Transcriptional repressor MdMYB6L is induced by heat stress and plays a negative regulatory role in apple skin colouration in low-altitude regions. Pericarp colour is a critical economic trait in apple, with the red colouration of apple skin in high-altitude regions being significantly more pronounced than that in low-altitude regions. However, the regulatory mechanisms governing anthocyanin accumulation in the apple pericarp in these regions have not been thoroughly explored. In this study, multiple MYB transcription factors were significantly downregulated in ‘Xiangfu’ apple fruit under high-altitude climate conditions compared to that in low-altitude regions. MdMYB6L exhibited an inverse expression pattern compared to MdANS, MdCHS, MdDFR, and MdUFGT. MdMYB6L functions as a nuclear-localised transcriptional repressor induced by heat stress. UV treatment and cold stress decreased its expression, with this effect becoming more pronounced when these stressors were alternated. Stable transformation in ‘Orin’ callus and apple fruit injections of MdMYB6L showed that MdMYB6L was a negative regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis and inhibited the expression of the above four structural genes. Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) and dual-luciferase reporter (DLR) assays demonstrated that MdMYB6L directly bound to the promoters of these genes, regulating their expression levels. Our findings indicate that MdMYB6L is the key regulator controlling apple skin colouration under the climate conditions of high- and low-altitude regions, providing a highly valuable candidate for application in breeding apple varieties with a higher nutritional value.

Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum, 2n = 4x = 28, AABB), as the ancestral species of common wheat, is a crucial gene donor for improving common wheat against powdery mildew, a destructive wheat disease worldwide. Cultivated emmer wheat accession WL509 exhibits broad and high level of resistance to powdery mildew. Using inheritance analysis, bulked segregated RNA sequencing, and molecular marker detection, we identified a dominant gene, tentatively designated PmWL509, and mapped it to 757.2 to 776.4 Mb interval on chromosome arm 2AL based on the reference genome of wild emmer (v2.0). PmWL509 was then mapped to the Pm4 locus using linked and diagnostic markers of Pm4. Homologous cloning and sequence alignment revealed that PmWL509 shares identical amino acid sequences with Pm4a but exhibits distinct resistance spectra and expression patterns. To explore potential regulatory mechanisms and key genes controlling resistance, 1,024 differential expression genes (DEGs) between resistant and susceptible bulks were annotated and analyzed by Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment. Six DEGs in the mapping interval and three pathogenesis-related (PR) genes were screened and evaluated by qRT-PCR when invaded by the Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici isolate E09, and the result indicated that the two DEGs TRIDC2AG078910 and TRIDC2AG081650 and the two PR genes PR5 and PR9 could be considered to play a key role in the resistant pathway of PmWL509. The diagnostic marker JS717/JS718 was confirmed to be available for efficiently transferring PmWL509 into different wheat backgrounds.

Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a vital source of nutrition for human consumption. However, wheat production is significantly threatened by various diseases, such as powdery mildew, a widespread fungal disease caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt). Utilizing and identifying resistance genes and elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying this resistance are the most effective and sustainable ways to fight this disease. Lxd-682, a cultivated emmer wheat accession, exhibited resistance to 12 out of 13 tested Bgt isolates at the seedling stage. Genetic analysis revealed that this resistance is conferred by a single dominant gene, tentatively designated as PmLxd-682. Molecular mapping positioned PmLxd-682 between the markers WGRE77413 and WGRC1096, with the Pm4-diagnostic marker JS717/JS718 co-segregating. Homology-based cloning and sequence alignment further confirmed that PmLxd-682 is identical to Pm4a. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the alternative splicing PmLxd-682-V2 exhibited higher expression level than that of PmLxd-682-V1 post-Bgt invasion, suggesting its prominent role in fighting Bgt invasion. Additionally, four pathogenesis-related (PR) genes were significantly up-regulated in both Lxd-682 and susceptible parent Langdon upon infection, revealing possibly unimportant roles in resistance pathway. Furthermore, 1,567 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between resistant and susceptible bulks were identified through BSR-Seq, with 490 ones located within the candidate interval on chromosome 2AL, and potential biological processes associated with resistance were enriched via gene ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. To verify the potential regulatory genes, three key genes, TRITD2 Av1G294940, TRITD2 Av1G036490 and TRITD2 Av1G295220 all encoding disease resistance protein, were selected from six candidates via qRT-PCR following post-Bgt invasion. Molecular markers JS717/JS718 and WGRC1096 were confirmed to be available for marker-assisted selection (MAS) of PmLxd-682 in breeding practices. The study identified key genetic intervals and genes involved in the resistance of a cultivated emmer wheat accession Lxd-682 to powdery mildew. These findings significantly advance our understanding of plant-pathogen interactions and establish a solid foundation for future genetic and functional studies aimed at improving disease resistance in crops.

Yanjinyu is a mid ripe apple variety bred through a cross between Honglu and Guanghui made in 2008 in Yantai Agricultural Science Research Institute of Shandong Province, China. It was initially selected due to its bright yellow surface and good quality of the fruit. After six years of continuous observation, it was finally selected in 2020 and registered as a non major crop variety by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2024. The Yanjinyu tree was vigrous, with a wide open posture, high bud burst rate, and moderate branching ability. One year old branches were gray brown in color. The leaves were dark green. The leaf edge was sharply serrated. The flower bud was red, the petal was oblong and separated in relative positions. In Yantai area, the initial flowering period of Yanjinyu was mid April, the peak flowering period was from 17 to 19, April, and the fruit development period was about 130 days. The fruit was elliptical in shape. The fruit shape index was 0.95, and the average single fruit weight was 211.2 g; The fruit surface was smooth and rust free with bright yellow color. The flesh was light yellow, crispy, juicyand, aromatic. The aftertaste was sweet; The peel hardness of the fruit was 9.8 kg·cm-2, the soluble solids content was 14.8%, the titratable acid content was 0.22%, and the vitamin C content was 3.1 mg·100 g-1. The quality was excellent. Yanjinyu was susceptible to branch ring spot disease and rot disease, moderately resistant to apple glomerella leaf spot and rust diseases, highly resistant to winter cold, and moderately resistant to frost during flowering period. The shelf life of the fruit was 10-15 days. The fruits could be stored in cold store for 2 months. The variety could be suitable for free bagging cultivation. Intensive cultivation with dwarf rootstock should be recommended.

The impact of sowing date on wheat starch digestibility remains incompletely understood, particularly regarding its fine molecular architecture (chain-length distribution and molecular weight) and the transcriptional regulation of starch synthase genes. This study systematically examined the effects of normal and delayed sowing on starch digestibility, granule morphology, chain-length distribution, crystalline structure, molecular weight, expression of eight key starch synthase genes, and functional characteristics. Delayed sowing elicited cultivar-specific alterations in gene expression, suppressing short amylopectin chains and long amylose chains while promoting long amylopectin chains, thereby increasing overall molecular weight. These structural modifications enhanced crystallinity and compacted the amorphous zone. All four wheat cultivars maintained yield while improving starch quality under delayed sowing. These results provide a mechanistic framework for optimizing showing schedules to enhance starch functionality under climate change.

Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), the causal agent of wheat powdery mildew, poses a significant threat to global wheat production. In this study, we identified and characterized a broad-spectrum powdery mildew resistance gene, PmL709, in a resistant cultivated emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum) accession: L709. Using bulked segregant RNA sequencing (BSR-Seq) analysis and molecular markers, PmL709 was mapped to a 1.7 cM interval on chromosome arm 2BS, flanked by markers Xdw05/YTU95-04/YTU95-06/YTU95-08/Xdw10/Xdw11 and YTU692B-094, corresponding to a 21.82–25.94 Mb physical interval (cv. Svevo), using the segregated population crossed by L709 and a susceptible durum wheat cultivar, Langdon. Referring to the origin, the resistance spectra, and the physical position with known resistance genes on chromosome arm 2BS, PmL709 was likely to be an allele of Pm68. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 3923 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between resistant and susceptible bulks, enriched in pathways such as phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, MAPK signaling, and plant–pathogen interactions. qRT-PCR validated the differential expression of nine candidate genes within the PmL709 interval, highlighting their potential roles in disease resistance. The flanking markers could accurately trace the presence of PmL709 from resistant accession L709 in a survey of 46 susceptible wheat accessions. These findings provide valuable insights into the genetic and molecular mechanisms of powdery mildew resistance in wheat and offer practical tools for marker-assisted breeding to develop resistant cultivars.

Pollen coat proteins (PCPs) are cysteine-rich small-molecule proteins, which exhibit high levels of polymorphism and are expressed in gametocytes. Previous investigations have revealed that PCP genes are involved in pollen wall synthesis, pollen-stigma recognition, and pollen development and germination. However, gene expression and function of PCP family in pollen development is not well understood in Wucai (Brassica campestris L.). In this study, genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the BcPCP gene family members were conducted, including their physical and chemical properties, chromosome localization, phylogenetic relationships, gene structure, and tertiary structure. A total of 20 BcPCP genes were identified and classified into three subfamilies showing high homology to Arabidopsis thaliana. Expression pattern analysis indicated that the BcPCP gene family exhibits higher expression levels in reproductive organs, suggesting their potential involvement in the reproductive development. Notably, BraA02g002400.3 C, potentially associated with male sterility, was identified through multiple transcriptomic and proteomic datasets. Subsequently, sequence analysis revealed its homology with the Arabidopsis GRP20 gene, and thus it was named BcGRP20. Functional analysis of this gene showed that overexpression of BcGRP20 gene in the Arabidopsis grp20 mutant could restore anther fertility. Overall, our findings indicate that BcGRP20 plays a critical role in pollen development and may be the causative gene for male sterility in Wucai. This study provides candidate genes for further functional identification of BcPCP genes in Wucai, which are crucial for anther development.

Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is one of the most destructive fungal diseases threatening global wheat production. Exploring powdery mildew resistance (Pm) gene(s) and dissecting the molecular mechanism of the host resistance are critical to effectively and reasonably control this disease. Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durumDesf.) is an important gene donor for wheat improvement against powdery mildew. In this study, a resistant durum wheat accession W762 was used to investigate its potential resistance component(s) and profile its expression pattern in responding to Bgt invasion using bulked segregant RNA-Seq (BSR-Seq) and further qRT-PCR verification. Genetic analysis showed that the powdery mildew resistance in W762 did not meet monogenic inheritance and complex genetic model might exist within the population of W762 × Langdon (susceptible durum wheat). After BSR-Seq, 6,196 consistently different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were called between resistant and susceptible parents and bulks, and among them, 763 SNPs were assigned to the chromosome arm 7B. Subsequently, 3,653 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between resistant and susceptible parents and bulks were annotated and analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO), Cluster of Orthologous Groups (COG), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment. The potential regulated genes were selected and analyzed their temporal expression patterns following Bgt inoculation. As a result, nine disease-related genes showed distinctive expression profile after Bgt invasion and might serve as potential targets to regulate the resistance against powdery mildew in W762. Our study could lay a foundation for analysis of the molecular mechanism and also provide potential targets for the improvement of durable resistance against powdery mildew.

Apple red flesh coloration is a result of the performance of biochemical pathway involved in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins. Based on apple genome analysis, high number of regulatory genes, mainly transcription factors such as MYB, which are components of regulatory complex MYB-bHLH-WD40, and several structural genes (PAL, 4CL, CHS, CHI, F3H, DFR, ANS, UFGT) involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis have been identified so far. In this study, we investigated previously unrecognized genes involved in the constitution of red-flesh apple phenotype. These genes could be concerned as molecular markers for early selection of new apple cultivars. Based on comparative transcriptome analysis of apples with different fruit flesh coloration, we successfully identified and characterized ten genes from plant hormone transduction pathway of: auxin (GH3); cytokinins (B-ARR); gibberellins (DELLA); abscisic acid (SnRK2 and ABF); brassinosteroids (BRI1, BZR1 and TCH4); jasmonic acid (MYC2); and salicylic acid (NPR1). In presented studies an analysis of their expression profiles was performed in immature and ripe fruits of red-fleshed cultivars. Generally, we have uncovered, the set of the novel genes, mediating regulation of the abscisic acid, salicylic acid, cytokinins and jasmonic acid signaling and preliminarily described their role in anthocyanin biosynthesis, accumulation and degradation. Their expression was not characterized in apple fruits so far. Presented study, allowed to underline the relationship of genes from hormone signal transduction pathway with UFGT gene, directly responsible for anthocyanin color transformation as well as confirmed their crucial role of plant hormone regulation and anthocyanin accumulation during apple fruit ripening.

The ERF subfamily, a significant part of the APETALA2/ethylene-responsive element-binding factor (AP2/ERF) transcription family, plays a crucial role in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Despite its importance, research on this gene family in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is limited. This study identified and analyzed the sweet cherry ERF subfamily in terms of classification, physicochemical properties, structural characteristics, chromosome distribution, gene replication and collinearity, Cis-acting elements, and potential protein interactions. Preliminary investigations of transcription during fruit cracking and normal development were also conducted. Fifty ERFs (PatiERF1~50) were identified, distributed unevenly across eight chromosomes and classified into ten groups with nineteen conserved motifs. Collinearity analysis with other plant species revealed homology, with the highest number of ERF orthologous genes found in apple (Malus domestica L.). Cis-acting elements, particularly abscisic acid response factor, were abundant in PatiERF promoters. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis indicated the involvement of PatiERFs in sweet cherry fruit development and cracking, and nine and four significant candidates related to these processes were speculated, respectively. Furthermore, four other classes of transcription factors (TFs), namely MYB, GRAS, BHLH, and BZIP, as well as 23 structure genes, were predicted to have co-expression and interaction relationships with PatiERFs during fruit development. This suggests their potential synergistic regulation with ERFs in the cherry fruit development process. Our study represents the first comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the ERF subfamily in sweet cherry, laying a crucial foundation for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms correlated with fruit growth, development, and cracking mediated by ERF genes.

The red flesh coloration of apples is a result of a biochemical pathway involved in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins. Based on apple genome analysis, a high number of regulatory genes, mainly transcription factors such as MYB, which are components of regulatory complex MYB-bHLH-WD40, and several structural genes (PAL, 4CL, CHS, CHI, F3H, DFR, ANS, UFGT) involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, have been identified. In this study, we investigated novel genes related to the red-flesh apple phenotype. These genes could be deemed molecular markers for the early selection of new apple cultivars. Based on a comparative transcriptome analysis of apples with different fruit-flesh coloration, we successfully identified and characterized ten potential genes from the plant hormone transduction pathway of auxin (GH3); cytokinins (B-ARR); gibberellins (DELLA); abscisic acid (SnRK2 and ABF); brassinosteroids (BRI1, BZR1 and TCH4); jasmonic acid (MYC2); and salicylic acid (NPR1). An analysis of expression profiles was performed in immature and ripe fruits of red-fleshed cultivars. We have uncovered genes mediating the regulation of abscisic acid, salicylic acid, cytokinin, and jasmonic acid signaling and described their role in anthocyanin biosynthesis, accumulation, and degradation. The presented results underline the relationship between genes from the hormone signal transduction pathway and UFGT genes, which are directly responsible for anthocyanin color transformation as well as anthocyanin accumulation during apple-fruit ripening.

BackgroundBread wheat is one of the most important food crops associated with ensuring food security and human nutritional health. The starch quality is an important index of high-quality wheat. It is affected by a complex series of factors; among which, suitable sowing time is a key factor.Aim and methodsTo analyze the integrative effects of sowing time on the starch quality of high-quality wheat, in the present study, we selected a high-quality bread wheat cultivar Jinan 17 and investigated the effect of different sowing times on the starch properties and the related genes by analyzing X-ray diffraction patterns, apparent amylose content, thermal properties, pasting properties, in vitro starch digestibility, and qRT-PCR. Meanwhile, we also investigated the agronomic and yield performance that may be associated with the starch properties.ResultsDelayed sowing had little effect on starch crystalline morphology, but there was a tendency to reduce the formation of crystals within wheat starch granules: (1) delayed sowing for 15 days altered the thermal properties of starch, including onset, peak and termination temperatures, and enthalpy changes; (2) delayed sowing for 30 days changed the thermal characteristics of starch relatively insignificant; (3) significant differences in pasting characteristics occurred: peak viscosity and hold-through viscosity increased, while final viscosity, breakdown viscosity, and setback viscosity tended to increase and then decrease, suggesting that delayed sowing caused changes in the surface of the starch granules resulting in a decrease in digestibility. Analysis of related genes showed that several key enzymes in starch biosynthesis were significantly affected by delayed sowing, leading to a reduction in apparent straight-chain starch content. In addition to starch properties, thousand-kernel weight also increased under delayed sowing conditions compared with normal sowing.ConclusionThe impact of delayed sowing on starch quality is multifaceted and complex, from the fine structure, and functional properties of the starch to the regulation of key gene expression. Our study holds significant practical value for optimizing wheat planting management and maximizing the potential in both quality and yield.

Zinc finger protein is one of the important eukaryotic transcription factors involved in plant growth, development, biotic and abiotic stress response. Although the C2H2 gene family has been identified in many plants, little is known about it in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). In the present study, a total of 93 PavC2H2 proteins were identified and their distribution on chromosomes, gene structures, and conserved motifs were assessed. According to their protein structural and phylogenetic features, these 93 PavC2H2 proteins were classified into 8 distinct subclasses. Chromosome localization showed that the family members were located in 8 chromosomes of sweet cherry. According to the analysis of conserved motifs, 10 conserved motifs were identified, and motif 1 exists in 84 sequences. The expression of PavC2H2 genes in different sweet cherry cultivars and under abiotic stresses was detected. PavC2H2-4/16/28/54/69 were highly expressed in ‘Hong Deng’, ‘Black Pearl’, and Prunus tomentosa, while PavC2H2-16/62/64/77 was significantly responsive to low temperature, salt, and drought stresses. This study provides the systematic analysis of PavC2H2 genes in sweet cherry and found that some of them may play important roles in anthocyanin biosynthesis and abiotic stress response.

为探讨酸化甜樱桃园土壤矫正和果实品质提升技术,以美早为试材,通过连续3年的田间定位试验,研究了化肥减量20％的条件下,配施有机肥和土壤调理剂硅钙钾镁肥(T1)、有机肥(T2)、土壤调理剂硅钙钾镁肥(T3)对酸化甜樱桃园土壤pH值和有机质、有效养分含量,叶片养分含量和光合效率以及果实品质的影响.结果表明:与常规施肥相比,处理3年后,各处理均提高了土壤pH值和有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁含量,其中T1处理效果最佳,分别提高了 12.50％、12.81％、34.37％、17.31％、24.19％、18.10％、30.77％;均提高了叶片磷、钾、钙、镁含量以及叶绿素含量、净光合速率和最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm),其中T1处理效果最佳,分别提高了 29.75％、39.41％、14.80％、19.41％、10.03％、18.86％、4.30％;均提高了果实单果重和可溶性固形物、维生素C含量,其中T1处理效果最佳,分别提高了 13.98％、12.23％、15.59％,可滴定酸含量降低了 11.27％.综合来看,配施有机肥和土壤调理剂硅钙钾镁肥是改良酸化土壤、提高土壤有机质和有效养分含量及提升果实品质的有效措施.

烟台市农业科学研究院与保加利亚农业研究所联合开展黄绿色苹果新品种选育研究,从Prima、Florina、Sumerred等品种的杂交组合中筛选出8个黄绿色新品系,以MM106自根砧繁育苗木进行鉴定评价.结果表明:8个优系的初花期最早在4月13日,最晚在4月25日.其中优选3号、4号、5号为早熟品种,优选6号、8号为中熟品种,优选1号、2号、7号属于中晚熟品种.从果实品质分析结果表明,优选5号的平均单果重最大,为227 g,优选2号的最小,为113 g;优选2号的果形指数最高,为0.89,优选6号的最低,为0.80;优选8号的果肉硬度最大,为10.3 kg/cm2,优选6号的果肉硬度最小,为5.8 kg/cm2.优选7号的果实可溶性固形物和总糖含量均为最高分别是17.5％和8.9％,可滴定酸含量最低,为0.12％,糖酸比高达74.2,优选5号的可溶性固形物和总糖含量均为最低,分别为13.1％和7.0％,优选6号的可滴定酸含量最高,为0.53％,糖酸比最低,仅为14.9;优选1号的平均单株产量最高,为33.0 kg/株,优选2号的最低,为16.6 kg/株.

Based on the survey records of Tang Quansheng, a modern scholar in China, and combined with the modern literature, this article verified the names and pedigree sources of 18 western apple varieties that have been introduced to Yantai by the American missionary, John Livingston Nevius since 1871. The growth potential, branches, leaves, adaptability, resistance, fruit and storage tolerance of the trees were briefly described, and the characteristics of these western apple varieties were basically reflected. The reasons for the successful introduction and the protection of apple germplasm resources, to some extent, were analyzed.

为了筛选防治樱桃茎腐病的高效、低毒药剂,采用田间小区药效试验的方法,测定了9种药剂对樱桃茎腐病的田间防治效果.试验结果表明:化学药剂25％吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂1 500倍液防效最好,一年两地田间防治效果分别为90.79％、86.83％;化学药剂50％肟菌酯悬浮剂7 000倍液、80％烯酰吗啉水分散粒剂4 000倍液、722 g/L霜霉威盐酸盐水剂800倍液和30％王铜悬浮剂800倍液也都有较好的防效,防治效果为78.50％～85.76％;生物药剂80％乙蒜素乳油800倍液防效能达到73.35％,6％春雷霉素水剂1 000倍液和0.5％香芹酚水剂1 000倍液防效较低,为12.01％～32.48％.因此,化学药剂吡唑醚菌酯、肟菌酯、烯酰吗啉、霜霉威盐酸盐和王铜等可以作为防治樱桃茎腐病的优选药剂,生物药剂乙蒜素也可以作为有效药剂进行推广应用.

烟香翠为晚熟黄绿色苹果新品种,是2003年从韩国引进的中熟苹果品种红露的实生后代,果实生育期为162～168 d.该品种果实近圆形,果个较轻,平均单果质量118.3 g,成熟时果皮呈黄绿色,表面光滑,果肉黄白色,去皮硬度9.0 kg·cm-2,口感脆甜、肉质细腻,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)为17.50%,可滴定酸含量为0.28%,可溶性糖含量为13.85%,维生素C含量为23.50 mg∙kg-1.适应性强、丰产性好、适宜免套袋栽培,山东、新疆、云南等苹果适栽区均可栽培,盛果期每公顷产量2.28 t.

The AP2/ERF (APETALA2/Ethylene−Responsive element binding factor) family genes play crucial roles in plant growth and development, and responses to environmental factors; however, this family has not been characterized in Diospyros species. In Diospyros, the diploid Oily persimmon (D. oleifera, 2n = 2x = 30) has been released with complete genome assembly, which makes it possible for genome-wide gene family identification and exploration of molecular function in cultivated persimmon (D. kaki, 2n = 6x = 90). Here, we identified the AP2/ERF family in Oily persimmon for the first time and investigated its classification, main physicochemical properties, structural characteristic, chromosome distribution, gene replication and collinearity, cis-factor binding sites deduction, GO term annotation, and PPI interaction, as well as its expression profiles in different tissue and under the treatment of polyamines. A total of 157 AP2/ERF genes, including four subfamilies (AP2, RAV, Soloist, and ERF), were identified with distribution on all 15 chromosomes. DkAP2/ERF gene expression patterns were extensive and diverse. They were detected expression in every examined tissue, with the highest number of DkAP2/ERF genes expressed in the root. DkAP2/ERF gene expression analysis in adventitious root generation and elongation of polyamines showed their different responses to the action of polyamines, and more pairs of DkAP2/ERF genes with high correlation in gene expression were obtained. In addition, some DkAP2/ERF genes were detected remarkably correlated with genes related to polyamine synthesis and cell metabolism, including S-adenosyl-L-methionine Decarboxyla2 (SAMDC2), D-type cyclin1 (CYCD1), and D-type cyclin2 (CYCD2) genes,. indicating that DkAP2/ERF genes may play a synergistic role in adventitious root development This study was the first to analyze the AP2/ERF gene comprehensively in Diospyros on a genome−wide scale and will provide insights into the application of adventitious root formation in cultivated persimmon.

Pomegranates (Punica granatum L.) are one of the most fashionable fruits and can be cultivated in both tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is a shiny and attractive pome due to its cultivation. It belongs to the Lythraceae family. In this study, we analyzed the chloroplast genome of wild pomegranate based on whole genome shotgun sequences. In wild pomegranate, we found 158,645 bp in size, 132 genes containing 84 protein genes, 37 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 36.92% of GC content, one infA and two duplicated ycf15 pseudogenes. Moreover, 21 chloroplast genes contained intros that are detected in a large single copy (LSC), small single copy (SSC), and two inverted repeats (IRA and IRB) regions, 17 of which were involved in single introns, while four genes (ycf3, rps12, clpP and rsp12) located in LSC, IRA, and IRB region. In total, 26,272 codons are found in protein-coding genes (PCGs); relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) analysis revealed that the most abundant amino acid is leucine containing 2773 codons (10.55%), less abundant is methionine amino acid containing 1 codon (0.0032) in the PCGs. Furthermore, a total of 233 cpSSRs were identified in the wild pomegranate cp genome, and their distribution was analyzed in three regions, namely IR, LSC, and SSC. However, 155 cpSSR were found in the LSC (66.5%), followed by 40 cpSSR in the SSC (17.2%) and 38 cpSSR in the IR (16.3%) regions. Phylogenetic validation revealed that wild pomegranate is close to the pemphis acidula species. We believe that the cp genome allocates significant information promising for breeding research of wild pomegranate to Lythraceae.