Promoting the coordinated improvement of yield and quality has long been a key focus and a major challenge in rice research. This study found that Nangeng 5718 could achieve the simultaneous improvement of both yield and quality. Increases in spikelet number per panicle and panicles per unit area were vital contributors to its high yield. Compared with the medium-taste varieties (Yangxiangyu 1 and Yingxiang 1) and the low-taste varieties (Huaidao 5 and Wuyungeng 7), the high-taste varieties (Yangnongdao 1 and Nangeng 5718) exhibited lower head rice rate, ratio of length/width of kernel, proportion of small starch granules, protein content, glutelin/prolamin ratio, and setback, and higher proportions of short chains of amylopectin, relative crystallinity, and breakdown. In conclusion, high-taste japonica rice varieties achieved the coordinated improvement of yield and quality through optimization of the multiscale structure of starch, providing a theoretical basis for the breeding of high-yield and high-quality japonica rice.

Enhancing quality has become a pivotal goal in rice production. However, the effects of temperature and light environments on rice quality across different varieties were unclear. In this study, nine widely promoted rice varieties were selected as materials and classified into five types: inbred indica rice, inbred japonica rice, indica hybrid rice, japonica hybrid rice and indica/japonica hybrid rice. The study investigated the changes in temperature and light environments and rice quality in them under different environments. Additionally, the regulation of alternate wetting and moderate soil drying (AWMD) irrigation on them were examined. The results indicated that: (1) under different environments, inbred japonica rice exhibited higher head milled rice rate, breakdown and taste value, as well as lower length-to-width ratio, amylose content, protein content and setback. (2) The minimum and maximum temperatures were negatively correlated with head milled rice rate and were positively correlated with peak viscosity and hot viscosity. Notably, both minimum and maximum temperatures during the middle-early and late grain filling stages showed significant positive correlations with viscosity. (3) Compared with the continuously flooded regime, canopy temperatures in Nangeng 9108, Changyou 5 and Yongyou 2640 were reduced by 5.30%, 3.42% and 2.90% under the AWMD regime, respectively. Moreover, AWMD significantly increased head milled rice rate while decreasing peak viscosity, hot viscosity and viscosity across different rice types, with a more pronounced effect observed in Nangeng 9108. This study could provide theoretical insights for temperature and light environments and rice quality and offers novel perspectives for improving rice quality.

Water-saving and drought-resistance rice (WDR) is a new type of cultivated rice, which not only has the characteristics of high yield and quality of rice, but also has the properties of water-saving and drought-resistance of upland rice. However, the source, flow and sink basis of its high yield were still unclear. It was of great significance for the breeding of high-yielding WDR varieties and cultivation regulation to clarify the characteristics of the source, flow, and sink of WDR yield formation and its regulation effects. In this study, WDR varieties (more than 20) with three groups of different grain weight types: small grain weight type (SGWT, grain weight < 22.5 mg), medium grain weight type (MGWT, 22.5 mg < grain weight < 25 mg) and large grain weight type (LGWT, grain weight > 25 mg), were selected as materials. The contribution of grain weight to the yield, the changes of source (flag leaf length and width), flow (stem length and diameter), and sink (grain length and width) and the regulation effects of grain fertiliser application rate (GFAR) on grain weight in WDR were studied through a 5-year field cultivation. The results showed that (1) the average yield of LGWT was significantly higher than that of SGWT and MGWT varieties, with an increase of 5.23%-9.88% and 2.06%-3.08%, respectively. Larger grain weight was the primary feature of high-yielding WDR varieties. (2) There was a significant positive correlation between grain weight and, flag leaf width (source) and stem diameter (flow) at the middle grain filling stage (25 days after heading) (r = 0.467*-0.688**). (3) Compared with no GFAR treatment, the applying GFAR treatments (GFAR at 25 and 50 kg ha(-1)) increased the stem diameter, flag leaf width, grain weight and yield of Huhan1505 (SGWT), Huhan1517 (MGWT) and Hanyou756 (LGWT) to varying degrees, and the increase of SGWT was greater. Larger flag leaf width (strong source) and wider stem diameter (fluent flow) were material foundation for high yield of WDR. Promoting source strength and smooth flow at the middle grain filling stage was conducive to promoting the increase of grain weight and yield of WDR.

The accurate quantification of plant organ color remains a major challenge in plant variety identification, particularly when adjacent expression states exhibit subtle visual differences in color. This study addressed this challenge by integrating colorimetric, phenotypic, and genomic analyses of 137 eggplant germplasm resources to characterize their fruit color. The CIELAB color parameters accurately represented fruit coloration and exhibited strong correlations with DNA fingerprinting results, while also aligning with the visual description of color characteristics based on Distinctness, Uniformity, and Stability (DUS) test guidelines. The color transition from harvest maturity to physiological ripeness was effectively captured by shifts in these values. Furthermore, the purple fruits at harvest maturity were subdivided into violet and red subcategories based on their CIELAB parameter distributions, and the yellow, ochre, and brown fruits at physiological ripeness were clearly separated using K-means clustering. Consequently, this study defined precise CIELAB ranges for each color category, offering a robust, multidimensional approach for the objective identification of eggplant varieties and enhancing the reproducibility of color-based DUS evaluations.

The cryopreservation of Anthurium andraeanum germplasm resources is extremely important for the production and selection of new varieties. At present, the cryopreservation procedure for the callus of A. andraeanum has not been established. In this study, the leaves of A. andraeanum were used as explants to culture the callus. The cryopreservation procedure of the callus by vitrification was initially established by using the orthogonal experimental method of four factors and three levels in the preculture, loading, and dehydration steps. Furthermore, the vitrification-based cryopreservation was optimized by changing the preculture temperature and loading solution and adding exogenous substances to the plant vitrification solution (PVS2). In this procedure, the callus was precultured at 25 °C for 2 d, and loaded in 50% PVS2 at 25 °C for 60 min. The callus was dehydrated with PVS2 containing 0.08 mM reduced glutathione (GSH) at 0 °C for 60 min. After rapid-cooling in liquid nitrogen for 1 h, it was rapid-warming in a water bath at 40 °C for 90 s and unloaded for 30 min. After 1 d of recovery, the cell relative survival rate of the cryopreserved callus was 64.60%. The results provide a valuable basic and effective method for the long-term conservation of A. andraeanum germplasm resources.

Maximizing rice yield potential has always been the focus of high-yield rice cultivation research. For high-yield rice cultivation and breeding, more research into the link between yield and yield components is essential. In this experiment, 38 rice varieties with different yield types and 185 rice varieties as materials were chosen. The relationships between yield and yield components were studied. The regulation effects of total nitrogen application rate (TNAR) on yield and yield components were observed. The results showed that (1) the grain yield of high-yield varieties was 189.3−195.6%, 76.1−77.7%, and 27.0−28.7% higher than that of super-low-yield, low-yield, and medium-yield varieties, respectively. Compared with rice varieties with other yield types, rice varieties with high-yield type have a higher total number of spikelets. (2) The spikelet number per panicle and total number of spikelets were significantly positively linked with grain yield, but significantly negatively correlated with filled grains and grain weight. (3) With an increase in TNAR (0−340 kg ha−1), the panicles, spikelet number per panicle, and total spikelets of rice varieties with different yield types increased gradually, and the filled grains and grain weight decreased gradually. The higher the TNAR, the more obvious the decrease in filled grains and grain weight. The grain yield of rice varieties with different yield types was the highest under the TNAR at 250 kg ha−1. The main factor contributing to its high yield was the substantial increase in total spikelets. The above results showed that increasing the spikelet number per panicle and total spikelets played a material role in improving rice yield.

The sampling technique is commonly used in research investigations to more accurately estimate data with greater precision, at a lower cost and in less time. In plant DUS (distinctness, uniformity, and stability) testing, many quantitative characteristic data usually need to be obtained through individual measurements. However, there is currently no scientific method for determining the appropriate sampling size. The minimum number of testing samples for DUS testing was calculated based on the theory of sample size in descriptive studies and was validated through simple random sampling. The results show that the quantitative characteristics for the edible mushroom Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) in DUS testing were uniform. The calculated results show that 10 fruiting bodies for a single measurement were sufficient. Furthermore, the outcomes of the random sampling revealed that the mean of 10 samples did not significantly differ from the mean of all data. When the sample size exceeded 10, Cohen's kappa statistic suggested that the conclusion of distinctness was very close to the near-perfect agreement. Reducing the number of samples did not affect the uniform assessment. This study suggests that the theory of sample size in descriptive studies could be applied to calculate the minimum sample size in DUS testing, and for Shiitake DUS testing, measuring 10 fruiting bodies was sufficient.

基于农业行业标准《植物新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性测试指南 辣椒》(辣椒DUS测试指南),利用47个基本性状作为形态学标记对457份近十年新育成辣椒品种进行数量性状分析、性状间相关性分析、品种聚类分析及多年栽培的稳定性分析等,综合分析目前我国新育成辣椒栽培品种特性及遗传多样性.利用11个数量性状进行分析发现供试品种呈现较好的多态性分布,品种间变异系数在23％～93％之间,而品种内平均变异系数均小于20％,说明供试品种内表达较为一致且品种间表达状态丰富,性状相关性分析发现数量性状中有4组之间显著相关;品种聚类分析在遗传相似系数0.52处可将457份种质资源划分成10大类,大部分品种集中在3个大类;通过两年栽培试验分析品种年度间稳定性和性状年度间稳定性,结果显示品种年度间表现较为稳定,平均相关系数为88.0％,年度间相关性中个体测量性状稳定于群体目测性状,群体测量性状年度间稳定性最低.本研究通过对457份新育成辣椒品种的形态学数据进行多层次综合分析,以此研究辣椒种质资源的遗传多样性,同时通过稳定性分析,进一步分析目前我国新育成辣椒栽培品种特性,为辣椒品种资源做出客观、严谨的评价,为辣椒品种选育提供基础.

The determination of the grades and interval of quantitative characteristics is an important job while we draft new distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) test guidelines. Grading criteria should be adjusted because of the effect of year and site; it is also a key task to establish applicable criteria in the DUS test. Excellent criteria will improve the accuracy of the DUS evaluation. In this study, we analyzed the variability and distribution patterns of nine quantitative characteristics of 251 anthurium varieties. Three methods were used to establish the grade criteria: the two standard deviation methods, the two LSD0.05 methods and the multiple comparison method. The results showed that the coefficient of variation within varieties varied from 6.96% to 10.11%. The quantitative characteristics observed in this study did not follow a normal distribution, except spadix thickness at the middle and spathe size. In most characteristics, the standard deviations and LSD0.05 were similar, except for spathe size. The state interval set by multiple comparison methods for every characteristic was variable, and its mean was about 1.25 times that of the other two methods. The process of establishing grading criteria using the multiple comparison method was simpler, and the criteria were more accurate, with a lower error rate.

Dehydrins (DHNs), as members of the late embryogenesis abundant protein family, play critical roles in the protection of seeds from dehydration and plant adaptation to multiple abiotic stresses. Vitrification is a basic method in plant cryopreservation and is characterized by forming a glassy state to prevent lethal ice crystals produced during cryogenic storage. In this study, ApSK(3) type DHN was genetically transformed into embryogenic calluses (EC) of Agapanthus praecox by overexpression (OE) and RNA interference (RNAi) techniques to evaluate the in vivo protective effect of DHNs during cryopreservation. The cell viability showed a completely opposite trend in OE and RNAi cell lines, the cell relative death ratio was decreased by 20.0% in ApSK(3)-OE EC and significantly increased by 66.15% in ApSK(3)-RNAi cells after cryopreservation. Overexpression of ApSK(3) increased the content of non-enzymatic antioxidants (AsA and GSH) and up-regulated the expression of CAT, SOD, POD, and GPX genes, while ApSK(3)-RNAi cells decreased antioxidant enzyme activities and FeSOD, POD, and APX genes expression during cryopreservation. These findings suggest that ApSK(3) affects ROS metabolism through chelating metal ions (Cu2+ and Fe3+), alleviates H2O2 and OH center dot excessive generation, activates the antioxidant system, and improves cellular REDOX balance and membrane lipid peroxidation damage of plant cells during cryopreservation. DHNs can effectively improve cell stress tolerance and have great potential for in vivo or in vitro applications in plant cryopreservation.

为了减小特异性、一致性和稳定性(Distinctness,uniformity and stability,DUS)测试中的数量性状观测误差,提高测量精度,本研究以种植于上海的30个萱草品种为试材,比对了定植时间、测量时期和观测部位对DUS测试数量性状的影响,分析了数量性状间的相关性,探讨了通过其它性状推测花直径的可行性.结果表明:定植时间主要影响叶丛、叶片和花葶3个部位的数量性状;移栽会影响其性状表达,第2个生长季叶丛高度和直径、叶片长度和宽度、花葶长度和粗度及花数量均明显大于第1个生长季观测值,大部分性状第3个生长季观测值均等于或小于第2个生长季的观测值;随着花序向上开放,花葶长度、花葶粗度和花数量基本无显著差异,其余5个性状不断变小;叶相关数量性状在营养生长期与盛花期测量无显著差异;所有数量性状与2～11个其他性状间存在显著相关,3个数量性状就能区分所收集的30个品种;通过外花被片长度和花型可以推测花直径.综上,萱草DUS测试需在休眠根状茎定植后的第2个生长季进行观测,前3朵正常开放的花均可为观测对象,叶相关性状可以改在盛花期测量,该结果可为萱草属数量性状的准确采集提供参考.

辣椒在我国栽培面积广泛,深受人们的喜爱.然而辣椒生长过程中受诸多逆境因子的影响,如干旱、盐碱、水淹、重金属、病虫害等.这些逆境因子限制了辣椒的生产,制约了辣椒产业的发展.通过对AP2/ERF、WRKY、bZIP、NAC和MYB转录因子家族的分类及其在辣椒抗逆过程中所发挥的作用进行综述,为辣椒抗逆种质资源的鉴定以及未来功能标记的开发提供参考.

基于DUS测试,对113个上海鲜食玉米品种进行田间种植试验,对采集的30个表型性状进行多样性分析、聚类分析和主成分分析,研究上海鲜食玉米的遗传多样性发展.结果表明,上海鲜食玉米的遗传变异积累相对单一,除了 3个性状抽雄期与散粉期间隔天数(1.77)、抽雄期与抽丝期间隔天数(2.04)、植株的穗位高与株高比率(1.92)外,其他性状的多样性指数均处在0.18～1.50,有约26.67％的性状低于1.00.聚类分析表明,上海鲜食玉米的遗传背景存在趋同化现象,聚成5类时,前两类包含近61.06％的品种,类群Ⅲ和类群Ⅳ分别与其他类群有明显的差异,但是二者的品种量极少.主成分分析得出,生育期和雄穗等相关性状对上海地区鲜食玉米的评价有重要影响.

青花菜(B.oleracea var.italica)和花椰菜(B.oleracea var.botrytis)均为以花球为产品的甘蓝变种,亲缘关系较近,生产上常以花菜类来统称.为筛选出一套花菜类品种简单重复序列的鉴定引物,分三批从已公布的SSR引物中挑选出70对引物,以8份品种为材料,根据扩增多态性好、稳定性高、染色体上分布均匀等原则筛选出36对引物,用于花菜类品种鉴定.经173份品种验证,该引物组合可以很好地区分花椰菜与青花菜,能鉴定出绝大部分品种,只有3个品种相似系数达1,无条带差异,无法区分开.形态性状观测发现这3个品种差异极小,验证了本研究建立的SSR标记鉴定品种方法的准确性.36对引物中只需要10对核心引物就可以达到最大区分能力,不同组合理论分辨力不同,最大可达2.92×1012,推荐染色体上分布均匀的组合作为花菜类品种鉴定的最优组合,其理论分辨率为1.09×1012.本研究表明SSR分子标记可以用于花菜类品种鉴定,可为今后花菜类产业化中种苗纯度和真实性鉴定及种质资源管理提供技术支撑.

植物新品种保护是保障育种者权利、激励育种创新、规范种子市场、促进农林业发展而设立的知识产权制度.通过调查上海市农业植物新品种保护的基本情况,上海共有植物新品种权保护申请670件,其中大田作物占比近50％,申请人以农业科学院和农业事业单位为主.通过总结上海植物新品种保护的现状和特点,发现主要缺陷和不足,提出对策,将有利于提高保护意识,促进上海种业发展.

本实验选取12份形态性状差异较大的茄子品种于设施大棚内种植,比较了植株高度、主茎长度、果实纵径、果实横径和果形指数等5个数量性状在2个生长周期中的差异.结果表明:在消除了边际效用因素后,所有性状的品种内变异系数均<13％;数量性状的变异性及显著性分析显示2a间变异系数的变化顺序一致,设施大棚可在一定程度上减少环境对数量性状的影响;通过计算平均值与差异程度发现大部分性状的变化不明显;进行显著性分析,12个品种的部分性状有显著或者极显著差异,因此在实验中需要寻找标准品种,对不同年份的数据进行校正.

植物品种特异性(Distinctness)、一致性(Uniformity)和稳定性(Stability)测试(简称DUS测试)是植物品种保护、品种审定、品种登记的工作基础.中国的蕹菜种植历史悠久,品种资源丰富,但目前尚未研制出蕹菜品种DUS测试指南.通过参考蕹菜相关文献,初步选出46个蕹菜DUS测试指南候选性状,通过对74个蕹菜品种进行2个生长周期的种植试验,依据候选性状进行数据采集与分析,最终筛选出34个测试性状并确定其描述方法以判定蕹菜品种的特异性、一致性和稳定性,为蕹菜品种DUS测试和品种权实质审查工作提供科学依据.

为实现我国测试报告与UPOV测试报告的接轨,比较分析了茄子UPOV测试指南与我国测试指南的差异.结果表明,两者的差异主要表现在对繁殖材料的要求、性状等方面,我国测试指南提高了种子提交的数量,并提出了具体的质量要求;我国测试指南删除或新增了部分性状,并对部分性状的名称、表达状态或分级代码进行了调整.

本试验收集了48份瓜叶菊材料用于形态特征的研究与分析.试验结果表明:在植株整体的形态观测中,植株姿态和总花序类型均可以分为3种类型;植株茎的花青苷显色在不同材料中的表现程度和分布范围不同;叶片具有丰富的多样性,叶片顶端和底部形状、边缘锯齿形状及叶柄基部翼差异较大;头状花序的颜色丰富,本试验明确了花环与彩缘的概念.在对数量性状进行测量分析中,发现除总花序花数外,其它材料的遗传特性均较稳定.本研究构建了瓜叶菊形态描述规范,为下一步对品种区分提供依据,为瓜叶菊的育种提供技术支持.