为黔中地区的水土保持和生态环境建设提供参考,基于野外径流小区实测降雨资料,选取降雨量、降雨历时、平均雨强3个指标,采用快速聚类、判别聚类和分位数取值相结合的方法,将侵蚀性次降雨划分为A、B、C3类雨型,研究黔中地区侵蚀性次降雨特征.结果表明:1)黔中地区年均降雨量913.52 mm、年均侵蚀性降雨量493.17 mm,平均次侵蚀性降雨量26.42 mm.2)侵蚀性降雨量在每年5月和9月最稳定,在7月达最大值.3)降雨次数和降雨量均呈夏季＞春季＞秋季＞冬季的趋势.降雨量在夏季年际间波动小,在春季和秋季年际间波动大.4)3类雨型的侵蚀能力呈A雨型(大雨量,长历时,大雨强,低频次)＞C雨型(小雨量,短历时,中雨强,高频次)＞B雨型(中雨量,中历时,小雨强,中频次).5)各雨型降雨侵蚀力与平均雨强、最大30分钟雨强、最大60分钟雨强呈幂函数关系.

贵州省在水利部《国家级水土流失重点防治区复核划分技术导则(试行)》的指导下,借鉴国家级水土流失重点预防区和重点治理区划分的先进技术和相关研究成果,结合贵州省实际情况,制定了划分标准和方法,并运用ArcGIS软件分析统计处理数据,以乡镇为单元,将全省划分为8个水土流失重点治理区和12个水土流失重点预防区,为贵州省水土保持规划的制定奠定了基础.

侵蚀性降雨的特征与土壤侵蚀的研究密切相关.利用径流小区观测法以及黔西高原地区典型小流域的降雨、径流与泥沙资料,对黔西高原地区侵蚀性降雨的特征进行了分析,结果表明:(1)降雨总动能(E)和最大60分钟雨强(I60)的乘积是研究区降雨侵蚀力(R)的计算指标;(2)中雨以上降雨事件的产沙量约占总产沙量的99.5％,6次暴雨事件的产沙量占总产沙量的79.4％.对大雨以上等级降雨事件的土壤侵蚀模数与降雨特征拟合分析得到:M=1.319EI60以及M=0.328PL0;(3)降雨侵蚀力大于500 MJ·mm/(h· hm2)等级的降雨事件的产沙量占总产沙量的73.6％,对降雨侵蚀力大于100MJ·mm/(h·hm2)等级的降雨事件的土壤侵蚀模数与降雨特征拟合分析得到:M=1.269EI60以及M=0.324PI60;(4)降雨集中时间在1～6 h的降雨发生概率大,且泥沙侵蚀量大.6月、7月份降雨事件的产沙量占总产沙量的78％左右,汛期(尤其是6月、7月份)的水土保持工作尤为重要.6月、7月份降雨事件的土壤侵蚀模数与降雨特征拟合分析得到:M=1.378EL0以及M=0.346PI60.

[目的]对黔西高原地区侵蚀性降雨特性进行分析并探索降雨侵蚀力的简易算法,为该区土壤侵蚀预报模型的建立提供理论依据.[方法]利用径流小区观测法,基于毕节小区2012-2014年53次降雨过程资料进行分析.[结果](1)降雨量(P)和最大60 min降雨动能(E60)是影响坡面产流、产沙的两个主要因子.坡面产流、产沙与最大60 min雨强(I60)显著相关;(2)坡面产流产沙与二元复合因子的相关系数显示,EI60,PI60和I00I50是影响坡面产流、产沙的3类主要降雨复合指标,EI30和EI60与坡面产流产沙的相关系数间相差较小;(3)基于坡面产流、产沙与降雨单指标和降雨复合指标的相关关系,确定了简易算法的参数.[结论]基于可比性,以R=EI30作为参照值对3种简易算法的结果进行决定系数和偏差率比较后,得到研究区便捷、快速的降雨侵蚀力简易算法为:R=0.344 (PI60).

利用野外径流小区观测获得的径流泥沙数据与降雨资料,分析了黔西北地区坡面产流产沙随坡面坡度变化产生的变化规律.结果表明:(1)坡面产流量与产沙量随坡度的增加呈先增大后减小再增大的变化趋势.(2)坡面产流量和产沙量与大雨和暴雨存在显著性相关关系,这2类降雨条件下产流量占总产流量的71.3％～76.5％;产沙量占总产沙量的75.9％～93.8％.(3)坡面产流量与中雨强型侵蚀性降雨显著相关;坡面产沙量与高雨强型侵蚀性降雨显著相关,该类降雨条件下产沙量占总产沙量的46.6％～76.4％.(4)坡面产流产沙与降雨复合因子P I30在不同坡度条件下呈幂函数关系.

利用野外径流小区径流泥沙观测数据与降雨特征资料,定量研究黔西高原地区降雨对坡面产流产沙的影响.结果表明:1)黔西高原地区年均侵蚀性降雨为22次,中、低降雨强度型降雨次数占降雨次数的93.0％;2)坡面产流产沙特征与降雨的年内分布密切相关,5-8月坡面产沙量占总产沙量的99.2％,产流量占总产流量的95.8％;3)坡面产沙量与降雨量存在显著的指数相关关系,其指数方程为M=0.346e0.109P;4)坡面产流产沙与中、高降雨强度型大雨和暴雨密切相关,4次暴雨事件产生的径流量占总径流量的57.3％,产沙量占总产沙量的91.5％.

This paper describes the connotation of optimum allocation of water-land resources,and also analyses the major problems of the utilization of water-land resources in uplands and the deficiency about the research on optimum allocation based on the description of the utilization situation of water-land resources in karst uplands of Guizhou. Then it proposes that we should pay more attention to the basic theoretical research of water-land resources utilization,aimed at providing theoretical support for the optimum allocation of water and soil conservation measures and the comprehensive utilization of water-land resources in uplands in Guizhou.

利用径流小区观测法探讨了坡长对黔西北地区坡面产流产沙的影响.结果表明,(1)坡面产流量随坡长的增加呈先减少后增加再减少的变化趋势,坡面产沙量随坡长的增加而增加,且产沙量与坡长之间呈线性关系.(2)坡面产流量和产沙量均与暴雨存在显著性相关,暴雨条件下坡面产流量占年产流量的35.1％～52.2％,坡面产沙量占年产沙量的67.4％～87.8％.(3)低雨强时,产沙量随坡长的增加无明显变化规律;中、高雨强时,产沙量随坡长的增加而增加,且产沙量与坡长之间的关系可用线性方程表示.(4)不同坡长条件下坡面产流量和产沙量均与降雨复合指数PI60存在较好的幂函数关系.(5)坡面产沙量与坡长、坡面产流量之间存在较好的幂函数关系,其关系式为:M=0.176(LH)1.251.

[目的]研究提出生产建设项目水土流失防治标准等级确定的新思路、新方法,为修订现行国家标准,实施科学管理提供参考.[方法]通过判别项目水土流失影响程度和项目水土保持敏感性来确定水土流失防治标准等级.[结果]提出了综合考虑项目所处水土保持一级区划情况,水土流失重点防治区情况,区域水土保持生态功能重要性,项目水土流失影响程度,项目所在地水土保持敏感度等多种因素来确定水土流失防治标准等级.水土流失影响程度与水土保持敏感度越高的项目,其防治标准应越高,反之应降低.[结论]执行一、二、三级防治标准的生产建设项目数量呈现较为理想的“金字塔”形分布,能够充分体现不同类型项目间的明显区别,也便于操作,方便判定.

[目的]为了加强水土流失严重区,生态脆弱地区,水土流失重点预防和重点治理区,崩塌、滑坡危险区和泥石流易发区等特定区域生产建设项目水土保持的分类管理.[方法]通过对特定区域的水土流失特点及水土流失防治对策,结合有关水土保持法法律、法规和技术标准等拟定水土保持的分类管理要求.[结果]提出了特定区域生产建设项目水土流失防治技术要求.主要包括:提高水土流失防治标准和水土保持工程等级,严格控制地表扰动范围,最大限度减轻对区域水土流失影响等.[结论]不同区域生产建设项目水土流失防治应该执行特定的防治标准等级、防治工程设计标准等级和水土保持措施综合配置及相应的技术要求.

通过对比2000、2010年全省水土流失面积和不同强度等级水土流失面积数据，分析了贵州省水土流失变化的特点和原因。2000-2010年的10年间，贵州省水土流失面积减少、程度减轻，生态环境质量明显改善，其主要原因有公众水土保持意识显著增强、水土流失治理力度加大、预防监督能力提高、人为破坏大幅减少、生态环境压力减轻等。

Erosive rainfall research is the basis of calculation of slope erosion. Because of the short data sequence, it is difficult to draw valid conclusions in previous research on yellow soil area in karst mountainous. Some studies focus on the micro process of observation that can't spread on the large scale application for natural conditions. To establish the erosive rainfall index and its standard for different underlying surface and simulate the condition of watershed rainfall-erosion with relevant background information have important significance to the water erosion prediction of yellow soil area in karst mountainous. Two small watershed are observed separately in the central and western of Guizhou from 2009 to 2013. The data of rainfall and sediment yield for plough, grassland and man-made forest runoff plot are recorded in each watershed. Then the minimum deviation factor of rainfall erosivity and their corresponding precipitation and rainfall intensity standard can be calculated by the runoff plots data. Relative error, elimination rate and loss rate have been used to evaluate the optimal erosive rainfall standard. On the basis of these results, relevant indexes about erosive rainfall and characteristics of sediment yield in different underlying surface were researched. The conclusions of the study can be drawn as follows:1) The best structure of rainfall erosive agent index is the product of rainfall kinetic energy and maximum 30 min rainfall intensity. Rainfall erosive agent index can be also calculated with the product of rainfall amount and maximum 30 min rainfall intensity. 2) The erosive rainfall index of bare yellow soil should use maximum 30min rainfall intensity with the value range from 9.6 to 10.2 mm·h-1, and the plough use rainfall amount standard better which is about 15mm. Soil and water conservation measures can increase erosive rainfall standard apparently. 3) Erosive rainfall account for 36%and 38%of the total rainfall in the central and western of Guizhou for the average year which mainly distribute form May to August. The rainfall erosivity for the average year is about 1 700~1 800(MJ·mm·hm-2·h-1·a-1)which is significantly lower than the red or purple soils on the same latitude. The annual distribution of the slope sediment yield is extremely uneven. A handful of rainstorms course most of the sediment yield. 4) The shrub grassland without human disturbance has the best effect of soil and water conservation. Corn planted with the measure of downslope cultivation can seriously intensify soil erosion. Reduce human disturbance is the key to management in soil and water conservation.

喀斯特地区水土流失及土地石漠化已成为贵州省生态环境中最突出的问题,植物防护技术是主要的水土流失与石漠化治理途径.本研究在实施水利部科技推广计划项目《喀斯特地区水土流失植物防护技术》以及总结前人大量工作的基础上,提出了喀斯特地区水土流失主要的植物防护技术,包括防治水土流失植物选择和种植技术、不同强度石漠化环境水土流失植物防护技术、裸露边坡水土流失植物防护技术等.

为研究贵州省喀斯特地区典型小流域坡面水土流失面源污染及其影响因素,选取位于贵州省龙里县的羊鸡冲小流域为研究对象,探讨降雨、径流及人为因素对水土流失面源污染的影响.此外,针对该小流域主要面源污染的影响因素提出了水土流失面源污染的主要防控措施.

In order to allocate biological measures for soil and water conservation reasonably,and to control the soil and water loss according to local conditions,this study focuses on the analysis of runoff and sediment reduction effects under different types of forest and grass vegetation by a runoff plot experiment in a karst area of Guizhou Province.Results show that most types of forest and grass vegetation in the study area had experienced three stages during the investigation time period(2008—2010): no effect,partial effect and remarkable effect on runoff and sediment reductions.By the end of 2010,the runoff reduction effect of different types of forest and grass vegetation was economic forests(their runoff reduction rates between 52.5% and 64.3%) mixed forest of poplar and portuguese cypressryegrassportuguese cypresswhite cloverpoplar forest.The sediment reduction effect of different types of forest and grass vegetation was economic forests(their mean sediment reduction rate was 99.3%)ryegrassmixed forests of poplar and portuguese cypressportuguese cypress forestpoplar forestwhite clover.Allocation of forest and grass vegetation also shows a great difference in runoff and sediment productions,therefore,type and allocation of forest and grass vegetation should be considered simultaneously to achieve the best soil and water conservation effect.

利用径流小区观测法,分析了坡度和雨强对贵州喀斯特地区4种地类坡面产流产沙的影响.结果表明,随坡度的增大,各地类坡面产流产沙量并没有表现出一致增大或减小的趋势,它们在很大程度上受土地利用方式和土壤类型的制约；随最大30 min雨强(I30)的增大,坡面的产流产沙量增大.坡度为13°时,坡耕地在各地类中的产流产沙量最小,随坡度增大逐渐超过其他地类；除13°径流小区外,经济林地(梨树)在各种坡度、雨强范围内的产流产沙量均为各地类中最少；水保林地(香樟)在各种情况下的产流量虽较大,但产沙量相对较小；裸地在观测条件下的产流产沙量均较大.

The field runoff experiments were conducted to study the effect of different biological measures on soil and water conservation in Karst areas of Guizhou province.The results showed that the soil and water conservation effect of different biological measures was economic forestartificial pasturewater conservation forest,the soil and water conservation effect was pear treespeach treesChinese chestnut trees in different economic forests,the soil and water conservation effect was ryegrasswhite clover in artificial pastures and the soil and water conservation effect was mixed forest(Portuguese cypress×poplar)Portuguese cypress forestpoplar forest,the soil and water conservation effect of pear trees is better than that of the abandoned land,Cinnamormum camphora,cypress and Pinus massoniana planted on steep sloping land had no water conservation effect.

以龙滩水电站贵州库区移民安置工程水土保持治理为例,总结治理措施布局特点,提出以水土流失防治为中心、以改善移民安置区生态环境和提高移民群众受惠度为着力点的"一个中心、两个着力点"的布局思路,以期为类似项目提供借鉴和参考。

在我国,开发建设项目移民安置工程基本上都是交由地方政府组织实施,水土流失防治责任也相应转移给地方政府。但实际上,由于治理项目点多、面宽、分散,治理资金不足,技术局限等原因,导致移民安置区水土流失防治工作并未得到真正落实,水土流失问题仍然严重。实行代建制,选择有资质的专业项目管理单位代为治理,可以有效解决上述问题,值得推行。以龙滩水电站贵州库区移民安置工程为例,分析了水土保持治理项目推行代建制的必要性。

The rocky desertification monitoring is an important content of the rocky desertification control project,and an important method to analyze and evaluate the project implementation effects scientifically, and to assess the completion situation of every sites.The monitoring layout planning is very important for the rocky desertification monitoring.This paper mainly focus on how to set up the rocky desertification monitoring network system and plot out the monitoring sub region,and arrange monitoring sites reasonably using the integrated monitoring resources of hydrology,forestry,territory,agriculture,environmental protection departments.Monitoring can promptly grasp the rocky desertification dynamic situation and the control effects,which may help to explore good patterns of the rocky desertification control.