ObjectiveTo assess the satisfaction of trainees with the 2024 large-scale online learning program within China's disease control and prevention system (CDC system), thus providing reference data for optimizing talent development within the CDC system. MethodsData of satisfaction surveys were collected from 44 333 trainees across all levels of CDC institutions and related organizations nationwide who participated in the online training program from November 7 to December 15, 2024, via the National CDC Integrated Management Platform. The analysis focused on the drivers of participation, satisfaction with the training program, perceptions of learning outcomes and knowledge application, as well as the strengths of the learning platform and barriers affecting participation. ResultsAmong the 44 333 trainees participating in the CDC system's online learning program, 69.2% were motivated by enhancing their professional skills and competencies. Trainee satisfaction rates for course module design and recording, instructors, course contents, targeted thematic design, and course duration were 87.9%, 92.2%, 90.8%, 90.2%, and 84.7%, respectively. Among the trainees, 97.4% believed the online learning enhanced their understanding of professional knowledge and broadened their knowledge base, while 92.0% indicated the knowledge and skills acquired could be easily applied to their actual work. The primary strength of the CDC system's large-scale online learning platform was its abundant resources, whereas the lack of practical activities and opportunities for interaction constituted the main barriers affecting participant engagement. ConclusionsTrainees demonstrate high satisfaction with the CDC system's large-scale online learning program. The initiative achieved broad coverage of high-quality resources, though improvements are needed in course duration scheduling and teaching interactivity.

The disease prevention and control system represents a fundamental component of public health services. Although the Chinese government has consistently prioritized and increased funding for Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCs), whether these additional resources have been effectively translated into improved public health outcomes remains indeterminate. This study was designed to evaluate the operational efficiency of CDCs in China, objectively present the changes in efficiency values, and provide an evidence base for optimizing their service effectiveness. Taking the CDCs in 31 provincial-level administrative regions in mainland China as the research objects, a mixed research design was adopted, integrating longitudinal panel data (2011–2022) and provincial cross-sectional data (2022). Input indicators, output indicators, and environmental variables were all sourced from authoritative statistical yearbooks. The three-stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model was used to measure the static efficiency of different regions, and the Malmquist index model was applied to decompose the dynamic changes in Total Factor Productivity (TFP) of CDCs. At the national level, the average annual growth rate of TFP in the CDCs was 1.3

Against the backdrop of the continuous strengthening of public health system capacity, continuing education has become a critical pathway for enhancing the job competence and systemic response capacity of the public health workforce. However, its training models and operational mechanisms require further examination and optimization through cross-sectoral comparison. From the perspective of cross-industry transferability of continuing education experience, this study selected the sports, other service, and agricultural sectors as representative reference industries, and systematically reviewed their continuing education practices in terms of training models, instructional implementation, supporting elements, target groups, and outcome transformation. Based on an integrated analysis of literature from Chinese and international databases (CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, Web of Science, and PubMed) published during January 2018 and August 2025, together with policy documents and industry practice materials, a multi-industry continuing education ecological matrix was constructed using structured case analysis and isomorphic dimensional comparison. The analysis reveals that, despite contextual differences, the three fields share several common operational logics in continuing education, including job-oriented stratified and classified training structures, multi-actor collaborative governance, technology-enabled and flexible learning arrangements, and mechanisms linking learning to practical application. Drawing on this cross-industry evidence, the study further argues that the application of these experiences to public health continuing education should not rely on the direct replication of specific practices, but rather on institutional adaptation in key areas such as the development of stratified training systems, the operation of collaborative training platforms, the integration of digital technologies with practice-based training, and the alignment of learning evaluation with career development.

Importance:Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) lung cancer screening (LCS) has been shown to significantly reduce mortality rates. As its effectiveness relies on LDCT uptake, understanding uptake rates and their determinants can enhance the implementation and effectiveness of screening programs. Objective:This study aimed to analyze LDCT uptake and its influencing factors in lung cancer screening within an Asian population. Methods:Studies published between 1 January 2011 and 31 October 2025 were retrieved from four databases, and those reporting LDCT uptake and/or the factors influencing it were included. A random-effects model was applied to combine the effect estimates and 95% confidence intervals. Subgroup analyses were conducted to explore heterogeneity. Results:A total of 35 studies involving 1,716,756 participants were analyzed, yielding a pooled LDCT uptake rate for lung cancer screening of 46% (95% confidence interval [CI], 41-51%). Program-level factors included sample scale, year of LDCT uptake, and program setting (p < 0.05). Patient-level factors that facilitated participation included a family history of lung cancer (odds ratio [OR], 1.95; 95%CI, 1.45-2.63), harmful occupational exposure (OR, 1.48; 95%CI, 1.33-1.64), chronic respiratory diseases (OR, 1.97; 95%CI, 1.62-2.38), alcohol consumption (OR, 1.20; 95%CI, 1.06-1.36), passive smoking exposure (OR, 1.43; 95%CI, 1.24-1.64), a higher body mass index (BMI; OR, 1.12; 95%CI, 1.05-1.20), and higher education levels (OR, 1.35; 95%CI, 1.17-1.56). Patient-level barriers included being a man (OR, 0.61; 95%CI, 0.55-0.68), engaging in frequent exercise (OR, 0.89; 95%CI, 0.84-0.94), smoking (OR, 0.76; 95%CI, 0.66-0.88), and being middle-aged (OR, 0.92; 95%CI, 0.85-0.99). Conclusion:LDCT uptake for lung cancer screening is lower in Asia than in academic programs, and it varies widely due to program design and population characteristics. Adopting smaller-scale screening designs and targeting key populations may help improve implementation efforts. Systematic review registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42025641277, identifier CRD42025641277.

In a world increasingly saturated with digital health technologies, the promise of empowerment through information has become almost axiomatic. Yet what if access does not equate to understanding, and what if the sleek interfaces and personalized nudges of today's tools merely simulate agency while displacing it? This presentation interrogates the epistemological and ethical limits of four dominant models underpinning digital health design: the information deficit model, the knowledge–attitude–practice (KAP) framework, health literacy strategies, and behavioral nudging. Despite their differences, each presumes a rational, autonomous user who simply needs the right data or design to act wisely. Drawing on critical public health literature and sociotechnical theory, we argue that these frameworks obscure the structural and social determinants of health (SDoH), such as time poverty, financial stress, and cultural tensions, that fundamentally constrain genuine agency. Rather than merely optimizing individual behavior, this commentary compels the field to confront fundamental questions of power: Who gets to define health? Who designs the algorithm? And who is excluded in the process? By centering these inquiries, the real frontier is not smarter apps, but fairer governance. The paper concludes that addressing the digital divide requires structural interventions, such as participatory oversight and redistributive design, ensuring that digital health systems are grounded in human understanding rather than just administrative efficiency.

Objective To analyze the current status and equity of human resource allocation in centers for disease control and prevention(CDCs)at the county level in China,thereby providing reference for promoting the high-quality development of county-level CDCs.Methods The data were collected from the National Disease Prevention and Control Integrated Management System and the 2019-2023 Statistical Yearbooks.The Gini coefficient,Theil index,and health resource density index were adopted to analyze the current status and equity of human resource allocation in China′s county-level CDCs in the dimensions of population,geography,and economy.Results In 2023,the staff size and ratio in China′s county-level CDCs reached 162 836 and 1.16 per 10 000,respectively,both demonstrating consistent year-on-year growth.The Gini coefficient of all regions was less than 0.2 according to population distribution,less than 0.3 according to economic level distribution,less than 0.4 in eastern and central China and close to 0.6 in western China according to geographical area distribution.The Theil index across regions was approximately 0.36 in the geographical dimension,and 0.02 and 0.07 in the population and economic dimensions,respectively.For population and geographical dimensions,the intra-regional contribution exceeded that between regions,while the opposite pattern held for the economic dimension.The national and regional health resource density index showed an increasing trend year by year.Conclusions The staff size in China′s county-level CDCs has shown sustained growth.Their distribution remains relatively equitable across population and economic dimensions,but exhibits weaker equity in the geographical dimension.Efforts should focus on promoting intra-regional coordination and integration of human resources to reduce disparities within regions.

ObjectiveTo establish an evaluation index system for branches of the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, providing a basis for the management and performance assessment of these branches. MethodsOn the basis of literature research and theoretical analysis, an initial evaluation index system for the branches was constructed. The Delphi method was used to consult 22 experts in two rounds from October to December 2024 and then determine the index system, and the analytic hierarchy process was employed to calculate the weights of the indexes. ResultsThe positive coefficients of the experts in the two rounds of consultation were 100.00% and 90.91%, respectively, and the authority coefficient was 0.925. The mean scores of the importance of the indexes in the first and second rounds were (4.56 ± 0.28) and (4.59 ± 0.26), respectively. The coordination coefficients in the second round ranged from 0.294 to 0.393 (all P < 0.05), indicating that the expert opinions tended to be consistent. The finally determined index system was composed of 3 first-level indexes, 14 second-level indexes, and 27 third-level indexes, with the comprehensive weights of the third-level indexes ranging from 0.015 9 to 0.157 7. ConclusionsThe index system constructed in this study demonstrates high scientific rigor, reliability, and practical value. It comprehensively reflects the performance of branches of the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, providing a scientific basis for their assessment and evaluation. This system will contribute to promoting the high-quality development of China’s disease prevention and control efforts and advancing the Healthy China initiative.

County-level Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCs) are the foundational units of China’s public health system. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the shortcomings of the system, making it urgent to strengthen the functions of county-level CDCs. The efficiency and equity of resource allocation are crucial for enhancing public health outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate six-year trends (2018–2023) in equity and efficiency of resource allocation among the ten county-level CDCs in Qingdao and to identify actionable measures for optimizing grassroots public-health capacity in the post-COVID-19 era. We used Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve to assess the equity of resource allocation in the county-level CDCs in Qingdao. The efficiency of CDCs was evaluated using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Bootstrap DEA. Efficiency change was analyzed by employing the Malmquist productivity index (MPI). The health resources at the Qingdao CDCs showed an overall upward trend from 2018 to 2023. During 2018–2023, CDC personnel allocation showed good equity in demographic and economic dimensions (Gini < 0.3), but suboptimal equity in geographic distribution (Gini 0.3–0.5). The average technical efficiency was 0.940, pure technical efficiency averaged 0.995, and scale efficiency was 0.944. Among 10 CDCs, 50

The burden of polycystic ovary syndrome is increasing worldwide, which places a heavy burden on society and healthcare systems. This study investigates the independent effects of age, period, and cohort on the polycystic ovary syndrome prevalence from 1990 to 2021 in China, Japan, Asia and World. And then predicts the future burden of polycystic ovary syndrome over the next decade. The data were collected from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study, and the average annual percent change (AAPC) and relative risks (RRs) analyzed by joinpoint regression and APC-IE model. And this study employed the BAPC model to predict future disease burdens in China and Japan. In 2021, there were 533.533*104 (95

ObjectiveTo understand and analyze the experiences and challenges of Beijing city in preventing and controlling the COVID-19 epidemic, providing references for improving the prevention and control practices and policy-making of infectious disease pandemics in megacities in the future. MethodsFrom October 2023 to February 2024, 21 staff members from Beijing's health administrative departments, professional disease prevention and control institutions, medical and health institutions, professional public health institutions, and community health service centers were invited for key informant interviews. Thematic framework analysis was used to process and analyze the interview data. ResultsThrough the analysis of 21 qualitative data sets, two major themes emerged: experiences and challenges in the prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic in Beijing, covering 11 primary indicators and 39 secondary indicators. Specific aspects include the construction of a multi-level joint command and management system, improvement of the top-level design for public health emergencies, optimization of the medical and health service system, clarification of the four-party responsibility mechanism for infectious disease prevention and control, creation of a "specialist-led, specialist-community integrated" model, and improvement of the information transmission and communication mechanism. However, there were also challenges, such as the need to strengthen the connection between policy and system changes, the relatively lagging development of informatization, and deficiencies in epidemiological investigation, tracing, and close contact management. ConclusionsThe epidemic prevention and control in Beijing is of great significance. Relevant institutions or departments should pay attention to the effective connection between new and old iterations of policies and systems, improve the normalized infectious disease surveillance and early warning system, strengthen the construction of epidemiological investigation teams and the mechanism for switching between normal and emergency situations, and enhance the level of informatization.

As digital infrastructure increasingly reshapes urban governance, Chinese cities are exploring diverse pathways to integrate health systems with smart city technologies. This study selected four typical cities in China, Hangzhou, Shenzhen, Chengdu and Shijiazhuang, which are constructing smart healthy cities through distinct governance models. Using case studies, interviews, and policy analysis, three emergent types of digital health governance are identified: platform-led integrated systems, institution-anchored service ecosystems, and government-enabled multi-stakeholder collaborations. Hangzhou exemplifies a platform-centered model, leveraging city-wide digital infrastructure for cross-sectoral coordination. Shenzhen demonstrates a hospital-led strategy that enhances clinical efficiency through integrated digital platforms. Chengdu adopts a government-facilitated, equity-oriented approach linking industrial innovation and community-based services. Shijiazhuang illustrates a technocratic model prioritizing standardized digital rollout in second-tier contexts. Despite differences in institutional design, population profile, and digital maturity, all cities aim to enhance service accessibility, data interoperability, and system responsiveness. Rather than converging on a single model, cities navigate context-specific trajectories shaped by local governance capacity, policy priorities, and demographic demands. The study argues for an adaptive, modular approach to policy transfer, focusing not on wholesale replication but on identifying transferable components such as data standards, inter-agency platforms, and inclusive digital tools. This multi-case analysis contributes to the understanding of digital health integration in urban settings and provides conceptual and practical insights for shaping smart health city development in China and comparable international contexts.

Background:The public health workforce plays a crucial role in the development of health systems, particularly in enhancing the capacity of public health infrastructure. Understanding the current status of human resources in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is essential for establishing future development goals. This study aims to assess the quantity and equity of the human resources in China's CDCs since the outbreak of COVID-19, with the goal of promoting a more equitable distribution of the CDC workforce and enhancing the capacity to respond effectively to major public health emergencies. Methods:Using nationwide administrative data from China CDC (2019-2023), we conducted a two-stage analysis: First, we conducted a descriptive analysis of the current status and trends of the CDC workforce. Second, we performed an equity assessment through multilevel decomposition (1) Calculated Gini coefficients across three dimensions (geography, Gross Domestic Product per capita, population density); (2) Applied Theil T/L index to partition inequalities into within-region and between-region components. Results:Between 2019 and 2023, the CDC workforce in China increased to 230,594 employees, with workforce density rising from 1.3 to 1.64 per 10,000 residents, 76.26% being health professionals, a majority of whom were female, and the 25-34 age group comprising the largest segment (29.06%). Additionally, while the proportion with less than 5 years of service grew, staff with over 30 years of service formed the largest tenure group (30.69%). The Gini coefficient revealed extreme spatial inequality, indicating that geographic distribution was significantly exceeding those based on economic and population distributions, with values of 0.5815, 0.3866, and 0.1843, respectively, in 2023. Decomposition of inequality indicated that both general staff and health professionals were primarily affected by within-region disparities, with an increasing trend of within-region inequity from 2019 to 2023. In 2023, Theil T analysis showed that within-region inequality accounted for 76.67% of staff disparities, while for health professionals, this figure was 64.21%. Conclusion:The human resource landscape in China's CDCs faces challenges related to both underfunding and an aging workforce. Inequities in workforce distribution persisted from 2019 to 2023, with significant disparities within regions. Strengthening the CDC workforce, particularly in underdeveloped and sparsely populated areas, is essential for addressing these challenges.

Objectives: To calculate the case fatality rates (CFR) of COVID‐19 during epidemic periods of different variants of concern (VOC) by continents. Methods: We systematically searched five authoritative databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and MedRxiv) for epidemiological studies on the CFR of COVID-19 published between January 1, 2020, and March 31, 2023. After identifying the epidemic trends of variants, we used a random-effects model to calculate the pooled CFRs during periods of different VOCs. This meta-analysis was conducted following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023431572). Results: There were variations in the CFRs among different variants of COVID-19 (Alpha: 2.62%, Beta: 4.19%, Gamma: 3.60%, Delta: 2.01%, Omicron: 0.70%), and disparities in CFRs also existed among continents. On the whole, the CFRs of COVID-19 in Europe and Oceania were slightly lower than in other continents. There was a statistically significant association between the variant, HDI value, age distribution, coverage of full vaccination of cases, and the CFR. Conclusions: The CFRs of COVID-19 varied across the epidemic periods of different VOCs, and disparities existed among continents. The CFR value reflected combined effects of various factors within a certain context. Caution should be exercised when comparing CFRs due to disparities in testing capabilities and age distribution among countries, etc.

Background Supplemental private health insurance (PHI) plays a crucial role in complementing China's social health insurance (SHI). However, the effectiveness of incorporating PHI as supplementary coverage lacks conclusive evidence regarding its impact on healthcare utilization and seeking behavior among SHI-covered individuals. Therefore, investigating the effects of supplementary PHI on health care utilization and seeking behavior of residents covered by social health insurance is essential to provide empirical evidence for informed decision-making within the Chinese healthcare system. Methods Data from the 2018 China National Health Services Survey were analyzed to compare outpatient and inpatient healthcare utilization and choices between PHI purchasers and non-purchasers across three SHI schemes: urban employee-based basic medical insurance (UEBMI), urban resident-based basic medical insurance (URBMI), and the new rural cooperative medical scheme (NRCMS). Using the Andersen Healthcare Services Utilization Behavior Model as the theoretical framework, binary logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression (MNL) models were employed to assess the impact of PHI on healthcare utilization and provider preferences. Results Among UEBMI, URBMI, and NRCMS participants with PHI, outpatient visit rates were 17.9, 19.8, and 21.7%, and inpatient admission rates were 12.4, 9.9, and 12.9%, respectively. Participants without PHI exhibited higher rates for outpatient visits (23.6, 24.3, and 25.6%) and inpatient admissions (15.2, 12.8, and 14.5%). Binomial logistic regression analyses revealed a higher probability of outpatient visits and inpatient admissions among UEBMI participants with PHI (p < 0.05). NRCMS participants with PHI showed a lower probability of outpatient visits but a higher probability of inpatient admissions (p < 0.05). Multinomial logistic regression indicated that NRCMS participants with PHI were more likely to choose higher-level hospitals, with a 17% increase for county hospitals and 27% for provincial or higher-level hospitals compared to primary care facilities. Conclusion The findings indicate that the possession of PHI correlated with increased utilization of outpatient and inpatient healthcare services among participants covered by UEBMI. Moreover, for participants under the NRCMS, the presence of PHI is linked to a proclivity for seeking outpatient care at higher-level hospitals and heightened utilization of inpatient services. These results underscore the nuanced influence of supplementary PHI on healthcare-seeking behavior, emphasizing variations across individuals covered by distinct SHI schemes.

Objective To visually analyze the published studies on the public health system construction in China since the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)epidemic,and provide a reference for improving the research design in this field.Methods Using"public health,""public health system,""public health field,""system construction,"and"plann-ing"as keywords,we searched the China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),China Science and Technology Journal Database(VIP),and Wanfang Database for literature relevant to public health system construction in China published from January 2020 to April 2024.We conducted two rounds of screening and quality assessment based on inclusion and exclusion criteria,such as completeness of information and consistency with the basic study content.We used Excel software to sort and classify the included literature,and statistically analyzed the publishing institutions and research collaborations.Based on CiteSpace V software,we created a visual map of keyword co-occurrence,keyword clustering,and keyword time zones,and then analyzed and interpreted the map content.Results A total of 161 articles on public health construction in China were included.The authors of the articles were mainly from universities and disease prevention and control institutions.The collaborative studies published in the articles were mainly between universities and scientific research institutions,and between universities and hospitals.The main research keywords were public health,emergency management,system construction,epidemic prevention and control,capacity building,human resources,and informatization.The research hotspots mainly focused on the medical prevention and control cooperation mechanism between disease prevention and control institutions and medical institutions,the emergency management system(monitoring and early warning,emergency response,and infectious disease treatment),talent team building(talent training,staffing,talent utilization,and evaluation),financial investment mechanism,and information technology support.The main concerns were talent training,information technology construction,primary and rural public health construction,and laboratory testing capacity and equipment.The 161 studies were divided into three phases:the early,middle,and late phases of the COVID-19 pandemic.Early-phase research focused mainly on emergency management,human resources,and information technology;mid-phase research focused on collaborative governance mechanisms;and late-phase research was mostly retrospective and analytical.Conclusions Since the COVID-19 epidemic,research on public health system construction in China has basically covered the major areas of system construction.Recently,however,the focus of research has shifted to underdeveloped areas,with more attention being paid to equity in access to public health services.

The establishment of the National Administration of Disease Prevention and Control has initiated the reform of China's disease prevention and control system.Clarifying and optimizing the responsibilities of disease prevention and control institutions is the core of implementing the reform of the disease prevention and control system and serves as a compass for institutional capacity building and work implementation.Through literature review and policy document analysis,this article discusses the historical development,current challenges,and development directions of the responsibilities of disease prevention and control institutions.

This study examines the socioeconomic and public health effects of a recent respiratory illness outbreak in northern China, focusing on Beijing following the lifting of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) restrictions. It analyzes the implications of increased influenza A (H3N2) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae cases on urban health systems and economic structures. This mixed-methods study integrated a review of academic and governmental literature, a quantitative analysis of public health data, and a qualitative assessment of response strategies. Findings indicate a significant increase in respiratory illnesses in late 2023, prompting a proactive response from health authorities that involved expanded hospital capacity and intensified surveillance. Challenges, including resource limitations and public health fatigue, persisted, affecting response efficacy. Effective outbreak management was achieved through immediate health responses, although the event highlighted the need for improved infrastructure, surveillance, and policy frameworks. Recommendations emphasize the importance of international collaboration and comprehensive preparedness plans to strengthen global health security for future epidemics.

Satellite remote sensing technology has been widely applied in various fields due to its efficient data acquisition speed,short period and significant benefit ratio.This article summarizes and analyzes the application of satellite remote sensing technology in the field of health at home and abroad by searching the relevant literature in recent years.From epidemiology,environmental health,medical and health management to public health emergency response,satellite remote sensing technology has shown strong application potential in the field of health.It is recommended to draw on international experience and further expand the application scope of satellite remote sensing technology in China's health field,including expanding the scope of epidemic monitoring,establishing the relationship between environmental factors and health outcomes,and promoting cross-application research in various fields.This will provide more comprehensive and accurate data support for the high-quality development of China's health and wellness initiatives.

Cancer has become an important public health problem affecting the health of Chinese residents, as well as residents all over the world. With the improvement of cancer prevention and treatment, the growth of the mortality rate of cancers has slowed down gradually, but the incidence rate is still increasing rapidly, and cancers still impose heavy disease and economic burdens. Cancer screening and early cancer diagnosis and treatment are important ways to reduce the burden of cancer-related diseases. At present, various projects for early cancer diagnosis and treatment have been implemented in China. With the expansion of the coverage of these projects, the problems related to project implementation, operation, and management have emerged gradually. In recent years, emerging information technologies have been applied in the field of health and have facilitated health management and clinical decision-making. Meanwhile, China announced multiple policies to encourage and promote the application of information technologies in the field of health. Therefore, combined with the analysis of major problems in cancer prevention and control projects, this paper probes into how to apply information technologies such as biological information mining, artificial intelligence, and electronic information collection technology to various stages of cancer prevention and control. Information technologies realize the integrated management of prevention and control processes, for example, mobilization and preliminary identification, high-risk assessment, clinical screening, clinical diagnosis and treatment, tracking and follow-up, and biological sample management of high-risk groups, and promote the efficient implementation of cancer prevention and control projects in China.

BackgroundResearchers have conducted a considerable number of epidemiological studies on dyslipidemia in China over recent years. Nevertheless, a representative study to comprehensively appraise for the epidemiological status of dyslipidemia is still lacked. This meta-analysis is intended to explore the pooled prevalence, rates of awareness, treatment, and control of dyslipidemia among adults in Chinese Mainland. Materials and methodsA systematic review was performed on relevant cross-sectional studies published since January 2012 by searching six authoritative literature databases. Meta-analyses were conducted in included studies based on a random-effect model to summarize the epidemiological status of dyslipidemia in China. A potential source of heterogeneity was detected by subgroup analysis and meta-regression. Publication bias was assessed by Egger's test and funnel plots. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to examine the study quality's influence on the pooled estimate of prevalence and rates of awareness, treatment, and control. ResultsForty-one original researches with a total of 1,310,402 Chinese participants were finally included in the meta-analysis. The prevalence, rates of awareness, treatment, and control of dyslipidemia were 42.1%, 18.2%, 11.6%, and 5.4%, respectively. With a pooled prevalence estimate at 24.5%, low HDL-C was the most prevalent among various dyslipidemia types, followed by hypertriglyceridemia (TG) (15.4%), hypercholesterolemia (TC) (8.3%), and high LDL-C (7.1%). The pooled prevalence of elevated serum lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] was 19.4%. By gender, the prevalence of dyslipidemia was 47.3% in males and 38.8% in females. Subgroup analyses revealed that the prevalence in southern and urban areas were higher than their counterparts. Females and population in urban areas tended to possess higher rates of awareness, treatment, and control. Meta-regression analyses suggested that the year of screening influenced prevalence estimates for dyslipidemia. The impact of the study's quality on the pooled estimates is insignificant. ConclusionOur study suggested a severe epidemic situation of dyslipidemia among adults in Chinese Mainland. More importantly, the awareness, treatment, and control rates were extremely low, revealing that dyslipidemia is a grave health issue. Consequently, we should attach more importance to the management of dyslipidemia, especially in economically underdeveloped areas. Systematic review registrationPROSPERO [CRD42022366456].