为探究烟叶密集烘烤中经济性和实用性较强的生物质能源,笔者归纳了当前密集型烤房上使用较多的气体、液体、固体生物质能源的应用现状,在总结了3种生物质能源对烟叶烘烤质量影响和能源转化设备技术成熟度的基础上,依据经济性和实用性分析了3种生物质能在密集烤房上应用所具有的优势和局限.最后得出固体生物质颗粒燃料是当前和今后密集烤房应用前景中最好的一种生物质能,指出未来应从加强原料配方研究、持续提升颗粒燃料燃烧机技术改进、并融入大农业物联网技术以实现精准烘烤.

调查统计了广东省南雄市农经作物和林业剩余物的可收集系数、折煤系数和制作颗粒燃料经济性,并对易收集的三种原料不同配比制作颗粒燃料燃烧特性和工业性状进行分析比较.结果 显示,可收集到的农作物秸秆和林业剩余物折算标准煤分别为84 769.61 t和13 364.0 t,能够满足当地一个烟叶烘烤季节煤13 000 t的需求.其中,竹粉和木屑原料充足、价格低、制成颗粒燃料发热量高、硫含量低,是生物质颗粒原料的首选,农经作物收集较难、价格偏高,制成颗粒燃料发热量稍低、燃烧易结渣,可作为辅助原料掺兑使用.

In order to improve the baking quality of high temperature forced cooked tobacco leaves, different concentrations of ethylene reagents were sprayed before roasting to study the effects of their baking characteristics on tobacco leaves, the changes of carbon and nitrogen-containing compounds in the baking process, and the economic characters and intrinsic quality of tobacco leaves after roasting. The results show that spraying 200~300 mg/kg of ethephon reagent before baking can improve the water loss balance of tobacco leaves, rapidly inhibit the activity of polyphenol oxidase and improve the baking characteristics of tobacco leaves. The proportion of yellow tobacco and the proportion of upper smoke increase after roasting; the average price increase by nearly 1.0 yuan/kg; the degradation of macromolecular substances such as starch, protein and chlorophyll in tobacco leaves during high temperature is promoted; and the accumulation of total sugar and reducing sugar is higher; total nicotine and total nitrogen content remained basically stable; the overall coordination of tobacco leaves is getting better; the quality of smoking is improved. The treatment with 200 mg/kg is the best, followed by the treatment of 300 mg/kg, which can be used as a technical measure to improve the baking quality of high temperature cooked tobacco.

研究性诱剂对斜纹夜蛾的诱捕和防治效果,为烟田大面积应用性诱剂防治斜纹夜蛾提供科学依据.在烤烟生长季节设置诱捕器,通过田间试验,研究了不同密度、改进型和自制塑料瓶诱捕器处理对烤烟斜纹夜蛾的防控效果,并分析了斜纹夜蛾在烤烟田间发生的时间动态.结果 表明,斜纹夜蛾在当地烤烟生长期内有2次迁飞高峰期;随着诱捕器密度的增加,单位面积的诱蛾量增加,单诱捕器的诱蛾量减少,虫口减退率提高,最高可达89.19％;改进型诱捕器可显著提高诱芯的诱捕效率,平均每个诱捕器诱蛾量为173.67头,比常规诱捕器多57.34头,差异达显著水平(P＜0.05);容积为4500mL自制诱捕器诱蛾效果最好,平均诱蛾量达82.33头/个.对于广东烟区大面积推广时,推荐使用改进型诱捕器,烟田以放置7.5个/hm2诱捕器为宜,并且鼓励烟农采用4500mL废弃塑料瓶自制诱捕器.利用性诱技术可有效控制烟草斜纹夜蛾,减少农药使用量,降低农药残留,可将其纳入烟草斜纹夜蛾的绿色防治技术体系之中.

为解决南雄烟区春季低温条件下,使用烟苗漂浮育苗法扩繁烟蚜及烟蚜茧蜂繁过程中寄主繁育速度慢的问题,开展了利用漂浮育苗法繁育萝卜苗,采用蜂蚜同接法在萝卜苗上繁殖烟蚜茧蜂的试验.结果表明,漂浮萝卜苗生长至5叶1心需要24.5天,比漂浮烟苗生长至5叶1心缩短了25天.在漂浮萝卜苗生长至3叶1心时以蜂蚜同接法每株分别接蚜15～20头繁蜂效果较好,20天后每株僵蚜量最高可达125.5头,25天后每株僵蚜量最高可达145.5头.每株接蚜30头,可以在20天后得到最大僵蚜产量152.5头,但25天时僵蚜数量出现下降趋势.利用漂浮苗育法繁育萝卜寄主,在萝卜苗生长至3叶1心或4叶1心时,采用含40％寄生蚜的蜂蚜同接法扩繁烟蚜茧蜂,可获得较高繁蜂效果,并使整个繁蜂过程时间缩短20～25天左右,简化了繁蜂工艺,降低了繁蜂成本.

In order to study the genetic variation law of tobacco main agronomic traits and reveal the interaction between characters in tobacco growth,a group of 135 single seed descent of recombinant inbred lines (RIL) groups,which were established by using 'Yueyan 98'×'118-3' as the parents,were selected as materials.We measured seven agronomic traits of RIL in the late field growth period,including stem height,stem girth,pitch,leaf number as well as the length,width and weight of the maximum waist leaf.In addition,correlation and partial correlation analysis,linear regression analysis and path analysis were used to explore the relationship between characters.The results showed that the broad-sense heritability of seven traits was stem girth ＞ stem height ＞ leaf number ＞ maximum waist leaf length ＞ maximum waist leaf weight ＞ pitch ＞ maximum waist leaf width.Correlation analysis found that in 27 pairs of traits,17 pairs has significant or extremely significant correlation,while in partial correlation analysis,only 7 pairs of traits had extremely significant correlation.Besides,stem height,pitch and number of leaves had a good linear relationship and the fitting degree of the constructed regression model was up to 96.7％.Path analysis indicated that both the direct and indirect effects of traits were positive.This study provided more adequate reference for the early selection and association selection of tobacco by exploring the intrinsic relationship between two traits and multiple traits,which was beneficial to improve the breeding efficiency.

Due to narrow genetic basis of bacterial wilt resistance in tobacco,leaf production usually face enormous risks.In order to find new resistance sources,increased resistance genes is imperative for tobacco bacterial wilt resistant breeding.Dayemihe is a cultivar with good quality and resistance to bacterial wilt.To understand the resistance inheritance basis of Dayemihe,quantitative trait loci(QTL)conferring resistance to bacterial wilt were mapped out and characterized.A genetic linkage map with 287 SSR marker loci was constructed from a tobacco population consisting of 152 F2 individuals from Dayemihe × Changbohuang cross.The linkage map spans tobacco genome 2691.7 cM with average interval of 10.23 cM between adjacent markers.The resistance of both parents,F1 and F2 was identified,and the QTLs were mapped.6 putative QTL for resistance to bacterial wilt were found on linkage groups 7,8,9,15 and 22,accounting for 9.2％to 15.7％of phenotypic variance.This analysis indicated that resistant genes of Dayemihe were different from other resistant sources.The results provided important reference for exploitation and utilization of new resistant source in tobacco.

研究不同工艺对烘烤过程中高温逼熟烟叶含碳和含氮化合物的变化及烤后烟叶化学成分的影响,以期为高温逼熟烟叶密集烘烤工艺优化提供理论依据.以广东烟区高温环境条件下成熟上部烟叶为材料,明确不同工艺对烘烤过程中烟叶含碳和含氮化合物的变化,以及烤后烟叶化学成分的影响.结果显示,在密集烘烤变黄和定色阶段拉长烘烤时间和提高湿球温度,烟叶淀粉和可溶性蛋白降解量提高,还原糖和总游离氨基酸积累增加,烤后烟叶质量改善.研究认为,在南方三段式烘烤工艺变黄和定色阶段稳温时间基础上分别拉长10,14 h,并提高湿球温度0.5℃能提高高温逼熟烟叶质量.

In order to clarify the mode of inheritance of resistance to bacterial wilt disease, genetic analysis was performed under major gene+polygene mixed inheritance model using the P1, P2, F1 and F2 populations of three crosses among GDSY-1, DB101 and Changbohuang. GDSY-1, a Chinese domestic sun-cured cultivar, was newly identified to have high resistance to bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. DB101 is a USA cultivar, carrying the polygenic resistance derived from T.I.448A. Changbohuang, a Chinese domestic flue-cured cultivar, was susceptible to bacterial wilt. The results indicated that GDSY-1 was considerably more resistant than DB101. The inheritance of DB101 resistance showed mainly additive effects, conforming to the two adding major genes plus additive-dominance polygene model (E-4). The inheritance of GDSY-1 was partially dominant, conforming to the two additive-dominance-epistatic major gene plus additive -dominance-epistatic polygene model (E-0). The additive and dominant effect values of the first major gene were -2.6909 and -2.6909, with the resistance being completely dominant. The additive and dominance effect values of the second major gene were -1.2194 and -0.2307, with the resistance being partially dominant. The heritability of major genes was 85.02%.

了解烟草种质材料的遗传多样性,可为其有效利用与保护提供依据.据此,本研究采用荧光SSR和荧光MFLP技术,对来源于12个不同国家和地区94份烟草核心种质材料进行遗传多样性分析.结果显示,17对SSR和52对MFLP引物组合分别检测出34个和136个具多态性的等位变异位点,平均每对SSR和MFLP引物分别为2个和2.61个.SSR标记的多态性信息量(PIC)变幅为0.126 4～0.466 2,平均为0.281 1;MFLP标记的PIC值在0.119 5～0.803 4之间,平均为0.462 4.遗传多样性分析表明,94份烟草核心种质材料间的遗传距离在0.095 2～0.902 6之间,平均为0.453 9;遗传相似系数在0.444 4～0.905 5之间,平均为0.664 8.UPGMA聚类分析和主坐标分析均将94份材料分为6大类,且两种方法能相互对应、补充和验证.此外,依据12个不同地区烟草种质材料间的遗传一致度,可将其聚类为4个大组,其中第Ⅳ大组可以分为4个亚组.本研究结果表明94份烟草核心种质的遗传多样性较丰富,合理地利用这些种质材料,将有利于拓宽中国烟草品种的遗传基础.

通过调查广东省9个县市烟区虫害(小地老虎、烟青虫、斜纹夜蛾、蝽象、烟粉虱和烟蚜)化学防治情况发现:烟区销售使用的农药品种较旧;部分农资店随意销售禁用或限制高毒农药品种,如乙酰甲胺磷、水胺硫磷和灭多威;部分烟农盲目滥用化学农药,从而造成烟叶部分农药残留超标现象发生.以烟区采集的害虫为供试虫源,毒力测定结果表明:氯虫苯甲酰胺和甲维盐对斜纹夜蛾幼虫具有较强杀虫活性,药后48 h LC5o分别为2.76、0.85μg/mL;啶虫脒对烟粉虱和烟蚜毒力较强,LC50分别为7.43μg/mL(药后6h)、2.76μg/mL(药后48 h).结合生产实际,提出了烟叶虫害化学药剂防治科学控制技术,并建议烟叶主管部门加强化学农药使用的监管和技术服务力度.

烟草黑胫病和赤星病已成为广东烟叶生产的重要真菌病害,开展其无公害化学药剂筛选和应用研究势在必行.以烟草黑胫病菌和赤星病菌为研究对象,室内毒力测定结果表明:烯酰吗啉和氟吡菌胺的对烟草黑胫病菌的毒力最高(EC50分别为0.56μg/mL和0.25μg/mL),苯酰菌胺对烟草黑胫病菌的毒力次之(EC50为1.14μg/mL);咪鲜胺对烟草赤星病菌的毒力最高(EC50为0.26μg/mL),75％肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂对烟草赤星病菌的毒力较高(EC50为2.66μg/mL).田间试验结果表明:处理后15 d,推荐药剂50％烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂1 500倍和80％苯酰菌胺可溶性粉剂2 500倍轮换施用防治烟草黑胫病的效果为87.23％;推荐药剂45％咪鲜胺水乳剂2 000倍和75％肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂2 500倍轮换施用对烟草赤星病的效果为82.53％;均显著高于对照药剂的防治效果.研究结果为烟叶真菌病害化学防控提供了技术指导,促进了烟叶绿色安全生产,保证了烟叶产量和品质.

为探讨烤烟大田不同生育期亏水胁迫与烤烟物质积累及生理代谢的关系,以烤烟‘粤烟98’为材料,采用温室盆栽的方法,研究烤烟伸根期、旺长期和成熟期亏水胁迫处理下烟株干物质积累和叶片碳氮代谢关键酶活性变化.结果表明,伸根期亏水对大田烟株中、后期干物质积累的抑制效应具有滞后性且不可逆转;旺长期亏水仅仅对烟株茎器官干物质积累显著抑制效应,但可逆转,且成熟期时叶片叶绿素含量和硝酸还原酶活性处于较高水平,而淀粉酶活性处于较低水平;成熟期亏水显著降低根、茎器官及整株干物质积累,但对叶器官的干物质积累无显著影响.生产实践中,应高度重视伸根期和成熟期水分管理,确保烟株此期不受干旱,而旺长期适度亏水可以提升成熟期的烟叶田间耐熟性.

排湿和排烟是密集烤房无效耗热的主要热量损失途径,也是提高密集烤房热能利用率的重要切入点.针对密集烤房耗煤量大、热能利用率低的实际情况,笔者对密集烤房排湿和排烟余热利用技术应用现状和研究进展进行了介绍,对国内现有余热利用装置的工作原理和技术特点进行了分析,就余热利用技术研究应用中存在的工作效率不够高、工作效果不理想、设备投入成本高等问题进行了总结,并提出了把成熟的工业技术应用到农业工程、系统回收利用烟囱余热和除湿余热、实现密集烤房内循环的发展建议.

Molecular marker has been gradually used in the research of tobacco bacterial wilt resistance in recent years. The symptoms, pathogenic germ and pathogenic mechanism of bacterial wilt were introduced. The genetics of tobacco bacterial wilt resistance was summarized and analyzed. Several molecular marker types used in tobacco were compared. The progresses and achievements have been reviewed on molecular markers for tobacco bacterial wilt resistance, genetic linkage map and QTL analysis resistance for bacterial wilt of tobacco. The problems presented and the perspectives in research and development of molecular markers of tobacco bacterial wilt resistance were analyzed and discussed in this review.

To study the regulation and formation mechanism of premature flowering and premature flowering resistance of flue-cured tobacco, we used the Agilent Tobacco Oligo Microarray to deduce the expression profiling of flue-cured tobacco K326 and its premature flowering resistance variety Huayan06 under the flower bud differentiation process. The result showed that the same days from their flower bud differentiation the number of differential probes were the maximum amount of the comparative item between K326 and Huayan06. The number of the probe was 5295. On the day of K326 flower bud differentiation, the number of differential probe was the minimum amount. The number of the probe was 2116. The molecular function mainly included catalytic activity, transporter activity, binding and transcription regulator activity. The cellular component mainly included cell, cell part and organelle. The biological process was the most complex, involved plant resistance, growth, development, etc. It would establish a basis for the further study and search for genes associated with tobacco flowering.

In order to reduce heat loss of flue gases and improve energy efficiency of bulk curing barn, we focus on a single bulk curing barn retrofitted waste-heat collector, and analyses its energy conservation effect comparing with ordinary. The results show that, through transformation, the temperature of chimney outlets has remarkably lowered, a drop of 30%, to cut down smoke heat loss; In the meantime, energy efficiency has greatly improved, reduced coal consumption by an average of 5.11%, to save cost. In conclusion, it is an effective approach to realizing the objective of energy saving for a single bulk curing barn.

Agilent Tobacco Oligo Microarray was used to deduce expression profiling of flue-cured tobacco K326 and its premature flowering resistance variety Huayan06, K326LF during flower bud differentiation process. Genes related to flower bud differentiation were screened out:AGL20,CCR2,ELF4,ERD7,CBF1,COR413-PM1,EMF2,VIP4,COL1,AGL17,COL9,FPA andSWN, etc. Among them, COL2 and ELF4 had 5 times difference in terms of expression level whileAGL62, CBF1, SWN, NAP had 10 times or above difference withFPA. The study provided a reference for further study of flue-cured tobacco premature flowering resistance mechanism and premature flowering resistance varieties breeding.