The existing problems in conventional baking of tobacco leaves were researched,and their causations were analyzed.Based on these,the measures adopted in lean baking were introudced,and its achievements were summarized.

In order to accurately understand the appearance of the growth process and the corresponding crop information index of flue-cured tobacco in the field, the methods of single plant cultivation, information technology, artificial investigation, fixed leaf listing mark and image processing were adopted. To study the growth duration after transplant and the yield and quality of each effective leaf of flue-cured tobacco. The results showed that the collected images were made into delayed photography according to the frequency of 25 frames per second, and the growth process of tobacco plant (124 d) could be presented in 5 min. The fast-growing stage was the most important time for the rapid growth of the agronomic traits. The growth rate of plant height, stem girth and the maximum leaf area reached or exceeded 1/3; 14 leaves accounted for 50％ of the number of germinating leaves in the field, and all of them became effective leaves. The leaf position No.15-32 became 18 effective leaves. The weight of dry leaf increased from the bottom to the top, and the dry weight gradually decreased after the peak value of leaf position No.28, and the change trend of leaf purchase price was basically consistent with the change of leaf weight. The corresponding relationship between tobacco leaf grade and leaf position is CF: No.18-24, BF: 25-32, XF: No.15-17. By using the information platform of "Photographing and Photographing System of Agricultural Intelligent Equipment", the whole process monitoring and dynamic presentation of the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco in the field can be realized. Through the image processing, the phenological phase image and the corresponding crop information of flue-cured tobacco can be obtained, which provides an effective method for studying and optimizing the growth process and appearance of flue-cured tobacco in the field.

为比较烤烟组培苗与常规苗烟苗素质及大田期的抗性差异,以烤烟品种(系)K326、粤烟97、华烟06的组培苗与常规苗为试验材料,测定了苗期农艺性状及根系活力和大田期多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶等防御性酶活性,并调查了田间发病率.结果表明;组培苗在株高、叶数、茎围、根系体积、根系活力、干鲜重等方面均优于常规苗.在整个大田生育期内,不同处理烤烟的防御酶活性基本呈现出上升—下降—上升的变化趋势.旺长期前,组培苗与常规苗之间防御酶活性差异不大,旺长期受到病虫害侵染后,各处理的防御酶活性均先下降然后上升,并在较长一段时间内处于较高水平,且组培苗防御酶活性增加的幅度高于常规苗,其中K326组培苗的PPO、PAL、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性分别比常规苗高出29.58％、15.30％、73.03％,华烟06组培苗APX活性高于常规苗58.43％,差异显著.组培苗的花叶病、气候斑病及虫害发生率等均低于常规苗,表现出较强的抗性.

To effectively reduce the harm of low temperature on tobacco growth,flue-cured tobacco sprayed by salicylic acid(SA) was placed at 5 ℃,and the effects of SA on antioxidant metabolism of flue-cured tobacco under low temperature stress were studied.The results showed that the activities of SOD(superoxide dismutase) and CAT(catalase) in tobacco leaves were increased,the relative electric conductivity was decreased,the contents of Pro(proline),chl(chlorophyll) and AsA(ascorbic acid) were raised by SA treatment,particularly at a concentration of 1.0 mmol·L-1.It indicated that SA of proper concentration could enhance the ability of flue-cured tobacco to resist membrane lipid superoxidation and reduce the harm of low temperature.

综述了国内烤烟在水渍、干旱、盐渍等非生物胁迫逆境下的生理反应及抗性方面的研究进展,并提出了今后几个重点研究方向,以期为烤烟抗逆育种提供参考.

Effects of different nitrogen levels on agronomic characters,chemical compositions,yield and production values of Huayan06 were studied.The results showed that plant height,number of leaves and the biggest leaf area were promoted under increasing nitrogen,but effects were not obvious under too much nitrogen.Contents of starch and total soluble sugar decreased with adding nitrogen,but that of nicotine increased.Chemical compositions and coordination of middle leaves under middle or high nitrogen were suitable,but those of upper leaves were suitable under low nitrogen.The yield,production values and average price were best under middle nitrogen.From comprehensive comparison of agronomic characters and chemical compositions,the suitable nitrogen of the new variety Huayan06 in Qingyuan was 165 kg/hm2.

This paper analyzed the appearance,chemical composition,smoking and flavor characteristic changes of aroma-type tobacco leaves in Nanxiong of Guangdong province,explored the factors affecting the weakening of tobacco leaf unique style in this area,and pointed out the research direction of bulking curing key technology of aroma-type tobacco leaves,namely making sure the proper harvesting standard of tobacco leaves,screening the key parameters of baking,and integrating bulking curing technologies into the whole system.

With Huayan06 as the tested material,effects of clipping times in seedling stage on metabolization of nitric compounds and enzyme activity of flue-cured tobacco leaves from vigorous growing stage to maturity stage were studied.The results showed that,in 1-4 clipping times,treatment of clipping 3 times increased the chlorophyll chlorophyll content of tobacco,but treatment of chipping 4 times decreased the chlorophyll content compared with chipping 1 times and chipping 2 times.Effects of adding clipping times to increase activity of nitrate reductase(NR) and nicotine content were significant.In maturity stage,contents of total nitrogen,FAA and protein of clipping 4 times treatment were higher,but those of clipping 3 times were lower.All things considered,treatment of clipping 4 times improved the capability of nitrogen absorbtion and conversion synthesizing,although treatment of chipping 3 times improved the capability of nitrogen absorbtion,but decreased the capability of nitrogen synthesizing.

为了解清远(连州)烟区发展基地单元的可行性,对清远(连州)烟区的烟田基础设施、人才队伍建设、自然生态条件、社会经济条件、烟农和政府种烟积极性、工业企业发展态势进行研究。结果表明,清远(连州)烟区已具备发展1～2个基地单元的基础条件,烟农积极性稳步提高、政府对烟叶产业支持力度不断加大、清远(连州)烟叶的浓香型特色获得工业企业认可。分析了影响清远(连州)烟区发展的主要原因,其中烟叶种植收购规模不大是目前影响清远(连州)基地单元建设的最主要原因。提出实现清远(连州)烟区大跨步发展、加快基地单元建设的建议。

In order to resolve the influence of low temperature during seedling-breeding on the growth of tobacco in southern tobacco planting region,aerobic fermentation materials were paved on the bottom of nutrition pool,then the water temperature,growth status of tobacco and agronomic characters,accumulation of dry matter after transplanting and economic traits such as yield and output value were determined.Results showed that laying aerobic fermentation materials especially peanut bran under the seedling-bed could increase the temperature of nutrition pool,shorten seedling growing period by 13 days,and the ratio of strong seedling reached 95%.After transplanting,the stem length,stem girth and root length were greater but the pitch was less than the control,so there were more leaves.There existed significant difference on accumulation of dry matter include overground and underground between treatment of peanut bran and the control.The yield,output value,ratios of grade A and grade B leaves were better than the control obviously.

The absorption ways of the three major elements of NPK and the changes of the weather during the growth period of early flowering flue-cured tobacco were studied. The results showed that: the flue-cured tobacco was insensitive to short-day treatment, the short-day treatment couldn ’ t brought forward the growing season; the low temperature after transplanted below 15℃ was the main reason of early flowering, the lower the temperature was, the earlier the flowering came; the sharp declines of nitrogen content and phosphorus content in leaves was a sign of flowering stage; the three major elements of NPK came into the rapid accumulation after topping, so the application of available nitrogen in order to ensure the normal development of leaf was necessary.

采用田间试验和实验室测试相结合的方法,探讨了烤烟田间成熟度与烟叶程序化衰老特征指标的关系.结果表明,按照现行成熟采收标准,上、中、下部烟叶成熟时的叶龄分别在120、96、75 d左右,其茎叶夹角分别在72°、60°和75°左右:烟叶从成熟前5～7 d--成熟--成熟后5～7 d,烤烟不同部位叶片皆发生程序化衰老,表现在叶片叶绿索(Chl)含量下降,丙二醛(MDA)积累加快,过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氧酶(CAT)活性下降、质膜透性增强.不同部位烟叶的衰老进程不尽相同,上部叶在成熟采收前5～7 d衰老较慢,中、下部叶较快;烟叶成熟后,随着时间的延迟,各部位烟叶衰老进程为上部叶<中部叶<下部叶.

A study on the effects of conventional breeding,floating breeding and shallow-waterbed breeding on quality of seedlings,field performance of seedling,economic indicators and chemical composition in tobacco leaves after being-baked is carried out.It showed that shallow-waterbed breeding is fitting LianZhou's flue-cured tobacco production,so it is suggested that shallow-waterbed breeding is promoted in LianZhou.

Professional baking can increase the proportion of first and middle class tobacco leaves,quality greatly.At the same time,professional baking can reduce the cost of labor,coal and electricity.Under the social and economic condition of Lian Zhou in Guangdong,the tobacco grower need to pay at least 2.6 yuan for each kilograms draw tobacco leaf so that the professional-baking become market-oriented.

The results of the experiment showed that leaf growth,yields and the utilization of phosphorous fertilizer were affected by soil moisture.Based on the leaf position,the effects of soil moisture on leaf growth were upper leaves middle leaves lower leaves.The more severe the drought was,the more seriously the leaf growth,yields and utilization of phosphorous fertilizer were affected.The effects of severe drought on tobacco was biggest in late growing season,smaller in middle season,no or very weak in early season.

The tests were carried out to study the effects of fertilization method and conditioning of water and fertilizer rates on yield and quality of leaf tobacco.The results showed that under the same rate of total nitrogen treatment,spraying fertilizer at the time of 10-15 days after transplanting and around the topping time respectively could promote leaf maturity and obtain high yield and quality of leaf tobacco significantly by balancing the nutrients and development of tobacco leaves,and ensuring carbon nitrogen metabolism.In this test,the best results were observed in the treatments of 20% at transplanting and 10%,10%,40% and 20% at the time of 10,20,30 and 50 days after transplanting respectively.

The relationships of the changes of amylase activity and content of starch in tobacco leaves to temperature, humidity and duration during curing were studied with two KY-2 automatic electric-heated ovens. The results indicated that there were two peaks of amylase activity, one in the middle to late stage of yellowing and the other in the late stage of color fixing to stem drying stage, the majority of starch was degraded when the temperature was in the range of 38-44℃, the leaves of different stalk positions followed the same rule. Therefore, the temperature of yellowing stage should be started from 35℃, before it reached 42℃ the difference between dry and wet bulbs should be widened to 3℃ (especially for cutters), and then narrowed appropriately to maintain proper humidity (especially for upper leaf), the curing time should be suitably extended according to the changes of tobacco leaves when the temperature was below 44℃ to keep the activity of amylase and promote the degradation of starch.

The relationship between different conditions of humidity and the content variation of dry matter,starch,soluable sugar was studied.The results indicated that the loss of dry matter,the degradation of starch,the content of total soluble sugar increased with the rising of humidity,and had a rapid change in the yellowing stage and color fixing stage.The leaf of different position had the same regular pattern.

广东植烟土壤酸度普查结果表明,沙泥田的pH值在3.45～5.75之间,大于5.5的很少.pH值偏低是制约沙泥田烤烟产量、质量进一步提高的主要障碍因子之一.在沙泥田烟区进行石灰施用量及提高钙镁磷肥施用比例的试验结果表明,随着石灰施用量的增加,气斑病、青枯病有下降的趋势;而赤腥病有上升的趋势,而烤烟的产值、均价、上等烟率等都是在石灰施用量1500kg/hm2时为最高.提高钙镁磷肥的施用比例,烤烟的产量、产值、均价、上等烟率等也相应提高.施用石灰及钙镁磷肥均有提高土壤pH值的作用.建议在沙泥田烟区每公顷施石灰1500kg,全部以钙镁磷肥作为磷的来源.

Study on nutrition property of four kinds of soil and plants utilization rate of fertilizer was carried out through potted plants.The results showed that lime soil supplied the plants with more nitrogen nutrition,less phosphorus and potassium nutrition.Purple soil supplied the plants with more phosphorus and potassium nutrition and less nitrogen nutrition.Quickly released phosphorus content of soil was nega-tively correlated with plants utilization rate of phosphorus,while positively correlated with nitrogen utiliza-tion.The uti lization rates of plants to quickly released phosphorus in four kinds of soils were low.If the content of quickly released phosphorus of soil is higher(over40mg /kg),then applying phosphorus fertilizer is not necessary.If it is low(30-40mg /kg),then the amount of phosphorus applied may be reduced and the ra tio of nitrogen to phosphorus had better be1:0.5.