贵州省是重楼的主要产地之一,重楼属植物资源种类丰富,梵净山自然保护区是贵州省珍稀濒危及特有药用植物重要的栖息地.通过文献调查和野外实地考查厘清了梵净山及其周边区域野生重楼资源分布、人工种植情况及在医药上的应用情况,旨在为深入保护与综合开发利用野生重楼种植资源提供理论基础.

针对黔东地区引进的部分油茶品种含油率仅18％的问题,为深度开发适宜当地种植的油茶种质资源,解决制约武陵山片区区域发展与脱贫攻坚油茶低产低效问题提供优良种质;利用分子标记辅助选择发现了3个油茶新品种,为其出现的母树穗条不足的问题,通过油茶大树嫁接快速繁殖芽穗,可提高穗芽产量近20倍,2年即可大量采穗;首先采用了早春劈接高接换冠嫁接方法,在全遮阳条件接穗可抽春、夏、秋三季枝梢,梢长可达85 cm;并在同一株原生低产油茶树不同枝上轮配嫁接不同优良无性系的穗芽,为攻克油茶单品种自交授粉会导致不结果或落果这一技术难题提供科学依据.

本文综述了用农作物秸秆、食用菌菌糠、果树枝条等农林副产物栽培大球盖菇的现状,对菌丝生长、子实体营养成分、产量、生物转换率等进行了分析和讨论,并进行了展望,旨在为今后大球盖菇的栽培研究提供参考.

中药重楼作为我国重要的中药资源之一,由于根茎繁殖的特点限制了重楼产业的发展,因此目前急需重楼的快速繁殖技术.综述了重楼种子繁殖技术的研究进展,以期为重楼种子的快速繁殖和重楼产业的快速发展提供参考.

指出了食用菌是我国重要的农业产业之一,也是农村脱贫致富的重要手段.阐述了植物源提取物和拮抗细菌等对食用菌病原微生物生物防治的研究现状,对食用菌生物防治的发展趋势进行了展望.

油茶壳中含有大量的木质素,用其加工成机制木炭,燃烧时无色无味,卫生环保,发热量高达28.75M J/kg,发热量与马尾松杉木混合机制木炭和标准煤相当,燃烧时间长达5小时.试制结果表明用油茶壳生产机制炭是完全可行的,提高了油茶综合利用率,延长了产业链条,具较好的现实意义.

随着我国养殖业的高速发展,畜禽粪尿排泄量也逐渐增多,其中猪粪尿排泄量占总排泄量的36.8％.而畜禽粪尿的处理方式较粗放,不仅造成资源的大量浪费,还对生态环境造成严重的破坏.近年来猪粪栽培食用菌的研究报道较多.本文主要综述了近年来猪粪栽培食用菌的研究现状.

梵净山重楼(Paris polyphylla Smith vat.chinensis)是中国重要的中草药之一.本研究利用MISA软件从重楼块根高通量转录组数据库的38 802条Unigenes中共搜索挖掘出6 333个SSR标记.66.76％的二核苷酸重复是这些SSR标记的主要重复类型,然后是18.77％的三核苷酸重复、11.50％的单核酸苷酸重复及2.97％的四核苷酸、五核苷酸和六核苷酸重复.在所有被功能注释的Unigenes中,481条Unigenes涉及调控重楼皂苷、黄酮、种子萌发和种子生长发育,从这些Unigenes共搜索挖掘到90个SSR标记.通过对这90个SSR标记的有效性验证,获得具有清晰扩增条带的SSR标记20对.以选取的14份重楼种质为材料,对扩增出清晰条带的20对SSR标记进行多态性检测后,获得16对具有多态性的SSR标记引物.引物多态性信息含量指数(polymorphism information content,PIC)介于0.067～0.561,平均值为0.293;14个重楼种质聚类在两个不同类群.本研究结果可为梵净山重楼种质资源鉴定、遗传多样性分析和分子标记辅助选择育种提供SSR标记.

In order to select the best method for Paris polyphyllaseedling,taking Paris polyphylla as test material.First,to research the different light intensity on the virescent cotyledons development, germinated seed of the Paris polyphylla were treated using lighting for 0,500,1 000,2 000,2 500lx. Second,to research the synergistic effect on sowing and seedling,germinated seed of the Paris polyphylla were treated using lighting,shelling and root cutting.The results showed that after 2 500lx light intensity,the virescent cotyledons rate of the Paris polyphylla Smith var.Chinensis of the germinated seeds were above 91.03％in 8.46days,the virescent cotyledons rate of the Paris polyphylla var.Yunnanensis of the germinated seeds were above 90.15％ in 8.21days.After lighting,shelling treatment and lighting, shelling,root cutting treatment,emergence rate and time of the Paris polyphylla Smith var.Chinensis and the Paris polyphylla var.Yunnanensis were above 91.32％ and 87.64％,in 8.46days and 8.21days, respectively.Plant height,leaf area,fresh mass of rhizome and other important agronomic traits of the indicators of lighting,shelling treatment and lighting,shelling,root cutting treatment were both the best, lighting,shelling,root cutting treatment was max in plant height,leaf area,fresh mass of rhizome,which were4.76cm,5.56cm2,0.60g,respectively.

指出了影响油茶产油量和茶油品质的因素有遗传 、环境 、营养 、茶籽成熟度 、茶籽后熟处理和加工工艺等.其中,茶籽成熟度是非常关键的因素,茶籽采收的季节性很强,采摘过早直接会降低出籽率 、含油率和茶油品质;采摘太迟会使油酸水解 、酸败 、酸值增高,造成茶油品质下降.基于此,提出了加强油茶果采收管理 、适时采收茶果等相关建议,以期为油茶产业的提质增效提供参考.

指出了油茶产品的综合开发利用可有效地促进油茶产业的发展,利用油茶壳加工成机制木炭,产品质量好,原料来源潜力大,市场发展空间广,有很好的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益.基于此,探讨了油茶壳机制木炭的生产工艺流程及效益,以期提供参考.

以研究油茶幼林期林下果蔬复合种植配套技术为目的,通过林下果蔬套种对比试验和效果分析比较,集成和完善油茶幼林复合种植配套技术,优化遴选油茶林菜复合种植品种模式,提出推广品种及组合生产应用的建议.试验结果表明,合理开展林下种植对油茶林地土壤改良、幼林林分的生长和油茶早实都有积极促进作用;对于种植地块选择“适地适菜”,充分考虑土层厚度、坡度、岩性、土壤类型、交通运输和水源灌溉等条件;综合分析种植果蔬品种的生产适应性、黔东低山区(铜仁等)的气候特点及当地农事习俗,选择8个单季种植品种(“一年一熟”品种)可供推广种植,包括作为秋、冬季节品种的白菜、豌豆和作为春、夏季节品种的辣椒、西瓜、甜瓜、黄豆、花生、黄花;在水肥和耕作管理条件好的地块可种植两季,推广4个“一年两熟”的品种组合模式,即采用“[(早辣椒或茄子)+(秋冬白菜或春甘蓝)]、[(西瓜或甜瓜)+春甘蓝]、[(毛豆+秋白菜]、[花生+豌豆]”.

在黔东低山丘陵区引进栽培油茶优良无性系(家系)并开展品比试验,采集其每个品种的生长适应性和经济性状数据分析,研究结果显示:1)引种的23个油茶优良无性系的生长适应性表现良好,开花结实正常;2)湘林210、湘林15、湘林XLJ 2、湘林81、湘林14、德字1号等6个品种的丰产性及其经济性状趋优,适宜推广栽培;3)油茶鲜果产量总体上随种植年份呈逐年稳步增长的趋势,在第9-10年产量大幅上升,油茶林进入盛果期,经济效益增长显著;4)8年生油茶林郁闭度0.7～0.8,林下通风透光条件较差,结实数量分布不均匀,同品种单株个体间产量变化差异性较大,试验林测算表明油茶林丰产种植的优选密度以74～89株/667 m2较为适宜.

Taking two farm varieties and 3superior clones of Camellia oleifera in Tongren region of Guizhou province as materials,this paper tested oil content and fatty acid composition,studied the differences of seed oil content and fatty acid composition in different C.oleifera varieties(types),analyzed the correlations between these and the main economic properties of the fruit.Results show that:1)Each varieties(types)had their own advantages of fresh seed yield,dry seed rate,oil content of fresh fruit and kernel oil content,the average of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids was 9.593% and 90.407%respectively,average of oleic acid and linoleic acid was 83.218%and 6.397%respectively,the development of these C.oleiferaindustry had good market prospects.2)The kernel oil content of Xianglin XLC 15,Xiang Lin XLJ 2and collecting seed earlier farm variety No.1reached more than 50%.The oil content of fresh fruit of Xiang Lin XLC 15 was up to 12.48% especially,so it is high yielding clones.3)There was closely relationship between seed oil content of C.oleifera and economic properties of the fruit,so through the correlation among these properties,using early determination of easily measured properties,you can predict seed oil content,oil content of fresh fruit,and help to improve the management measures.4)The average content of oleic acid was 83.218%,the variation coefficient was 1.91%,that meant the content of oleic acid was high and relatively stable,and the content of oleic acid and linoleic acid reached above 90%.There was a certain correlation between each fatty acid in C.oleiferaseed,and can be used to support the breeding objective in the cultivation.5)The oil content of the local farm variety was high,and the adaptability was strong,so it has important practical significance to select farm variety with superior properties,and cultivate new varieties suitable for the local climate and environment to popularize.

通过对低产栗林的本底调查和成因分析,划分出4种低产林类型,分别选择不同改造方式.通过7年来的品种更新、密度调整、树体改造和林分扶壮等综合技术措施应用,改造规模35 hm2,改造后第5～7年年均产量达2046 kg·hm-2,是改造前的3～6倍,其中新造更新类型单产1974 kg· hm-2,换接改造类型单产2119kg hm-2,实现了栗林丰产稳产和优质丰收,栗林经济效益显著提高.

According to the forest inventory data,it summarized the dynamic changes of forest area,forest volume,forest structure in Tongren region over three decades,and analyzed its forest quality and regional differences in recent years.The results showed that: From 70 s of last century to the mid-80 s,forest land area and forest volume were decreased;then forest land area and forest area increased significantly,forest volume and forest coverage increased;Since 2005,the region's forest area and growing stock increased rapidly through the implementation of national key forestry projects;it exist East-west differences of forest resources distribution,the east forest resources was higher than the west;forest were in a healthy state.

Based on the theory of component and plant development,the authors studied the correlation of branching pattern of Camellia oleifera and its output,correlation of every component,correlation of every component and the output with SPSS. The results showed that 1. The growing patten of Camellia oleifera had a plasticity to certain extent when the plant used the sunlight and heat. 2. An apparent rule appeared when the plant fruited: there was no fruits on the first grade branch; the second grade branch was the main fruiting branch; it was not common that the third grade branch fruited. 3. There is a small correlation of the fruit to the second grade branch and the total bud on the same branch,but little to the other components.

Fertilization is one of important measures to promote plant growth.According to three different fertilizer types and different ratios of N,P,K,with 9 treatments and a comparison group,by adopting the LSD multiple comparion research method on three-year-old Camellia oleifera,this paper analyzes different formula fertilization'effects on Camellia oleifera growth and psysiological characteristics.The results show that the different ratable fertilizer can stimulate the growth of young C.oleifera.Ⅴ,Ⅸ,Ⅲ and Ⅱ four treatments have the influence for diameter,height,crown and young branch in 9 treatments.They are the biggest differences in the content of chlorophyll of Camellia oleifera leaf and NO3-reductase activity simultaneously in Ⅵ、Ⅷ treatments.

通过对贵州铜仁地区油茶资源的调查以及不同产地的油茶果实的经济性状的测定,分析了油茶生长条件、主要经济性状与产量间的关系.结果表明:该地区油茶占地面积大,但大部分都是低产林,产量较低.并且由于油茶果实较大的遗传变异性导致品种杂乱,而使各产地问油茶经济指标表现不一.因此,在油茶产业发展中,选择遗传性状稳定的优良品种,强化和规范田间管理对提高油茶林经济效益具有重要意义.