As compared with normal-oleic peanuts, high-oleic peanuts proved to be heart-healthier and had a prolonged shelf life and extended seed longevity. However, there have been concerns about the genetic diversity of present-day high-oleic peanut cultivars, which relied heavily on high-oleic donors with F435 type FAD2 mutations. In the study, a total of 104 high-oleic peanut cultivars/lines/mutants from main breeding teams in China were used to assess their genetic diversity with AhMITE markers. Of all the 31 cultivars tested, those from CTW (Chuan Tang Wang) team had the highest genetic variability. Again, of all the 73 lines studied, those from the same team ranked first in genetic diversity. As compared with cultivars from CTW and C&Y (Xiao Yuan Chi and Shan Lin Yu) teams, greater genetic diversity was detected in new lines of both teams, indicating that recent breeding efforts had resulted in improved genetic diversity in high-oleic peanuts.

Wild Arachis species are of great value to the genetic improvement of the cultivated peanut; however, incompatibility hinders the utilization of the species outside section Arachis. Imbalance of endogenous phytohormones was hypothesized, but not yet well confirmed and elucidated. Using UPLC-ESI–MS/MS, we were able to determine the phytohormone levels in flower bases 3 days after pollination and pegs/pods 5 and 10 days after soil penetration. The results showed that, in terms of significantly changed phytohormones, the proportion of down-regulated auxins and cytokinins gradually increased as reproductive development progressed. Significant reduction in the levels of gibberellins in pegs/pods was also recorded. This study suggested that to overcome incompatible obstacles in wide crosses in the genus Arachis, early post-pollination application of hormone mixtures incorporating auxins, cytokinins and gibberellins should be beneficial.

为鉴定花生品种(系)播种出苗期耐低温高湿特性,并评价"苗苗亲"包衣剂的应用效果,进行了春季早播试验.结果表明参试的30个品种(系)中,花育960、花育9623中耐,11个品种低耐,其余品种(系)不耐低温高湿.基于出苗株数或出苗指数衡量花生耐低温高湿性的广义遗传力,以小区或品种均值为单位的广义遗传力均分别达到中和高水平,说明花生播种出苗期耐低温高湿特性具有一定的遗传改良潜力."苗苗亲"包衣极显著地提高了参试花生品种(系)在低温高湿条件下的出苗株数和出苗指数,出苗率由不包衣的32.02％提高到包衣的89.55％,出苗指数由不包衣的1.12提高到包衣后的3.68,说明"苗苗亲"包衣有明显的抗低温高湿效果,能促进花生出苗,大幅提升出苗率,因此认为"苗苗亲"是一款值得在"倒春寒"易发的东北早熟花生产区和北方大花生产区推广应用的优良种衣剂.

High-oleic peanuts has been recognized by processing sectors, seed sellers and consumers for their longer shelf life, longer seed life and mutiple healthe benefits. High oleate is becoming a requisite for varietal releases in many peanut breeding programs at present. To select desirable parents for high-oleic peanut breeding, the study was conducted to evaluate the combining ability of 5 high-oleic donors from our research team, based on quality of individual single seeds. General combining ability was significant for oleic, linoleic, stearic and palmitic acid, oil and protein, while specific combining ability was significant for the traits except oil. Among them, oil content was found to be conditioned solely by additive gene actions, and for other quality traits, additive gene effects were more important than non-additive gene effects. High-oleic CTW and normal-oleic Xiaojingsheng were selected as the best general combiners for peanut oleic acid improvement. Narrow-sense heritability was high for quality traits other than protein, suggesting that there was high potential for genetic improvement in these traits.

根据形态、色泽、烘烤香味、生花生味、异味、酥脆度、甜咸味和细腻度等8项指标对3份水煮花生进行感官评价.结果表明,高油酸花生品种"花育668"加工的水煮花生烘烤香味、甜咸味极显著优于其它2份普通油酸花生产品,但形态、色泽、生花生味、异味、酥脆度、细腻度及总得分无显著差异,但就总得分而言,该高油酸品种仍排第一.说明"花育668"感官品质不逊于其它2个产品,可替代普通油酸品种用于水煮花生加工.研究发现,水煮花生酥脆度和甜咸味与烘烤香味间、细腻度与甜咸味间呈极显著强正相关;甜咸味与生花生味间、细腻度与酥脆度间呈极显著中等强度相关;异味和细腻度与生花生味间、甜咸味与异味和酥脆度间呈显著中等程度相关.鉴于本研究"花育668"水煮花生仍采用了与普通油酸花生相同的工艺,通过优化加工工艺,进一步改善高油酸花生的口感是可能的.

本研究以六种不同品牌花生油及其加工产品炸薯条为研究对象,根据坚果香味、烧烤味、甜香味、苦味、异味、脆性、总体风味7项感官评价指标进行打分,打分标准为5分制.结果表明:不同品牌花生油之间风味存在显著差异,尤其是坚果香味和香甜味对花生油和炸薯条的总体风味有较大影响.苦味和异味会严重降低总体风味.烧烤味对花生油和炸薯条总体风味影响都是最小的.同一厂家普通花生油和高油酸花生油的所有指标都没有显著差异.胶东地区所生产的花生油更受欢迎.对花生油总体风味和炸薯条总体风味进行相关分析,相关系数r=0.471(p<0.01).花生油的总体风味与炸薯条总体风味呈正相关.该评价方法将为花生油加工和油脂感官评价提供参考.

为研究"新壮态"有机液体叶面肥与冲施肥在花生上的施用技术和应用效果,在山东莱西、辽宁阜新和江西赣州进行叶面肥试验,在阜新进行膜下滴灌模式下的冲施肥试验.结果表明,叶面肥试验,在赣州花生生育中期和前期(花针期与苗期)施用增产效果较好,莱西、阜新试验数据则分别显示在花生生育后期和中期(饱果期和花针期)、后期(饱果期)喷施增产效果较好;莱西试验产量最优处理饱果期叶面肥300X比空白对照蛋白质含量和油酸含量提高,含油量和亚油酸含量降低,更适合食用;在赣州调查,喷施"新壮态"叶面肥的花生植株叶斑病、锈病和白绢病发病较轻;膜下滴灌冲施肥试验,以饱果期浓度105L·hm-2产量最优;叶面肥试验和膜下滴灌冲施肥试验最优处理相比空白对照增产10％以上,净增收超过1950元·hm-2.

花生是我国主要的油料作物和经济作物,提高花生出油率对提高我国榨油企业的经济效益及保障我国油脂安全有着重大意义.本研究选取不同来源的48份花生样品,利用近红外反射光谱技术构建了花生籽仁出油率近红外模型.经优化得出,花生籽仁出油率最佳光谱预处理方法为"矢量归一化"法,光谱范围为7498.2～8454.8、4242.8～4605.4 cm-1,维数为9,模型决定系数(R2)为81.77,根均方差(RMSECV)为1.04.该模型可满足花生榨油企业原料收购和高油育种选择的需要.

花生荚果速干特性对于避免后期霜冻、减少干燥环节黄曲霉毒素污染风险具有重要意义,为此对花育665(兰娜型)、花育668(珍珠豆型)、19L87(传统出口型大花生)和18S22(珍珠豆型)4个高油酸花生品种(系)进行荚果脱水与回潮特性鉴定.结果表明,其脱水速率分别为快、快、极快和慢,回潮速率分别为慢、慢、快、快;4个品种(系)荚果含水量随晾晒时间变化曲线,可分别用Harris模型、倒数模型、Bleasdale模型和有理函数拟合;基于单株数据估算的花生荚果干燥0 d和1 d的含水量广义遗传力均高于65％,说明就该性状进行遗传改良应会有显著效果.

对27个高油酸花生品种进行了鲜花生果柄强度、鲜荚果和干荚果三向果壳强度测定及鲜食感官品质评价.结果表明,花育962、花育964、花育965、花育666、花育662、花育665、花育963、花育663、花育9623、花育668、花育966、花育9622、花育661、花育961共14个品种适合鲜果机械收获;除花育664、花育964以外的25个品种适合干荚果机械收获.花育961、花育663、花育9622最适合鲜食,同时也适合鲜果和干荚果机械收获.果柄强度和果壳强度广义遗传力为中或高,而各项鲜食感官品质指标以品种均值为单位的广义遗传力估值均为高,说明遗传手段可对花生机械适收性和鲜食感官品质改良发挥作用.

测定了50个花生基因型的氨基酸含量,明确了其变幅和改良潜力,进而以8种特定氨基酸和9个氨基酸组合为因变量,其余氨基酸为自变量,在通径分析基础上进行决策分析,探讨不同氨基酸含量之间的关系,针对不同的品质改良目标,提出了可能的途径,为花生氨基酸品质育种提供参考.

为明确花生子仁蔗糖、可溶性总糖、果糖含量与蔗糖磷酸合酶、蔗糖合酶、转化酶活性之间的关系,取6个基因型花生不同成熟度荚果,脱壳后测定其子仁糖含量和相关酶活性,并进行典型相关分析.结果 表明,糖含量与酶活性存在明显关联;蔗糖合酶是三种酶中最主要的,而蔗糖是主要的糖分;蔗糖合酶、蔗糖磷酸合酶活性与蔗糖、可溶性总糖含量呈正相关关系,与果糖含量呈负相关关系;转化酶活性与可溶性总糖和蔗糖含量呈负相关关系,与果糖含量呈正相关关系.提示可以通过调节蔗糖合酶、蔗糖磷酸合酶活性来增加或降低花生子仁蔗糖含量以满足加工需要.

A crossbreeding was made between 06I8B4 (female parent),an incompatible Arachis species hybrid derivative with bacterial wilt (BW)resistance,and CTWE (male parent),a high-oleic peanut line bred by our research group.Through screening with molecular marker technology and near infrared spectrosco-py model,along with resistance scoring at natural disease nursery,two high-oleic and high-yielding peanut cultivars for food uses with BW resistance,Huayu 963 and Huayu 668,were developed.Both cultivars were found to have wide adaptability;their yields were comparable to or even higher than that of normal-oleic and high-yielding varieties;the oleic acid content was over 80%,and the ratio of oleic acid to linoleic acid was more than 24.Huayu 963 and Huayu 668 had good eating quality,which were suitable for food processing, and were resistant and moderately resistant to BW,respectively.

生育酚甲基转移酶(γ-TMT)是生育酚生物合成过程中的关键酶,对生育酚组成及活性起着至关重要的作用.本研究从花生栽培种A、B两个基因组中克隆到2个γ-TMT基因,分别命名为Ahγ-TMT1和Ahγ-TMT2.Ahγ-TMT1编码区全长为3111 bp,Ah),-TMT2编码区全长为3124 bp,都含有6个外显子和5个内含子,开放阅读框(ORF)长均为1059 bp,编码352个氨基酸.利用相关软件或在线工具进行了蛋白质功能预测和系统发育分析.本研究为花生高维生素E分子育种提供了便利.

采集67份自然风干花生种子的近红外光谱,并进行芥酸含量色谱测定.采用交叉检验,构建了多粒自然风干花生种子样品芥酸含量的近红外定量分析模型.经优化,最佳光谱预处理方法为"消除常量偏移法",芥酸含量谱区范围为4242.8～11980.2 cm-1,维数为10,模型的决定系数(R 2)为80.08,交叉检验根均方差(RMSECV)为0.0238.此模型可以很好地预测花生种子芥酸含量,为花生脂肪酸遗传改良提供快速的选择手段.

Fatty acid elongation 1 (FAE1)is a key enzyme that controls the elongation of fatty acids and plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of erucic acid.In this study,two FAE1 genes,FAE1 -A and FAE1 -B,were cloned from two genomes of the cultivated peanut,respectively.FAE1 had only one open reading frame,no introns,and the complete coding sequence of the gene is 1 536 bp,encoding 511 amino acids.The bioinformatics analysis results showed that the secondary structure of FAE1 protein was mainly α-helix;there was no signal peptide,indicating that FAE1 was not secretory protein,and it worked in cells and mainly exis-ted in endoplasmic reticulum;the instability coefficient of FAE1 was lower than 40 and the total mean hydro-philic coefficient was negative,so FAE1 was unstable hydrophilic protein.The study may facilitate peanut breeding for low erucic acid content.

在吉林省白城市盐碱地和非盐碱地种植了10个高油酸品种(系)、1个普通油酸品系和4个普通油酸花生对照品种,测定了荚果和子仁产量,评价了参试材料的丰产性和稳定性,首次提出了基于相对产量的花生耐盐碱鉴定标准.根据2016—2017年2年试验,鉴定出高耐高油酸品系1个(花育967),中耐高油酸品系2个(15 S 24、15 S 25),低耐高油酸品种(系)3个(15 S 1、花育963、15 S 11).

To build a near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)model for predicting vitamin E content in sun-dried peanut seeds,spectral data of 42 peanut seed samples were collected and the vitamin E content of each sample was determined by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC).Then a NIR calibration model for vitamin E content was established by partial least squares method (modified PLS ). Through optimizing and internal cross validation,the optimal spectrum pretreatment method was the first deriv-ative plus multiplicative scattering correction.The spectrum range,rank,determination coefficient (R2)and root-mean-squares error of cross-validation (RMSECV)for vitamin E were 6 094.3～7 506.0 cm-1and 4 242.8～5 454.0 cm-1,8,88.34 and 0.423,respectively.The model was used to predict the vitamin E content of 6 samples of wild peanut species,and the t test results showed that the difference between the pre- dicted value and true value was not significant.Therefore,the constructed near-infrared spectroscopy model could predict the content of vitamin E in sun-dried peanut seeds very well.

花育9610系采用花生属区组间杂交与化学诱变相结合育成的传统出口型大花生品种.参加安徽夏播花生区试,荚果单产302.0 kg/667m2,比对照鲁花8号增产19.8％;籽仁单产218.6 kg/667m2,比对照鲁花8号增产20.3％.2015年6月通过安徽省非主要农作物品种鉴定登记(编号:皖品鉴登字第1405020).

<正>花生栽培种遗传基础狭窄,虽然品种间杂交迄今仍是花生育种的主要手段,但国内外花生育种工作者已普遍认识到,花生育种要取得突破单纯依靠常规杂交已越来越难,鉴于花生野生种遗传多样性、丰富性,对各种生物、非生物胁迫具有抗性,而且具有高产因子,因此认为通过远缘杂交技术利用花生属野生资源特别是花生区组以外的不亲和野生种是拓宽花生栽培种遗传基础、选育突破性品种的有效途径。花育44号是山东省花生研究所利用不亲和野生种