Understanding the factors that contribute to loss of genetic diversity in fragmented populations is crucial for conservation measurements. Land-bridge archipelagoes offer ideal model systems for identifying the long-term effects of these factors on genetic variations in wild populations. In this study, we used nine microsatellite markers to quantify genetic diversity and differentiation of 810 pond frogs (Pelophylax nigromaculatus) from 24 islands of the Zhoushan Archipelago and three sites on nearby mainland China and estimated the effects of the island area, population size, time since island isolation, distance to the mainland and distance to the nearest larger island on reduced genetic diversity of insular populations. The mainland populations displayed higher genetic diversity than insular populations. Genetic differentiations and no obvious gene flow were detected among the frog populations on the islands. Hierarchical partitioning analysis showed that only time since island isolation (square-root-transformed) and population size (log-transformed) significantly contributed to insular genetic diversity. These results suggest that decreased genetic diversity and genetic differentiations among insular populations may have been caused by random genetic drift following isolation by rising sea levels during the Holocene. The results provide strong evidence for a relationship between retained genetic diversity and population size and time since island isolation for pond frogs on the islands, consistent with the prediction of the neutral theory for finite populations. Our study highlights the importance of the size and estimated isolation time of populations in understanding the mechanisms of genetic diversity loss and differentiation in fragmented wild populations.

利用船载涡动相关系统的走航观测资料,分析了北黄海海域大气边界层湍流特征,并初步讨论了走航观测方式的可行性.观测资料中,风速脉动功率谱有异常高值,经船体运动校正后可以去除.北黄海海域大气边界层中无量纲风速标准差与稳定度之间存在1/3次方关系;依据走航资料得到的拖曳系数与定点观测结果之间存在一定差异,但它们与风速之间的关系具有一致性.依据相似性理论并通过与定点观测结果的对比可见,走航观测方式能够获得海洋大气边界层的湍流特征,但走航观测资料在船体运动校正后出现低频功率谱值增大的现象,这可能与船体平移的低频变化未能被完全去除有关.

The air–sea \(\text{ CO }_{2}\) flux was measured from a research vessel in the North Yellow Sea in October 2007 using an open-path eddy-covariance technique. In 11 out of 64 samples, the normalized spectra of scalars (\(\text{ CO }_{2}\), water vapour, and temperature) showed similarities. However, in the remaining samples, the normalized \(\text{ CO }_{2}\) spectra were observed to be greater than those of water vapour and temperature at low frequencies. In this paper, the noise due to cross-sensitivity was identified through a combination of intercomparisons among the normalized spectra of three scalars and additional analyses. Upon examination, the cross-sensitivity noise appeared to be mainly present at frequencies \({<}0.8\,\text{ Hz }\). Our analysis also suggested that the high-frequency fluctuations of \(\text{ CO }_{2}\) concentration (frequency \({>}0.8\,\text{ Hz }\)) was probably less affected by the cross-sensitivity. To circumvent the cross-sensitivity issue, the cospectrum in the high-frequency range 0.8–1.5 Hz, instead of the whole range, was used to estimate the \(\text{ CO }_{2}\) flux by taking the contribution of the high frequency to the \(\text{ CO }_{2}\) flux to be the same as the contribution to the water vapour flux. The estimated air–sea \(\text{ CO }_{2}\) flux in the North Yellow Sea was \(-0.039\,\pm \,0.048\,\text{ mg } \text{ m }^{-2}\,\text{ s }^{-1},\) a value comparable to the estimates using the inertial dissipation method and Edson’s method (Edson et al., J Geophys Res 116:C00F10, 2011).

Jellyfish,usually Rhopilema esculentum Kishinouye,as one of eight famous sea food in China,is always one of important tradition ocean fishery object with high economic value in China,which it is believed that jellyfish has not only sea food value,but also many medical functions. This paper mainly deals with the progress about jellyfish fishery in China,especially for the jellyfish pond culture which just developed in the early 21~(st) century.Jellyfish fishery in China can be divided into three stages,namely,the first stage of natural jellyfish population fishing before the 1980s,the second stage of experimental jellyfish population artificial enhancement between the 1980s and the 1990s,and the third stage of jellyfish pond culture booming since the 21~(st) century.Nowadays, jellyfish fishery has a good development prospect in China.According to some reported data,the value of jellyfish fishery in China should exceed 10 billion RMB per year,and the annual volume of international trade about jellyfish food would beyond one hundred million USD.Comparing with other traditional pond culture sea animal,jellyfish culture is a new thing just for several years.Either researches or managements about jellyfish fishery are not abundant,which may be adverse for jellyfish fishery and industry.

The Eulerian residual transport velocity and the first-order Lagrangian residual velocity for weakly nonlinear systems have been used extensively in the past to depict inter-tidal mass transport. However, these could not explain the observed net surface sediment transport pattern in Jiaozhou Bay (JZB), located on the western Yellow Sea. JZB is characterized by strong tidal motion, complex topography and an irregular coastline, which are features of typical nonlinear systems. The Lagrangian residual velocity, which is applicable to general nonlinear systems, was simulated with the water parcel tracking method. The results indicate that the composition of the Lagrangian residual velocity at different tidal phases coincides well with the observed net surface sediment transport pattern. The strong dependence of water flushing time on the initial tidal phase can also be explained by the significant intra-tidal variation of the Lagrangian residual velocity. To investigate the hydrodynamic mechanism governing the nonlinearity of the M 2 tidal system, a set of nonlinearity indexes were defined and analysed. In the surface layer, horizontal advection is the main contributor to the strong nonlinearity near the bay mouth, while in the bottom layer, the strong nonlinearity near the bay mouth may result from the vertical viscosity and horizontal advection.

This paper mainly discussed the standards on jellyfish in China in the early 21st century. In the current standards of jellyfish, the ratio of industry standards and local standards is 32% and 68% respectively. Most coastal provinces in China published different standards on jellyfish. As for the contents of standards about jellyfish, half of them are related to jellyfish food safety, and the others are relevant to jellyfish culture, jellyfish seedling breeding and enhancement. So far, there are no standards about jellyfish germplasm and jellyfish seedling. There are also some unreasonable contents about methods and procedures in current standards related to jellyfish. Compared with other traditional marine animals, the standards on jellyfish are incomprehensive and laggard, which may be adverse for the jellyfish industry.

A box model based on freshwater fraction method was used to estimate the freshwater residence time(FRT)in the Bohai Sea.The data used in this study include the evaporation,precipitation,river discharge,and salinity in the Bohai Sea and its surrounding region,the Yellow Sea.Sensitivity analysis was conducted to quantitatively assess the effects of freshwater flux on the water exchange between Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea.The results indicated that the interannual variability in the salinity in Bohai Sea was mainly caused by the freshwater supply from Yellow River,the largest river around Bohai Sea.During the periods of 1965-1980,1986-1992,1994,and 1996,the mean FRT in Bohai Sea was 2.6 years,and had a weak upward trend.In the 1960s,the FRT was 3.0 years;but in the 1980s,it increased to 4.6 years,with an increment of about 50%.The FRT decreased with increasing freshwater supply,and in general,was more sensitive to river discharge than to net precipitation flux(the difference between precipitation and evaporation),suggesting that sufficient attention should be paid on the formulation of environmental policy on the regulation of Yellow River water resources.

While the eddy-correlation method has long been a standard measuring method of the air-sea fluxes of heat,mass and energy,its application on a moving shipborne planform presents many difficulties.In this study,by using the ship movement and the gesture monitoring system(SMGMS),which consists of an optic compass and a high-resolution differential global positioning system(DGPS),and the eddycorrelation observing system,a new shipborne eddy-correlation observing system is estabilished.Based on SMGMS data,the real three-dimensional wind speed can be estimated with the Edson formula,therefore the three-dimensional wind fluctuations can be obtained.Eddy-correlation measurements in the Bohai Sea are used to validate the system.Analyses of the power spectrum and other turbulent parameters show that contaminations of the ship movements can be effectively removed.Results under different sea conditions are used to examine the effects of the ship movement correction.For sea conditions 4～5,the mean turbulence intensity calculated from uncorrected wind fluctuations is about 20%,which is larger than that from those corrected,while the mean uncorrected momumtum flux is almost twice of the corrected one.This implies that,under relatively high sea conditions,the correction of the measured wind fluctuations is vital to the estimates of the air-sea fluxes.The new observing system makes the accurate measurements of air-sea fluxes possible.

岛屿生物地理学和集合种群理论是目前生物多样性保育所依赖的主要生态学理论。人们通常强调这两种理论的区别,对它们之间的关联却很少注意到。事实上,这两种理论是同根同源的。以经典集合种群理论的创始者R.Levins对他与岛屿生物地理学的创始者R.H.MacArthur的合作过程以及岛屿生物地理学对他提出集合种群理论的影响的回顾为基础,分析比较了岛屿生物地理学、经典集合种群理论、以Hanski为代表的现代集合种群理论的基本假设、研究范式和核心思想的异同,简要介绍了多物种集合种群与集合群落研究的差异,最后分析了岛屿生物地理学和集合种群理论在生物多样性保育实践中的应用和存在问题。

The multi-logistic regression method was used to establish a regression model for predicting oviposition site selection in the Locusta migratoria manilensis in Nandagang farm,a coastal area Hebei province.Eight potential factors are observed including vegetation species and densities,soil properties(water content at 5 cm depth,salinity,pH and organic matter)and microrelief properties(south slope and north slope)in coastal areas.Data of locust eggpods,vegetation,soil and microrelief were collected from two spatial scales in 2002 and 2003:450m intervals throughout the study area,and 50m grids for the possible egg-laying areas where locust plague occured or vegetation was sparse.The obtained regression model includs only vegetation density(veg_d)and soil water content at 5 cm(water),log[P(Y=1)/1-P(Y=1)]=21.63-76.23/water-5.43log(water)-0.86(veg_d).Where P(Y=1)is the probablity of a site selected by Locusta migratoria manilensis.After evaluated by methods of Goodness of Fit,Predictive Accuracy and Model Chi-square Statistic,the established regression model is proved to be reliable and can predict eggpods occurrence well.This model can be used for locust plague prediction and early decision-making of its control.

The biodiversity conservation of natural enemies in agro-ecosystem is a weak aspect of biodiversity science.The arthropod predators biodiversity in cotton field in Tongzhou,Jiangsu Province,between from terminal 1970's to early 1980's and recent years(2003～2004),were compared in this paper.The results showed that there were a very rich biodiversity of arthropod predator in the period from terminal 1970's to early 1980's;the main arthropod predators kept at more than 10 species.However,the biodiversity had a dramatic decline in recent years.The census processed in 2003～2004 by same methods only founded few arthropod predator species.The reasons why the biodiversity decreased markedly were analyzed qualitatively.

依据对棉铃虫自然种群生命表研究所获得的种群统计参数,采用蒙特卡罗方法,模拟了随机环境条件下的棉铃虫种群发生动态.模拟结果显示,同一输入参数(模拟的1代残虫量),经过确定世代或生活史阶段后,棉铃虫的种群密度既可能为轻发生,也可能种群暴发.环境条件有利时,输入变量(模拟的1代残虫量)影响棉铃虫最大可能的发生程度.当棉铃虫为中等或轻发生时,1代残虫量(模型输入参数)和最终的棉铃虫发生程度(模型输出)没有明显的依赖关系.相同的最终棉铃虫发生程度所对应的模型的输入变量可以有多种水平.模拟结果显示,在环境条件比较有利情况下,棉铃虫只需要1个世代或某一个生活史阶段(如蛹期),种群密度即可达暴发水平.本文的研究结果说明,对棉铃虫中长期发生态势的预测,存在一定程度的不确定性.

Detailed studies of single species population dynamics are important for understanding population behaviour and the analysis of large complex ecosystems. Here we present two general models for simulating insect population dynamics: The distributed delay processes and Poisson Process models. In the distributed delay processes model, the simulated population has the characteristic property that the time required for maturation from one stage of growth (instar) to another is directly related to ambient temperature. In this model the parameters DEL and K are significant to the simulated process. The discrete Poisson model deals with the individual development of a group of free entities with random forward movement. These two general component models can be used to simulate the population growth of many insects currently the subject of research interest. The application of distributed delay processes to dynamics of cotton bollworm helicoverpa armigera is presented. The results show the simulation data quite "fit" the observed data.

美国白蛾原产北美, 40年代末传播到了欧洲和亚洲,1979年首次在我国辽宁省发现,目前其分布范围已扩大到河北、天津、山东、陕西、上海、大连等省市,在疫区造成严重危害, 并有进一步扩张的趋势. 该文对外来入侵种美国白蛾在近20年来的国内外研究进展进行了阐述,着重在其适应性、性信息素、对寄主的选择、天敌、预测预报、防治方法等方面作了广泛描述.

经常规及圆形统计分析,结果表明江苏省通州市1973～2000年棉铃虫杨树枝把诱蛾量(相对量,%)受到月相的显著影响.单日比较,农历15日蛾量最高,30日最低,前者是后者的4倍.按3 d时间分段,13～15日蛾量最高,22～24日最低.按旬分,中旬最高,下旬最低.按半月分,上半月高于下半月.以上差异均达极显著水准(P＜0.01).圆形分析表明全月蛾峰集中角对应时间为11日11时34分.这些日期都在月满稍前.

Biotic invasions can occur when organisms are trans ported to new, often distant, ranges where their descendants proliferate, spread , and persist. Biological invasions have been causing major environmental and ec ological damage, few areas remain sheltered from these immigrations in today's w orld, and they have become a priority concern for conservation biologists and la nd managers. In this paper, we discuss the process of invasions, the mechanism o f alien species displacing native species, and the predicting of biological inva sions. Humans have served as both accidental and deliberate dispersal agents for alie n species immigrations worldwide. The fate of immigrants is decidedly mixed, few survived the hazards of chronic and stochastic forces, and only a small fractio n became naturalized. In turn, some naturalized species do become invasive. The potential reasons why some immigrant species prosper may be related with t he biological and /or ecological characters of nonindigenous species, and the vu lnerability of the communities that they invade. Invasive species usually have h igher competition ability and they fit the environment of invaded ecosystem bett er than native species, many invasive species can even wreck havoc on ecosystems to which key native species are not adapted. Some alien species escape from the constraints of their native predators or parasites, community diversity and sta bility might affect its invasibility, and sudden, radical disturbances in enviro nment may encourage invasions. The predicting of biological invasions include identifying which species will become future invaders, where alien species would invade landscape and what impa ct they bring to native ecosystems, and how the geographic range of the invasive species population expand. Every kind of related models has its advantage and l imitation, their association may heighten our understanding to the expanding mec hanism of invader species.cies p

通过对滞育蛹过冷却点的测定,初步明确寄主对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera的越冬抗寒性有影响,幼虫取食棉花时产生的滞育蛹的过冷却点低于取食玉米的滞育蛹的过冷却点,即前者的抗寒能力高于后者;但用Bt棉喂养后的棉铃虫滞育蛹抗寒能力下降.

第21届国际昆虫学大会于2000年8月20～26日在巴西Iguassa市召开。本届大会设24个学科组(session)，每个学科组设2～个不等的专题学术讨论会(Symposium)。整个大会共设立专题讨论会183个，并先后有17位著名学者作了大会学术报告。这次大会新设立了一些学科组，如：计算机科学在昆虫学中的应用、植物疾病媒介、昆虫一耐受的转基因作物和化学生态学等[1]，从一个侧面反映了昆虫学新 的学科“增长点”。本文结合大会有关的学术活动，对昆虫学未来的发展趋势和当前宏观领域的几个热点问题作一比较分析。