个OTU,37个门,104个纲,268个目,441个科,730个属,1 401个种.3个处理和对照样品中共有OTU为1 338个,独有的OTU数值分别为140(T_R20)、129(T_R30)和263(T_R40).T_R30处理的细菌丰富度和多样性最高,其优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes);优势菌属为norank_c_subgroup_6、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、norank_f_A4b).通过聚类分析、主成分分析、非度量多维尺度分析和共现性网络分析发现,T_R30和对照处理细菌的菌落组成相似度较高,共性最大.利用PICRUSt软件对细菌群落功能组成进行预测,发现各处理土壤样本的主要COG功能组成较为相似,但各COG相对丰度有所差异.综上所述,液态有机肥不同比例替代化学冲施肥能增加外源细菌种类,改变丰富度、多样性和菌落组成,以替代30％比例时效果最佳,为液态有机肥与化学冲施肥配施提供了理论依据.

为了解不同类型叶面肥对设施番茄的效果,研究了8种叶面肥对番茄生长、产量及果实性状的影响.试验结果表明,喷施叶面肥均能增加株度、茎粗和单株叶面积,增强植株长势,还能改变果实大小和形状,增加产量,提高糖度,降低酸度,改善果实品质.与对照相比,处理2的番茄植株长势强,植株更高,粗度更大,结果多,果实大,增产19.57％,糖度高17.43％,酸度和对照相当.应用DTOPSIS法对番茄果实性状指标进行综合评价,结果表明处理2的Ci值最大,为0.8136,效果最优.因此,在番茄生产上推荐采用中微量元素肥喷乐红进行叶面喷施.

以海藻提取物为主要原材料浓缩提炼加工而成的有机矿物质营养剂为研究对象,将海藻有机矿物质营养剂替代化学肥料在番茄生产中进行应用,明确其对番茄生长发育的影响,为海藻有机矿物质营养剂替代化学肥料的推广应用提供理论依据.试验设2个处理,以施用0.5％的磷酸二氢钾叶面肥为对照,施用海藻有机矿物质营养剂作为叶面肥为处理,采用随机区组试验,全生育期施用叶面肥10次.结果表明,与化学肥料相比,施用海藻有机矿物质营养剂可以提高番茄苗期的茎粗、叶面积,降低节间长和株高等,促进番茄壮苗;可以提高番茄光合速率,使前期产量增加7.0％,总产量增加7.5％;番茄的可溶性糖含量提高12.8％;番茄叶霉病和灰霉病的病情指数分别为9.6和6.7,降低病原菌的侵染.将海藻有机矿物质营养剂替代化学肥料在番茄生产中应用,在减少化学肥料施用量的同时,可以促进番茄苗期生长、提高番茄产量、减轻病害的损伤程度.

Callose plays an important role in plant development and response to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses. Callose synthase (CalS; EC 2.4.1.34), the main enzyme in callose synthesis, has been studied in a number of crops but not in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). In this study, 10 genes encoding putative callose synthase were identified and classified into four clades. Expression levels of the 10 CsCalS genes, which varied considerably, were detected in most analyzed organs. Transcription of CsCalS1 and CsCalS8 was obviously induced by downy or powdery mildews, which are pathogenic fungi of cucumber. CsCalS4, which was highly expressed in male flowers, was chosen for further study. Expression analysis revealed that CsCalS4 was mainly expressed in anther, and highly expressed at the stage of anther meiosis (St10), and uninuclear pollen appearance stage (St11). Histochemical and subcellular localization analyses indicated that CsCalS4 was mainly present in pollen grains and primarily localized in the plasma membrane. The results of this study provided a basic understanding of CsCalS genes and suggest the involvement of CsCalS4 in pollen development.

以'福山包头'大白菜为试材,利用田间调查、显微观察和叶片离体培养的方法,对'福山包头'系列大白菜叶柄黑点病的发生特点及抗性进行了研究,以期为改善'福山包头'大白菜抗病性及新品种选育提供参考依据.结果 表明:1)大白菜叶柄黑点病主要发生于叶柄表皮细胞且起始于细胞周质或细胞壁,该病可发生于大白菜的整个生育期,且进入包心期后发展较快;2)氮素能诱导叶柄黑点病的发生,且铵态氮较硝态氮诱导效果更明显;3)氮素浓度与叶柄黑点病的发病程度呈正相关,但氮素并不是影响叶柄黑点病发生的唯一因素;4)'福山包头'系列大白菜种质资源中,'福东2号''福山82'对叶柄黑点病的抗性较强,'福小87-13-13''皱福'的抗性较弱.

The tomato industry has been seriously affected by continuous soil salinization and seawater irritation. This study analyzed the salt tolerance mechanism of tomato from physiological and molecular aspects and screened out the salt tolerance genes; this information provides a foundation for future research on tomato salt tolerance and environmental adaptability. In this study, tomato was used as the experimental material, and treated with seawater accounted for 0%, 10%, 20%, or 30% of the nutrient solution volume respectively. The results showed that when the seawater percentage was less than 20%, it had little effect on the growth of tomato; when the seawater percentage was more than 20%, it could severely inhibit tomato growth, thereby affecting the ion balance in plants. The results showed that 33,810 unigenes were obtained after transcriptome high-throughput sequencing and assembly. In total, 31,631 unigenes were successfully anno-tated by comparison of the obtained unigenes with six gene databases. According to the Gene Ontology (GO) database, unigenes in the tomato transcriptome could be roughly divided into three categories (biological process, cellular component, and molecular function) with 45 branches. Analyzing genetic differences revealed that 509 unigenes were significantly differentially expressed under seawater stress, among which 40.67% were up-regulated and 59.33% were down-regulated. Moreover, we also found that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in six pathways: growth, response to stimulus, signaling, membrane, transcription factor activity and protein binding. The expression profiles of the selected DEGs in the samples were characterized and verified by qRT-PCR. These DEGs and metabolic pathways may play an important role in salt tolerance of tomato. The functional characteristics of these genes and pathways will provide a new target for improving salt tolerance of tomato through gene regulation. ? 2020 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

以番茄为试验材料,通过田间试验研究沼液提取物与宛氏拟青霉菌(菌株SJ1)复配对番茄生长和果实品质的影响.结果表明,沼液提取物与宛氏拟青霉菌复配叶面肥能够促进番茄生长,提高番茄产量,可以替代化学叶面肥.其中,沼液提取物500倍液和宛氏拟青霉菌30 ng·mL-1复配作叶面肥的综合效果最佳,与施用化学叶面肥处理相比,番茄植株鲜质量、干质量、壮苗指数、POD活性、开花数、坐果数、坐果率分别提高43.06％、28.43％、84.74％、28.06％～78.13％、30.30％、68.86％、29.51％.果实可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量和产量分别提高28.44％、146.61％、75.13％.综上所述,沼液提取物500倍液和宛氏拟青霉菌30 ng·mL-1复配作叶面肥可在生产中推广使用.

以'烟粉209'番茄为试材,采用高通量测序技术,分析了液态有机肥部分替代化学冲施肥对设施番茄根区土壤样本中真菌群落多样性、结构组成和差异的影响,以期为设施番茄生产合理施肥提供参考依据.结果 表明:在97％的相似水平下,共发现301个OTU,8个门,20个纲,41个目,78个科,118个属,159个种.3个处理和对照样本中共有OTU值为27,独有的OTU值分别为106、34、16.在土壤处理样本中以T_R30处理的真菌多样性最高,丰富度较高.其优势菌门为担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、子囊菌门(Ascmycota)和被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota),优势菌属为unclassifiled_f_Ceratobasidiaceae、被孢霉属(Mortierella)和嗜热链球菌属(Mycothermus).对样本进行聚类分析,主成分分析和非度量多维尺度分析,发现T R30处理样本和对照样本的真菌菌落组成相似度最高,共性大.综合分析表明液态有机肥替代不同比例化学冲施肥能增加根区土壤中外源真菌种类,改变丰富度、多样性和菌落组成,且以T R30处理的优势明显.

智能温室番茄培育技术是以椰糠、岩棉等作为栽培基质,通过智能温室管理系统进行培育的一种栽培技术,具有土地利用率高、产量高、效益高的优点.本文综述了智能温室番茄培育在定植、光照控制、水肥管理、温湿度控制、授粉、病虫害防治6个方面的研究进展,为推广智能温室番茄培育技术提供理论依据.

为了研究出套作丝瓜对黄瓜的生长状况及发病情况的影响,本试验以津春2号和台湾特嫩香丝瓜为试材,设三个试验处理:黄瓜套作单行丝瓜、黄瓜套作丝瓜双行和黄瓜单作(CK).试验结果表明,套作丝瓜促进了黄瓜植株高度和节间长度的增加,但是单株叶面积有所减少;套作丝瓜对黄瓜单果质量和产量影响不显著,但病害有不同程度的加重;套作增加了土地上的植物叶面积系数和土地当量,提高了土地利用率.在套作处理中,以黄瓜套作单行丝瓜的植株长势较好,产量高,效益好,病害较轻,土地利用率高.

为了筛选适宜烟台地区早春设施栽培的番茄新品种,以12个番茄新品种为试材,以欧官为对照品种,对各品种的主要植物学特性、产量、果实性状及抗病性等进行了比较,并应用隶属函数法对14个指标进行了综合分析.试验结果表明,12个番茄新品种中隶属函数值超过对照的品种有6个,分别为1601-61、1601-59、1601-77、1601-49、1601-66和1601-4.其中1601-61的隶属函数值最大,其次为1601-59和1601-77,因此,1601-61最适宜烟台地区种植,其次为1601-59和1601-77.

以“津优41号”黄瓜为试材,共设3个处理,分别为CK0,喷施清水;CK1,喷施0.5％磷酸二氢钾;T,喷施鸡粪发酵提取液500倍液,研究了鸡粪发酵提取液叶面肥对黄瓜植物学特性、光合速率、产量和品质的影响,以期将鸡粪发酵提取液叶面肥替代化学叶面肥在黄瓜上进行应用.结果 表明:施用鸡粪发酵提取液对黄瓜株高、茎粗、叶面积等植物学特性、不同时期光合速率以及前期产量和总产量的效果与施用化学肥料磷酸二氢钾相当,而且可以显著提高黄瓜果实品质性状维生素C含量,改善品质.

以番茄为试材,采用水培方式,研究在营养液中加入不同比例海水对番茄幼苗生长发育的影响.试验结果表明,随着加入海水比例的提高,番茄株高、茎粗、叶片数均受到一定的抑制;光合速率、叶绿素含量呈下降趋势;同时,渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性及Ca2+、Mg2+量也发生不同的变化.综合考量,当营养液中海水比例小于15％时,番茄生长受抑制的程度较小,仍可以正常地生长;当海水比例大于20％时,番茄生长受到抑制的程度较大,不适宜番茄生长.

通过总结近年来国内外番茄耐盐性的研究进展,阐明番茄耐盐性生理生化及分子机理,为今后番茄耐盐品种的选育及在盐碱地种植番茄提供参考.

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne spp.) are obligate endoparasites that infect many crops and cause severe yield losses. In this research, we studied the effect of Welsh onion, grown as a companion plant, on the resistance of cucumber plants to RKN infection and analyzed the most abundant components of Welsh onion root exudates. The results showed that, when grown with Welsh onion as a companion plant, cucumber roots had 77.0% fewer root knots and egg masses than the control cucumber roots. Welsh onion root exudates were collected and extracted with chloroform, ethyl ether, n-butanol and ethyl acetate. High concentrations of the extracts from the Welsh onion root exudates decreased the hatchability of RKN eggs. In particular, the inhibitory effect of the n-butanol extract was significant and the hatchability of RKN eggs did not exceed 10%. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis revealed that the most abundant component in the n-butanol extract was 4-hydroxy-benzeneethanol. Treatment with 1.2 mM 4-hydroxy-benzeneethanol decreased egg hatchability to 40%, whereas treatment with 9.6 mM or a higher concentration of 4-hydroxy-benzeneethanol decreased egg hatchability to less than 10%. In addition, 1.2 mM or a higher concentration of 4-hydroxy-benzeneethanol decreased the activity of the second-stage juvenile (J2). Higher 4-hydroxy-benzeneethanol concentrations (9.8 and 19.2 mM) were lethal to RKNs to some extent, with death rates greater than 50% at 48 h of treatment. The present results suggest that cultivation with Welsh onion as a companion plant may represent an alternative to the application of synthetic nematicides, with fewer side effects. We confirmed that 4-hydroxy-benzeneethanol is a natural effective nematicide.

Application status and function of vegetables in urban leisure agriculture was introduced,and the diversity and ornamental of vegetables,the dissemination of vegetable culture and the display of artistic connotation,the display of modern agricultural high tech cultivation technology,the construction of tourism picking park was highlighted.Technology,investment and marketing problems existing in the process of production and sale was analyzed.Countermeasures and suggestions were put forward,which emphasizing the cultivation and management level,a variety of ways to sell high-end vegetable products.