Introduction Peanut cultivation in high-latitude regions is frequently subjected to low-temperature stress, which adversely affects peanut growth and development. The correlation between physiological changes in peanut during the germination and seedling stages and exposure to low-temperature stress at the harvest period remains unclear, and this research gap limits the in-depth study of peanut cold tolerance. This study aimed to explore the above correlation and identify core physiological indicators for evaluating peanut cold tolerance at germination and seedling stages. Methods Thirty-six peanut accessions were used as experimental materials and subjected to natural low-temperature stress during the field harvest period. After drying the pods for 3 days, laboratory germination tests were conducted to screen out one extremely cold-tolerant and one extremely cold-sensitive accession from the 36 materials. The two extreme materials were then exposed to artificial low-temperature stress at the germination and seedling stages: the temperature was decreased from 26 °C to target temperatures (8 °C, 4 °C, and 0 °C) at a rate of 2 °C/h, and then increased back to 26 °C at the same rate, with a control group maintained at a constant 26 °C. Physiological indicators of the materials were determined at five time points after they returned to 26 °C and resumed normal growth, and principal component analysis (PCA) was used for comprehensive analysis of the indicators. Results After low-temperature stress at both germination and seedling stages, the cold-tolerant material had significantly higher contents of proline (Pro) and soluble sugar, as well as higher activities of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Peroxidase (POD), and Catalase (CAT) compared with the cold-sensitive material, while its Malondialdehyde (MDA) content was significantly lower. All physiological indicators of the cold-tolerant material recovered to normal levels within 36 hours of recovery, whereas the recovery of the cold-sensitive material was significantly slower. PCA extracted three principal components from the measured indicators, with a cumulative contribution rate of 89.35%. Pro and SOD were ultimately identified as the core indicators for evaluating peanut cold tolerance at the germination and seedling stages. Discussion This study successfully screened two peanut materials with extreme cold tolerance phenotypes by combining field natural low-temperature stress and laboratory simulated low-temperature stress treatments. The clarification of Pro and SOD as core evaluation indicators fills the research gap in the cross-stage cold tolerance study of peanuts, which links harvest-period low-temperature stress with physiological responses at germination and seedling stages. The screened extreme cold-tolerant and cold-sensitive materials provide important germplasm resources for subsequent peanut cold tolerance breeding, and the identified core indicators lay a solid theoretical foundation for the rapid evaluation and identification of peanut cold tolerance.

Peanut, a globally significant food crop, is highly valued for its nutritional and economic importance. However, breeding efforts to enhance its protein content have been limited. In this study, a two-step chemical mutagenesis strategy was utilized on the normal-protein Spanish-type peanut cultivar Fuhua 19 (< 25% protein) to generate high-protein mutants. Through successive rounds of mutagenesis combined with near-infrared spectroscopy screening, eight mutants with protein levels exceeding 30% were identified. Among these, the mutant C-Za-454-2 consistently exhibited stable and elevated protein content across different locations and developmental stages. This mutant also displayed distinct ultrastructural changes, including an increased protein body area and reduced starch grain content, compared to the wild-type Fuhua 19. Biochemical analyses revealed enhanced activities of nitrogen metabolism enzymes, such as nitrate reductase and glutamate synthetase, which positively correlated with protein accumulation. Conversely, certain carbon metabolism enzyme activities were inversely correlated with protein content, highlighting a trade-off between carbohydrate and protein synthesis. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of iterative mutagenesis in producing high-protein peanut lines and provide a foundation for future genetic studies aimed at improving protein yield in peanut cultivars.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a globally vital oil and cash crop. However, frequent cold stress severely compromises its yield stability. To address this challenge, we conducted quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping for two cold tolerance-associated traits, namely relative emergence rate (RER) and relative emergence index (REI), across four distinct environments using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the cold-tolerant landrace Silihong and cold-sensitive cultivar Jinonghei 3. Two core QTLs associated with cold tolerance were detected, including qRER6 stable across all environments with PVE of 4.91–5.15% and a co-localized QTL qRER18.1/qREI18.2 on chromosome 18 that governs both target traits with PVE of 14.56–14.71% and 10.34%. Through integrated analysis of QTL mapping and Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), Arahy.657RUG was identified as a candidate cold tolerance gene and designated Ahcold18. Differential expression analysis and heterologous overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana under freezing stress (−9 °C) showed that Ahcold18 enhances plant survival under low-temperature stress, suggesting a general role in cold tolerance that warrants further investigation in the context of peanut chilling tolerance. A gene-based KASP marker (KASP-2374669), developed from variant sites within Ahcold18, showed preliminary association with RER and REI in the RIL population; however, further validation in diverse germplasm is required to confirm its utility for marker-assisted selection. This study provides a critical genetic resource and a precise technical tool for marker-assisted breeding of cultivated peanut with cold tolerance.

Valine-glutamine (VQ) motif-containing proteins serve as pivotal regulators in plant growth, development, and abiotic stress responses. However, systematic genome-wide characterization of the AhVQ gene family in cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) remains unreported. In this study, we identified 71 AhVQ genes unevenly distributed across 20 chromosomes; these genes were phylogenetically clustered into seven groups with Arabidopsis and rice VQs. Members of the same group displayed highly conserved exon-intron structures and protein motifs, and their promoters were enriched with abundant phytohormone-responsive and stress-related cis-elements, including ABRE, LTR, and CGTCA-motif. Tissue expression profiling revealed that 15 AhVQ genes (e.g., AhVQ6, AhVQ8, AhVQ31, and AhVQ40) exhibited constitutive expression in all 22 tested tissues, while other AhVQ genes showed tissue-preferential patterns: AhVQ9 and AhVQ17 in roots, AhVQ65 in reproductive shoot tips, and AhVQ38 in pistils. Transcriptome analyses demonstrated that all 8 differentially expressed AhVQ genes were upregulated in roots under drought stress, 20 of 21 AhVQ genes were induced under salt stress, and only 5 genes responded to cold stress in leaves (AhVQ31 and AhVQ67 were upregulated and AhVQ33, AhVQ45, and AhVQ69 were downregulated). In silico prediction indicated extensive interactions between AhVQ proteins and WRKY transcription factors involved in stress signaling pathways. Collectively, our results provide comprehensive insights into the evolutionary characteristics, expression patterns, and stress response profiles of the peanut VQ gene family, offering key candidate genes for the genetic improvement of abiotic stress tolerance in peanut breeding.

Peanut is a vital cash crop globally, and enhancing its seed protein content is essential for nutritional security. However, the genetic basis of seed protein content in peanut remains unclear. In this study, bulked segregant analysis combined with next-generation sequencing (BSA-Seq) was employed to isolate a candidate gene, AhSPC, associated with peanut seed protein content. Its function was then characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana through CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout and overexpression analysis. Gene editing of the homologous gene in Arabidopsis significantly reduced seed protein content in six lines, while two lines showed no obvious change. Overexpression of the AhSPC gene in Arabidopsis led to an increase in seed protein content in three transgenic lines, but some lines showed no significant change, or even a decrease. These inconsistent results might be attributed to functional redundancy, epigenetic modifications, resource competition, or feedback regulation mechanisms within the protein synthesis pathway. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of peanut seed protein content regulation and offers a potential genetic target for molecular breeding.

The cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a main cash crop globally, providing oil, protein, and various beneficial phytochemicals, with high-oleic peanut offering enhanced health benefits and oxidative stability. Despite these advantages, many widely cultivated peanut varieties remain normal-oleic, and the conversion of these varieties to high-oleic types without compromising yield and adaptability is of significant interest. This study evaluated the feasibility of using Pingyangmycin, a chemical mutagen, to induce high-oleic mutations in the popular peanut variety 308 through floral organ injection. The results showed that this method effectively generated high-oleic mutants with oleic acid content exceeding 75%. The mutants yielded more pods and kernels than the parental variety. Genotypic analysis confirmed mutations in the FAD2A and FAD2B genes, associated with the high-oleic phenotype. This novel approach, which reduces seed and reagent requirements and accelerates the breeding timeline, holds promise for enhancing peanut breeding programs and the development of high-oleic cultivars with superior quality and yield.

The peanut varieties（lines） were subjected to mild, moderate, and severe drought stress during the peanut pod setting period using a potted method（with normal water supply as the control）, and the dry matter quality of roots and pods was measured during the peanut ripening period. Evaluate and analyze the drought resistance of 22peanut varieties through the yield drought resistance coefficient method and variety comprehensive index method.According to yield-drought coefficient and composite index the peanut varieties were divided 3 grade. The most adaptable varieties in arid regions were Kainong1768, Shanhua11, DF31, L52, kainong65, CTWE, Huayu662,Fuhua27, Jihua16, Yuanza9102. The stronger adaptable varieties include Huyu962, Puhua28, S51, FB4, Huyu20,Luhua15. The poor adaptable varieties include L107, Weihua13, Fuhua22, Huayu27, Luohua6, Jihua4. On severe stress can be more accurate evaluated of the peanut varieties compared with the 3 intensity.

Compared to its normal-oleic counterpart, high-oleic peanut has better keeping quality and much more health benefits. Breeding high-oleic peanut through conventional means is a tedious process that typically takes several years. Genome editing, however, may shorten the duration. This study aimed to test the effectiveness of the node injection method coupled with CRISPR/Cas9 technology in inducing FAD2B mutations and high-oleic phenotype in peanut. Huayu 23, a popular normal-oleic runner type peanut cultivar having dysfunctional FAD2A and functional FAD2B , was transformed with CRISPR/Cas9 construct targeting FAD2B , resulting in two T 1 seeds with over 80% oleic acid and a 442 A insertion in FAD2B . The high-oleic phenotype in T 2 seeds was inheritable from the T 1 generation. As a genotype-independent, simple and easy method for peanut genetic transformation, node injection has great potential in functional analysis of genes and peanut varietal improvement. This method is of reference value to other seed plant species.

High oleic acid peanut (HOAP) is extensively embraced in China because of its high nutritional value and enhanced oxidative stability. However, its dissemination has been severely constrained in high altitude and high latitude areas due to chilling stress during sowing, resulting in significant yield loss in these regions. Despite the lack of understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying low temperature germination (LTG) in HOAP, discovering the quantitative trait loci (QTL) that confer this trait will undoubtedly benefit breeding efforts. In the present study, we identified putative genomic regions and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that govern LTG tolerance of HOAP in an F2 population derived from the cross of chilling-tolerant YH65 and chilling-sensitive FL14 using bulk segregant analysis (BSA). Analysis of ΔSNP-index and Euclidean distance (ED) value association pinpointed the overlapped region to a 2.29 Mb interval on chromosome A05. The candidate interval showed that 122 genes were significantly related to response to abiotic stress and plant–pathogen interaction. Furthermore, an SNP site associated with LTG tolerance was discovered. The SNP site was employed as a Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) marker and validated in a universal peanut panel. These findings may provide valuable insight into the molecular mechanism underpinning LTG tolerance and facilitate marker-assisted selective breeding in HOAP.

为准确评价高油酸花生种质资源的遗传多样性,本研究以 34 个阜花系列高油酸花生进行农艺性状及SSR位点分析.结果表明,所有花生品种间主茎高、侧枝长、结果枝数、百果质量、百仁质量差异显著,但是出米率差异较小,稳定在(70.34±0.78)％之间;采用 56 对引物对 34 个阜花系列高油酸花生品种(系)进行多态性分析,筛选出 18 对引物在这些种质间存在多态性,平均等位位点数为 2.89 个,Shannon's信息指数分布在 0.06～3.06 之间,平均值为 1.2,多态性信息含量(polymor-phism information content,PIC)指数分布在 0.33～0.91 之间,平均值为 0.66;34 个高油酸花生相似系数分布在 0.346～0.885 之间,平均值为 0.661;UPGMA(unweighted pair-group method with a-rithmetic means)聚类分析表明,所有阜花系列高油酸花生品种(系)分布在不同分枝上,遗传多样性程度较高.研究结果提高了SSR分子标记筛选的效率,也为阜花系列高油酸花生遗传多样性提供参考,为今后高油酸花生种质创制提供依据.

阜花 33 是辽宁省沙地治理与利用研究所育成的高油酸花生新品种,该品种属于连续开花直立珍珠豆型小粒花生,百果重 151.0 g,百仁重 59.6 g,出仁率 67.5%,油酸含量 76.2%.阜花 33 于 2021 年通过国家非主要农作物品种登记,适宜在东北花生产区辽宁省、吉林省、黑龙江省第一积温带、内蒙古东北部春季种植.

本项目组针对吉林省当前品种老化、混杂等缺 点，选育出高产油用型花生新品种2个，分别为双英5 号和双英6号。本文主要论述了两个花生品种的亲本组 合、选育经过、特征特性及品种的适宜区；双英5号为 油用型红色种皮花生品种，双英6号为油用高产型花生 品种；依据品种的特征特性文章论述了配套栽培技术 措施，为花生新品种双英5号和双英6号的大面积应用 提供帮助。

为鉴定小粒花生新品种在阜新片区种植的丰产性、抗逆性、适应性及品质性状,开展了 23个花生新品种在阜新地区的种植比较试验,生长期调查其农艺性状、抗逆性及抗病性,收获时进行考种、测产,并进行品质分析.结果表明,参试的23个品种中荚果产量与对照花育20号相比有不同程度的增、减产,抗逆性与抗病性表现不一,其中有5个品种的的丰产性、抗逆性、适应性综合表现较好,且综合农艺性状表现较优.

Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are crucial in safeguarding plants against reactive oxygen species (ROS) toxicity caused by abiotic or biotic factors. Although recent research has revealed the involvement of the SOD gene family in plant biological processes, the understanding of the SOD gene family in peanut remains inadequate. This study comprehensively characterizes the SOD gene family in the peanut genome. A total of 25 AhSOD genes were identified and subsequently categorized into three subfamilies: sixteen AhCSDs, six AhFSDs, and three AhMSDs according to the phylogenetic tree. A comprehensive analysis revealed that the AhSOD genes underwent segmental duplications. The majority of AhSOD genes exhibited conserved exon–intron and motif structures within the same subfamily. The examination of cis-acting elements within the promoter regions of SOD genes revealed that the expression of AhSOD was subject to regulation by plant hormones, as well as responses to defense and stress. RNA-seq analysis showed expression diversity of AhSOD genes in various tissues and cold, drought, and salt stresses. Furthermore, the regulation of AhSOD gene expression is anticipated to involve numerous transcription factors. The gene ontology annotation results validate the role of AhSOD genes in various stress stimuli, SOD activity, reactive oxygen species metabolic processes, and cellular oxidant detoxification processes. This investigation serves as the initial genome-wide analysis of the AhSOD gene family, providing a basis for comprehending the function of the AhSOD gene family and enhancing plant tolerance to cold, drought, and salt stresses.

为树立"阜花花生"优质品牌,确保花生原料安全生产,该文主要从土地准备、种植准备、播种管理、田间管理、病虫害防治、科学收获等方面提出安全生产技术要点,以期为阜新花生安全生产提供技术支持.

辽宁省是花生的主产区之一,该文介绍了辽宁省花生种业现状,分析了发展中存在的问题,针对性提出引进培养人才、加强科研设施建设、加强田间工程建设、培育突破性品种、加大项目支持、科学规划种子生产布局、建立现代化种子生产基地、做大做强现代化种子企业等发展建议,确保辽宁花生产业持续良好发展.

为加速辽宁地区花生产业发展,改善花生品种单一的问题,本研究选取7个花生品种,对各品种不同生育期的光合特性及产量进行比较分析.结果表明,各品种随着生育期延长,净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)变化趋势均为先降低后升高(阜花12的Gs和Ci除外),其中豫花9326中后期有较高的Pn、Tr、Gs;5个品种叶绿素含量趋势为先升高后降低,其中豫花9326各时期叶绿素含量一直保持较高水平,而阜花12和花育917呈先降低后升高.品种间花针期和饱果期的Pn、Ci差异达极显著水平,品种间花针期的Gs、叶绿素含量和饱果期的Gs、Tr差异达显著水平;光合指标与产量的关联排序为叶绿素含量>Pn>Tr>Ci>Gs,其中豫花9326光合特性最强,产量也高,适宜本地区引进种植.

This paper mainly discusses the parent combination, breeding process, characteristics and suitable regions of new peanut varieties ’Shuangying No. 1’ and ’Shuangying No. 2’, ’Shuangying No. 1’ is oil peanut according to the quality analysis results, and’Shuangying No. 2’ is edible peanut according to the quality analysis results. According to the characteristics of peanut varieties, this paper discusses the supporting cultivation techniques and measures, which will help the large-scale application of new peanut varieties ’Shuangying No. 1’ and ’Shuangying No. 2’.

感官品质和营养品质是评价食用型花生的重要指标.为建立不同加工方式下食用型花生品质综合评价体系,本研究对13个花生品种在鲜食、烘烤、干炒和生食4种方式下的感官品质和营养品质进行了评价测定.4种加工方式下感官品质和营养品质相关性分析表明,鲜食细腻度、生食香味、干炒甜度、干炒香味、烤果甜度和烤果香味与蔗糖显著正相关,干炒、烘烤大部分感官指标与油酸含量相关性达到显著或极显著水平.通过主成分分析,每种加工方式均各提取3个主成分(特征值＞1),累计贡献率均超过79％以上,可以全面地反应原有评价指标的绝大部分信息,并筛选出不同加工方式下的核心指标.综合4种加工方式的29项指标,最终筛选出鲜食甜度、生食柔嫩度、干炒脆度、烤果香味、油酸5项指标作为感官和营养品质分析评价核心指标.同时,获得适合不同加工方式的食用花生品种,为感官品质遗传研究提供了参考材料.

冻害是影响花生发芽生长的重要指标之一,而目前仍缺乏萌发期耐寒的高油酸花生种质,并且低温情况下,高油酸花生脂肪酸含量变化还有待研究.本试验以高油酸花生种质为材料,经田间早播进行评价,筛选出2份耐寒高油酸种质;利用筛选的耐寒与不耐寒花生材料,于常温及低温萌发条件下,在萌发后6个时间点进行脂肪酸含量测定,具有耐寒特性花生材料的脂肪酸含量均比不耐寒性花生材料的脂肪酸含量高,在萌发后18～24 h间表现明显;不耐寒花生材料在常温萌发条件下4d内脂肪酸含量变化幅度不明显.本研究可为抗寒高油酸花生品种的选育提供参考.