风电场带来的水土流失、生态环境破坏等问题广受关注.文章以华南典型地区风电场为例,通过样品采集和土壤性质分析,研究风电场对周边土壤物理性质的影响.结果 表明,风电场对周边土壤粒级组成、容重、持水量、孔隙度等均产生了不同程度的影响.具体如下:对比在建场地,2012年建设场地周边苦竹Pleioblastus amarus林、阔叶林土壤粒级组成变化相对较小,容重显著升高(P＜0.05)、持水量显著降低(P＜0.05)、孔隙度显著减小(P＜0.05).其中阔叶林土壤粒级组成距离风电场地越近,变化越剧烈.多因素方差分析结果显示,除粉粒含量外的土壤物理性质受到林分类型、距离、建设时间三者主效应及其交互作用的综合影响.因此,在风电场建设和运营中,应尽可能减少对土壤性质的破坏,避免造成水土流失.

以种群生命表和生存力分析理论为基础,应用径级法及匀滑技术,编制深圳坝光古银叶树(Heritiera littoralis)种群特定时间生命表,绘制其死亡率曲线、消失率曲线、存活曲线和生存率函数曲线,同时分析种群数量动态变化.结果表明:(1)坝光银叶树种群以幼苗和幼树体数量居多,老龄体数量较少,表明现阶段银叶树整体为增长型种群,考虑来潜在干扰影响时种群仍处于稳定状态;(2)银叶树种群存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅲ型,死亡率和消失率均在第Ⅰ龄级和第Ⅲ龄级出现2峰值,曲线的变化趋势基本一致;(3)种群生存分析结果显示,生存率函数曲线呈单调上升趋势,累计死亡率函数曲线单调下降,且前期上升或下降的幅度高于后期,种群死亡密度函数曲线较为平缓,危险率函数从第Ⅲ到第Ⅻ龄级随龄级的增大不断增大,死亡密度和危险率函数在第Ⅱ龄级最大.

森林经营在增强二氧化碳吸收方面具有重要作用,在全球气候变化背景下,本文阐述了《联合国气候变化框架公约》中我国的履约目标,并评估了2005年和2010年广东省土地利用变化和林业领域的固碳量.结果显示广东省2005年森林生物量生长碳吸收合计总量为47.02×109 kg二氧化碳当量,乔木林固碳占总固碳量的88.87％,采伐消耗温室气体排放11.47×109 kg二氧化碳当量,采伐消耗温室气体排放二氧化碳当量占总排放量的76.12％.2010年固碳量增长11.68％,采伐消耗温室气体排放增加了19.85％.通过对比分析,探讨了广东省林业碳汇的提升潜力及方向.

为科学评估湛江红树林国家级自然保护区湿地生态系统最终服务价值,综合运用生态学和经济学方法,对2013年湛江红树林国家级自然保护区高桥和营仔小区湿地生态系统的供给、调节和文化3类10项最终生态服务进行评估.结果表明,2013年湛江红树林国家级自然保护区湿地生态系统总服务价值为191.95×106元.其中,海产品供给、气候调节和水质净化是湛江红树林国家级自然保护区湿地生态系统的3大核心服务功能,三者占服务总价值的73.17％.调节服务是其主要的服务类型,占总服务价值的55.99％.其中,固碳、大气组分调节和消浪护岸等调节服务功能较弱,仅占总服务价值的7.37％.该区湿地生态系统的单位服务价值为4.26元·m-2·a-1,低于同纬度带内的红树林等自然生态系统,加强湿地保护与野外长期定位监测,并结合新的评估方法与研究手段,或可提高湛江红树林湿地服务功能及价值.

In this paper, by setting designated foldable water bag reinforced on the out-ring of simulated fire scene, we tested helicopter fixed point water sprinkling of K—32 and M—26 to verify water sprinkling accuracy and efficiency by ground guidance in poor visibility condition of smoke, and compared the applicability of the two models. The test proved that, the two kinds of models could accurately sprinkle water to reinforced water bag by ground guidance in similar ground environment conditions; K—32's sprinkling accuracy and efficiency was bet-ter than M—26, which is the better choice in southern China forest fire fighting by ground-air cooperation.

This paper chooses the ultra-short-wave radio station and the related auxiliary equipment to test the airspace communication of the aviation forest protection in the light of the existing problems in the use of mobile communication of air-to-ground communication support techniques of aviation forest protection in Guangdong province. The test results are as follows: when the flight true height is 300 m, the maximum air-to-ground communication distance is up to 10 km, airborne MD—780G vehicle and ground PD—780 handheld communication between the air-to-ground two-way communication distance up to 30 km, the one-way communication to the farthest up to 60 km, MD—780G vehicle space between the air-to-ground two-way communication distance up to 60 km, air-to-ground one-way communication maximum distance of 100 km; at the hight of 600 m, the PD—780 handheld space between the maximum distance of up to 30 km, airborne MD—780G vehicle and ground PD—780 handheld communication between the air-to-ground two-way communication distance,the maximum distance of up to 50 km, air-to-ground one-way communication up to 80 km, MD—780G vehicle space-to-ground communication, air-ground two-way communication distance up to 80 km, of the one-way communication up to 120 km. The results showed that the communication distance of ultrashort wave is related to the flight height and the radio station power. To establish an effective air defense system for aviation forest protection, it is necessary to build a certain number of terrestrial communication relay stations, unified equipment model and call frequency, and standard ultrashort wave radio noise reduction.

To determine the soil fertility of pure Castanopsis hystrix forest, C. hystrix –Pinus elliottii mixed forest and pure P. elliottii forest in the south subtropical area, soil pH values, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphate, total potassium, hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphate, and available potassium was chosen as evaluation indicators. Soil fertility was analyzed by grey correlative degree analysis, and ranked by correlation degrees comprehensively. The results indicated that the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphate and available potassium had decline tendency with the increase of soil layer depth, while pH value, the content of total phosphate and total potassium have no difference in five different soil layers. The grey correlative degree analysis shows the best soil fertility was observed in pure C. hystrix forest, followedby C. hystrix –P. elliottii mixed forest, and pure P.elliottii forest has poorest soil fertility status.

介绍了在森林火灾地空配合扑救技术中运用K-32直升机开展的吊桶洒水有效性测试和吊桶洒水高度与火场温度变化关系研究.试验表明在消防烟雾弹的引导下,K-32直升机能对准测试区域进行洒水作业.K-32直升机吊桶以距离火场10~20 m高度洒水,水量集中,灭火效果较好;K-32直升机吊桶洒水落点准确率的高低对火灾扑救效率影响极大,当落点不准确时,飞机经过火场上空反而会导致火场温度急剧升高.

This paper uses SWOT analysis to analyze strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of forest aviation fire protection development in Guangdong. Its strengths are: governments at all levels attach im-portance to aviation forest fire protection, establish working mechanisms of aviation forest fire protection with helicopters and aviation forest fire protecting bases which have the ability of mobile refueling and forest fire air defense. Weaknesses are: the construction process of aviation forest fire protecting bases and landing points are slow, techniques of aviation forest fire protecting team are weak, lack of fuel supply and air round workers do not have special service grants. Opportunities are: ecological civilization construction provides new opportunities, rich water supply offers convenience for nearby water gathering, and the People's Government of Guangdong province has formulated measures for the examination of the responsibility system for forest resources, and strengthened its accountability. Threats are: the helicopter has few sources which cannot meet the needs of aviation forest fire protection, and the air space management is complicated which limits the flexibility of helicopter. On the basis, the paper puts forward some countermeasures for the development of Guangdong forest aviation fire protection:strengthen the base construction, improve the range of aviation forest fire protection; increase the number of heli-copters, improve the prevention and control force of aviation fire protection region; strengthen the construction of talent team, constantly improve protection work level; strengthen communications to improve emergency rescue capabilities; strengthen information technology construction, and constantly improve the technology level of avia-tion fire protection.

森林火灾地空配合扑救技术指的是直升机吊桶在火场上空洒水与地面扑火人员同时配合进行森林火灾扑救。文章介绍了在森林火灾地空配合扑救技术中运用K-32直升飞机进行的吊桶洒水有效性测试、吊桶洒水有效性与火场温度变化的关系。结果表明,在消防烟雾弹的引导下,K-32直升飞机能对准测试区域进行洒水作业;K-32直升飞机吊桶以垂直距离火场10~20 m高度洒水,水量集中,灭火效果较好;K-32直升飞机吊桶洒水落点准确率的高低对火灾扑救效率影响明显,当落点滞后100m时,飞机经过火场上空导致火场温度急剧升高130℃。