The electrostatic discharge of gas is a key issue in the industry of hazardous, such as petroleum, chemical, powder and so on. To explore feasible methods for inhibiting excessive electrostatic discharge voltage (ESD), in this work, the electrostatic breakdown characteristics of typical gases was studied. Two methods of temperature-control and pressure-control were adopted to conduct ESD experiment of air and carbon dioxide in different environment. The electrostatic breakdown energy also was calculated. Results indicated that as temperature decreases, or pressure increases, the electrostatic breakdown voltage increases. This is due to the increase of electron collision coefficient. And calculation results of electrostatic breakdown voltage energy unveiled that energy of air is lower than carbon dioxide in same condition. This work also discussed the process of charge transport in gaseous medium. Through the research in this paper, it provides data support and theoretical basis for the selection of protective gas for industrial production that requires electrostatic protection.

为缩短三基药干燥时间,开展了热风和三基药直接接触型传热传质工艺实验研究,获得了晾药、预烘和烘干3个阶段中溶剂比和干燥速率随时间的变化规律.结果表明:晾药阶段溶剂比和干燥速率降低较快,预烘和烘干阶段溶剂比和干燥速率呈现出缓慢降低的趋势.选择Midilli-Kucuk模型进行了干燥数据拟合,实验数据的拟合度较高.三基药干燥过程的有效扩散系数范围是0.076-0.287 cm2/h.

反应热失控是引起设备超压的重要原因,而安全可靠的安全泄放系统设计是防止设备发生超压破坏的最有效方法.本文采用ChemCAD中的DIERS紧急泄放模块对硝基胍硝化过程的紧急泄放系统进行了设计与计算.根据硝基胍硝化过程热失控的特点,计算出反应器在热失控条件下的最小紧急泄放面积为0.00084 m2,在此泄放面积下,才可保证泄放压力低于反应器的设计压力.并给出了紧急泄放情况下硝基胍硝化反应器内的温度和压力变化曲线,同时通过不同泄放面积下反应器的温度和压力变化情况对紧急泄放系统进行了评估.

采用分子筛对乙酸乙酯中的微量水分进行吸附实验,并进行吸附平衡动力学研究.通过Langmuir和Freundlich两个模型进行了拟合且拟合度高,并通过Crank的单孔扩散模型对吸附动力学实验数据进行拟合,经过计算得到吸附扩散系数和活化能.结果表明,使用分子筛吸附,可以使乙酸乙酯溶液较快速度的进行脱水,达到相关使用标准.4A型分子筛具有吸附总量大和吸附效率高的特点,建议选用粒径为4 mm的4A分子筛作为工业中去除乙酸乙酯中微量水分的除水材料.

A highly efficient protocol for the amination of 4-fluoronitrobenzene by using methylamine aqueous solution as the amination reagent was developed. The reaction proceeds smoothly to provide the desired product in high yield and excellent purity within 15 min at 70 °C. The particle size of the product obtained in this approach was less than 100 μm. And the reaction media exhibited excellent reusability after recovering four times.

采用铁炭微电解法、Fenton超声氧化法、铁炭微电解/Fenton超声氧化联用技术对HMX生产废水进行了处理,考察了不同实验因素对废水COD去除率的影响规律,得到相应的最佳工艺参数和联用工艺处理效果.结果 表明,铁炭微电解法处理HMX废水的最佳工艺条件为:反应时间50～60 min,反应温度15～20℃,初始pH值3～4,铁炭和废水料液比1:1,此条件下的COD去除率可达58.12％;Fenton超声氧化法处理HMX废水的最佳工艺条件为:超声时间30 min,H2 O2投料量0.24 mol/L,Fe2+投料量0.023 mol/L,超声频率45 kHz,超声功率75％,此条件下的COD去除率可达85.51％;铁炭微电解-Fenton超声氧化联用工艺处理HMX废水,COD去除率高达96.69％,比单一采用铁炭微电解法和Fenton超声氧化法分别高38.57％和11.18％,联用工艺处理HMX废水优于单一处理效果,优势显著.

为解决目前三呋咱并氧杂环庚三烯(TFO)的合成方法难于工业化的问题,设计了TFO便捷合成新方法.以3,4-双(3′-硝基呋咱-4′-基)氧化呋咱(DNTF)为原料,经醚化、还原合成了TFO,总收率为71.1％,并利用红外光谱(IR)、核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)、核磁共振碳谱(13C NMR)、质谱(MS)及元素分析等进行了结构表征;探讨了还原反应的关键影响因素,确定了最佳的反应条件为:还原剂为亚磷酸三乙酯,料比n(还原剂):n(BFFO)为2:1,反应温度为80℃,时间为18 h.采用DSC研究了TFO的热性能,分解点为377.4℃.基于Gussian 98程序的B3LYP方法,在6-31G(d,p)基组水平上对TFO的结构进行了优化,得到了稳定的几何构型和键级,在振动分析的基础上求得体系在不同温度下的热力学性质,得到了温度对热力学性能影响的关系式,结果表明TFO分子结构稳定性较好.

Discarded ammunition loading A⁃Ⅸ⁃Ⅱ explosive was emptyed by submerged cavitation water jet. The stress⁃strain mechanical properties, microfracture breaking mode and breaking safety of A⁃Ⅸ⁃Ⅱ explosive were investigated by SHPB, SEM, thermocouple temperature measurement and DSC.

目前物料混合主要采用有桨混合方式,该方法容易使物料受到较大摩擦作用.为了解决这一问题,本文对无桨滚筒混合工艺过程进行探索研究.采用离散元软件EDEM模拟无桨滚筒对两种物料的混合过程,分析混合过程中物料的运动特征,通过定义颗粒混合均匀性指数来定量表征混合均匀程度,分析了不同填料(10000～20000个颗粒)和转速(7～22r/min)对混料均匀性的影响规律,并对物料受力情况进行了定量分析.研究结果表明:在无桨滚筒混料过程中,可以实现对两种物料的混合,且随着转速提高,物料能较快达到均匀.在混合过程中物料受力呈波动式变化,其中最大受力小于0.6N,稳定在0.1～0.35N;物料受力平均值小于0.015N,稳定在0.005～0.01N;最大受力是平均受力值的20～30倍;且随着填料和滚筒转速增加,物料的受力略有增加.

为解决报废弹药倒空问题,开展了空化水射流倒空弹药装药的试验和数值模拟研究;探讨了空化水射流对装药的作用机理和倒药主装置关键技术,在空化水射流倒药装置上对钝黑铝装药(A-IX-II)进行倒空试验,建立了单喷嘴空化水射流倒药简化物理模型,模拟得到空化水射流流场分布和装药力学响应情况.结果表明,宏观水射流和空化泡微观水射流共同促进弹药倒空过程;空化水射流技术能够在15～30 min内干净倒空76～155 mm口径的钝黑铝装药,倒出装药粒径平均大小为1～2 cm,最大粒径不超过4 cm,试验稳定性好;空化水射流速度和压力分布遵循伯努利定律,最大速度可达数百米每秒,发生在空化喷嘴收缩段;空化泡在装药表面受力失衡发生空化作用可有效侵蚀破碎装药;装药侵蚀破碎主要发生在射流与装药接触区域,多喷嘴喷头倒药会在装药表面形成多个同心环形蚀坑带.

现有三基药驱溶过程通过热风驱除固体颗粒内的有机溶剂,工艺时间较长.采用真空驱溶方法探索了驱溶时间、真空度、湿度等对三基药总挥发分的影响.结果表明,通过真空驱溶工艺获得的样品总挥值与国军标的要求差距较大,无法达到快速驱除三基药内有机溶剂的目的,此工艺方法不适用于三基药的驱溶过程.

以2,6-二甲氧基苯酚(BG)与1,2-双(氯乙氧基)乙烷(BCE)为原料,通过取代反应合成了二(2,6-二甲氧基苯)三甘醚(Stab-5),并利用元素分析、核磁共振、质谱及红外光谱等鉴定其结构,收率可达85.5％;优化了反应条件,最优工艺条件为:n(催化剂):n(BG)=2.5:1,n(BG):n(BCE)=2.4:1,反应温度为80℃;改进了精制方法,采用无水乙醚与石油醚混合溶剂进行纯化研究,其最佳比例为V(乙醚):V(石油醚)=2:1,获得的产品纯度可达98.7％以上.Stab-5毒性小,不具有致癌性,在双基固体推进剂中作为安定剂使用具有应用前景.

Caking of products is a common and undesired phenomenon in food, chemical, pharmaceutical, and fertilizer industries which leads to extra cost and irregular quality. In general, caking processes could be identified as amorphous caking or humidity caking. In this review, history of studying caking, formation, methods, and prospects of these two caking processes are summarized and discussed. The relevant studies from the 1920s to today are mentioned briefly. According to the different properties (i.e. hygrocapacity, hygrosensitivity, mechanical properties, and diffusion behavior) of amorphous powders and crystals, the conditions and mechanisms of amorphous and humidity caking are discussed. It is summarized that glass transition, moisture sorption, quantitative methods characterizing caking, accelerated caking tests, and simulation of caking behaviors are the main aspects that should be studied for a caking process. The methods for these five aspects are reviewed. Potential research points are proposed including caking of mixed particles, caking with phase transition or polymorph transition, non-homogenous caking, and simulation of caking.

运用Ansys软件对悬臂式簧片振动模态进行了有限元分析,得到簧片十阶之内的振动频率和振型变化,并将仿真结果与Matlab计算结果进行比较,同时考察了长度、宽度和厚度变化对簧片模态的影响规律,并采用响应面分析法得到长度、宽度和厚度与簧片基频之间的回归方程及各因素对基频的影响显著性.结果表明,簧片的振动频率随着阶次的增加而增大;Ansys仿真得到的频率和振型变化与Matlab计算结果基本一致,误差较小;振动频率随长度和宽度的增加而减小、随厚度的增加而增大;簧片长度和厚度对基频的有显著影响,而宽度对基频的影响不大,影响显著性顺序为:长度＞厚度＞宽度.本研究可为悬臂式簧片的结构设计及动态特性分析提供理论依据.

The paper put the emphasis on introduction of applications tightly with explosive,which are wax proof and viscosity reduction,extraction,emulsification and disperse,atomization and washing respective-ly.Then,we propose the prospect and feasibility of hydrodynamic acoustic in explosive production.In the background of civil-military integration,hydrodynamic acoustic will be widely used in explosive industry.

从热力学与螺旋振动动力学的角度,建立了真空导热式螺旋振动干燥数学模型,以低熔点、高感度含能材料1,3,3-三硝基氮杂环丁烷(TNAZ)为实验对象,研究了干燥速率、最终含水率等干燥指标随真空度、水温、螺旋升角和振动幅度等操作参数变化的规律,实验过程稳定、安全、可靠,实验数据证明了数学模型的正确性.研究结果表明:随着热源温度的增大,物料最终含水率减小,但干燥过程安全性越差;真空度越大,物料最终含水率越小,换热效率越低;螺旋升角越大,物料最终含水率越大,干燥效率越高;振幅越大,物料最终含水率越小,干燥效率越低.结合理论分析与实验研究,综合考虑干燥质量、效率以及过程安全性.最佳操作条件为:热水温度80℃,真空度0.01 MPa,螺旋升角45°,振幅0.027 mm.

配制了不同含酸质量浓度的三醋酸甘油酯(TA)溶液作为待洗涤的含酸硝酸酯替代物,开展了微通道反应器洗涤脱酸模拟试验,研究了不同实验因素条件对脱酸效果的影响规律.结果表明:该微反应器条件(通道直径0.5 mm,长度30 mm)下,最大能处理wTA=91％,wH2SO4:wH2O=2:3的含酸TA,对应的最佳工艺参数为碱液质量浓度wNa2CO3=3.8％,洗液比V代料:V洗液=100 mL/min:95 mL/min.结果可为硝酸酯的微反应洗涤脱酸提供参考.

In the existing solvent recovery system of water suspension granulation process,the organic solvent steam is condensed by tap water,which exhibits low recovery rate.The solvent recovery rate can be improved from 60％ to 90％ when tap water and freezing liquid together are used to cool down organic solvent steam and a secondary condenser is installed in the outlet of organic solvent collecting tank.The circulation flow of tap water between water-ring vacuum pump and water tank is realized through using circulated tap water to absorb heat generated in the vacuum pumping process.After process optimization,the average COD in the inlet of wastewater treatment station decreases from previous 1 989 mg · L-1 to 534 mg· L-1 and the drainage after treatment can meet the comprehensive discharge standards for wastewater.

In order to investigate the influence of moisture content contained in RDX on the mechanical sensitivity and thermal decomposition, used explosion probability method and fluctuation method, RDX containing different moisture contents were employed to test their sensitivity using HGZ-1 impact sensitivity instrument and MGY-1 friction sensitivity instrument. Besides, the DSC test analysis of different samples was carried out, and the influence of different moisture content on the explosion activation energy of RDX and the critical values of initiation energy were studied. The results showed that the moisture content of RDX had great influence on the mechanical sensitivity which was negatively correlated with moisture content; moisture contained in RDX would reduce the explosion performance of RDX. If the moisture content was higher, the more energy was need for RDX explosion, therefore the RDX c was not easy to burst.