Engineering high-performance ion-conductive hydrogels (ICHs) is crucial for intelligent wearables. However, simultaneously achieving structural homogeneity, efficient energy dissipation, and balanced mechanical properties in ICHs remains challenging. Although multi-dynamic-bond networks offer a promising route, precise control over bond hierarchy and synergistic cooperation is often lacking. Here, we fabricate a hierarchically crosslinked ICH (PIVA-Zr4+) that integrates dynamic covalent bonds with multiple non-covalent interactions. Through response surface methodology (RSM), we precisely tune the bond ratios to optimally balance strength, toughness, and stretchability. The optimized hydrogel exhibits exceptional mechanical properties (tensile strength similar to 4.95spaceMPa, toughness similar to 14.50spaceMJ m(-)(3)), along with high ionic conductivity (27.35 mS cm(-)(1)). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations reveal the cooperative energy dissipation mechanisms, where sequential bond activation under strain underpins the property balance. A strain sensor based on this hydrogel exhibits high sensitivity (GF = 1.07), negligible hysteresis, and reliable cyclic stability (>300 cycles). When integrated with a fully-connected neural network (FC-NN), this sensor enables real-time gesture recognition with 99.40% accuracy across 24 distinct gestures, demonstrating stable signal output under complex deformation. This work not only presents a high-performance ICH platform but also provides a rational design strategy based on hierarchical dynamic bonding for next-generation soft electronics and human-computer interaction (HCI).

Traditional adsorbent materials typically involve potential phytotoxicity, hazardous waste emissions during preparation, multistep synthesis, costly, even low removal ability, etc., thus difficultly enabling practical application. To overcome the challenges, this study develops a novel radix pueraria starch-based adsorbent RP-P via a facile crosslinking that eliminates hazardous waste at the source. Moreover, RP-P poses almost non-phytotoxic risk and can remove contaminant in high concentration and adsorption capacity/efficiency (e.g. 3115.8 mg g−1 adsorption capacity and > 96% removal efficiency for high-concentration (100–1500 mg L−1) acid blue 25 solution). Meanwhile, the coexistence of six salts with high salinity which are often existed in pollutant solution, hardly impairs RP-P's removal ability, and adsorption performance in real industrial wastewater was hardly declined, confirming a potential in practical wastewater treatment. Furthermore, RP-P exhibits outstanding regeneration performance, retaining 95.1% of its initial adsorption capacity after 5 cycles. Besides acid blue 25, it also efficiently removes the other five anionic dyes and two antibiotics. Such a high removal ability primarily results from RP-P's abundant functional groups which form hydrogen bond and electrostatic interactions with contaminant molecules. Cost estimation reveals a lower cost than most lab-scale adsorbents and comparable to commercial materials, confirming its feasibility for industrialization. Additionally, adsorption isotherm/kinetic/thermodynamic investigations were also completed to further reveal its adsorption behavior. These prominent features underscore RP-P's potential utilization for treating real-world wastewater containing anionic dyes and antibiotics.

A novel highly efficient xanthan gum biomass adsorbent XG/PEI/PEGDE (xanthan gum/polyethyleneimine/ polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether), demonstrating its remarkable efficacy in eliminating twelve water contaminants including ten dyes, one herbicide and Cu(II) ion, was constructed through a simple one-pot approach under mild conditions. Systematic investigations revealed that the contaminants adsorptions by XG/PEI/PEGDE were apparently affected by adsorbent dosage, solution pH, temperature, contact time and initial concentration. The XG/PEI/PEGDE demonstrated its exceptional adsorption capacities (qe 2,4-D = 221 mg g-1, qe CR = 3820 mg g-1, qe AB = 1984 mg g-1 at removal efficiencies of approximately 90%) and excellent reusability (minimal performance loss after six cycles), remarkably outperforming most reported xanthan gum adsorbents. Further, one thermodynamic, four isothermal and four kinetic models were utilized to explore the contaminants adsorption performances by XG/PEI/PEGDE. Meanwhile, how common ions Na+, K+, Cl- and HCO3- impacted the contaminants adsorptions were also assessed. The investigations from various characterization techniques demonstrated that the contaminants adsorptions by XG/PEI/PEGDE mainly depend on the hydrogen bond along with electrostatic interactions of XG/PEI/PEGDE with the contaminants. Remarkably advantageous over the existing XG-based adsorption materials in view of adsorption performance, easy fabrication and a broad range of applicability, this study provides a new insight into designing highly efficient biomass-based adsorption materials.

Conductive hydrogels promise great application prospects in future flexible sensor areas. However, great challenges remain in successfully constructing a green hydrogel sensor with efficient synergy from various advantages simultaneously using green starting chemicals via a one-step green procedure. In this work, these challenges were overcome via a superhydrogen-bond network (SHBN) strategy, by which a novel polyvinyl acetate/tannic acid/graphene oxide (PVA/TA/GO) hydrogel was readily constructed and successfully synergized robust mechanical properties (e.g., supporting an 80 kg boy) with strong anti-damage (a hydrogel with a pre-drilled hole was not fractured at 300% strain), anti-freezing (strong mechanical performance, good electrical conductivity, strain sensitivity and stable signal output capacity were retained even at extremely low temperatures when performing real-time tasks) and anti-drying ability (after exposure to air for three months, the hydrogel did not dry out and retained excellent mechanical/anti-freezing performance similar to that of the original hydrogel). The easy construction (one-step freezing) of the hydrogel and its significantly strengthened mechanical properties and excellent anti-freezing/anti-drying ability mainly result from the SHBNs between the hydroxyls on PVA and the hydroxyls on TA/GO/glycerol. Moreover, no toxic/volatile starting chemicals were used in the preparation or discharged into the surrounding environment. More attractively, the hydrogel possesses both cancer-killing ability and biocompatibility. Another impressive facet is that after being assembled into a hydrogel sensor, it can satisfactorily recognize various motion signals. Therefore, the SHBN strategy, which unites diverse outstanding advantages in a single material, opens up a new avenue for designing new high-performance hydrogels for application even in extremely low-temperature or dry environments.

The chitosan-based hydrogel sensor with successful integration of robust mechanical performances, simultaneously anti-freezing/drying environments and excellent biocompatibility still remains challenged. To overcome this challenge, here, a superhydrogen-bond networks (SHBNs) strategy was presented to assemble a novel chitosan-based hydrogel sensor CS/PVA/GL (chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/glycerol) which exhibits excellent mechanical performances (e. g. load capacity of 60 kg) and 99 % cell viability. Moreover, the hydrogel has exceptional anti-freezing capacity with -100 °C glass transition temperature. Even after going through freezing at -75 °C, it still displays good flexibility, conductivity and mechanical performances. Interestingly, after 60 days of dryness, it still possesses very good flexibility. Importantly, its anti-freezing capacity is nearly close to that before being dried, and the mechanical properties are higher than those before being dried, indicating its excellent anti-drying capacity. With these prominent advantages, after being assembled into a hydrogel sensor, it can monitor human action signals, and be used as bionic skin to write the words "engineer" and "function" on the screen of a mobile phone. The engineering concept developed in this work can provide a valuable insight into constructing high-performance chitosan-based hydrogel sensors which can satisfy real-time tasks regardless of in extremely low temperature and long-term open environments.

In the process of fabricating high-purity copper, the high silver (Ag) content in copper plates poses a significant impurity issue, adversely affecting the quality and appearance of cathode copper, such as purity and surface finish. Moreover, it diminishes the electrolytic efficiency during production and escalates costs. This study successfully reduced the silver content in cathode copper from 7 g/t to 4.5 g/t by employing 1-aminopropyl-3methylimidazolium chloride ([C3NH2CIm][Cl]) as an single yet multifunctional additive to regulate the copper electrolytic refining process, thereby enhancing the purity of the cathode copper. The cathode copper products and anode slime prepared were characterized and analyzed using techniques such as SEM, XRD, and XPS. The findings indicated that [C3NH2CIm][Cl] exerts a flocculation effect on anode slime during electrolysis, mitigating the adhesion and inclusion of suspended anode slime in cathode copper. Furthermore, the silver decreasing efficacy of [C3NH2CIm][Cl] in the copper electrolytic refining process was investigated through electrochemical characterization. It was observed that [C3NH2CIm][Cl] can react with Ag+ to form precipitates, thereby reducing the concentration of Ag+ in the solution. Additionally, [C3NH2CIm][Cl] can complex with Ag+, elevating the electrode potential of Ag+ during the electrolytic refining process, making it less likely for Ag+ to be reduced at the cathode under comparable conditions. This research provides an effective additive strategy for improving the purity and production efficiency of copper.

Chitosan hydrogel owns a great application prospect in bionic skin, wearable devices, biomedicines, and so on, However, it still remains huge challenges for chitosan hydrogel to satisfy synergistic strong mechanical performances, anti-freezing and cytocompatibility. To overcome the challenge, here, a novel chitosan-based hydrogel CS/PVA/EG (chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/ethylene glycol) with strong mechanical performances (synergies of stress, strain, toughness, elasticity, fatigue resistance, damage resistance and flexibility), excellent cytocompatibility and application potential at extremely low temperatures, has been developed via a simple superhydrogenbonded networks (SHBNs) strategy. The SHBNs among CS, EG and PVA considerably promote chitosan hydrogel formation, strengthen chitosan hydrogel robustness and endow the hydrogel with extremely low anti-freezing capacity. The mechanical properties of CS/PVA/EG hydrogel are so strong that it lifts up a volunteer of 60 kg. Moreover, CS/PVA/EG hydrogel has a good electrical conductivity (0.97 mS/cm), and the sensor assembled by the hydrogel is strain sensitive with a GF value of 1.17 and can stably output electrical signals with altering strains. Most surprisingly, even at as low as -120 degrees C, it is still not frozen into a solid and still exhibits excellent conductivity, flexibility, mechanical properties, and stable and reproducible signal output capacity even at the extremely low temperature of -75 degrees C. Moreover, the hydrogel also shows excellent cytocompatibility. Most importantly, when used as a sensor, it succeeds in recognizing various motion signals. The chitosan hydrogel sensor promises its practical application in biomedicine, wearable devices, and among others.

Developing highly efficient biomass-based adsorbents capable of simultaneously removing various water contaminants is highly desired amidst the growing depletion of fossil resources. Herein, a versatile κ-carrageenan/polyethyleneimine/glycerol triglycidyl ether (KC/PEI/GTE) biomass adsorbent was engineered and succeeded in removing herbicide, eight anionic/cationic dyes and metal ion from solutions. Systematic investigations examined the effects of adsorption conditions on the carrageenan adsorbent's performance towards these contaminants from five perspectives. Additionally, the impacts of four cationic chloride salts and four anionic sodium salts in solutions on contaminant adsorption and adsorbent recyclability were evaluated. Attractingly, the KC/PEI/GTE demonstrates exceptional adsorption performance, recycling capability and application potential, notably outperforming most reported adsorbents (adsorption capacities (removal efficiencies) of sodium 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D), acid blue-25 (AB25), methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB) are 365 mg g-1 (91 %), 2357 mg g-1 (91 %), 743 mg g-1 (93 %) and 91 mg g-1 (90 %), respectively). A thermodynamic, four kinetic and four isothermal models, SEM, FT-IR and XPS analyses revealed that hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions are the primary driving forces for contaminants removals. Benefiting from its outstanding advantages, the adsorbent developed in this study shows a great potential for applications in wastewater purification.

Although hydrogel sensors have broad application prospects in wearable devices, biomedical electronic skin, human-computer interaction and other fields, the hydrogel sensor with the synergy of robust mechanical behaviors, super freeze-resistant ability and signal output stability still remain challenged. To overcome the challenge, here, a novel hydrogel sensor AICG were developed using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (EPTAC), polyethyleneimine (PEI) and ethylene glycol (EG). The effects of PVA, PEI, EPTAC and EG contents in AICG hydrogel on mechanical properties were systematically investigated. The notably boosted mechanical properties (antibreakage performance, fatigue-resistant ability) and super freeze-resistant performance are primarily ascribed to the superhydrogen-bond networks of PVA with PEI, EPTAC and EG. The hydrogel is so strong that it can load a 60 Kg boy and endure super low temperature (-120 degrees C). Besides rendering AICG hydrogel good conductivity (5.56 mS center dot cm- 1), EPTAC was used to graft it on the PVA/PEI macromolecular chains of AICG hydrogel via ring-opening reaction of EPTAC, thus impeding the leakage of EPTAC from the hydrogel as much as possible and improving conductive stability. On being used a sensor, it can accurately detect human joint movements and simulate electronic skin due to high sensitivity and stable signal output ability. It is expected that this study can provide valuable information for the design and fabrication of the hydrogel sensor with desired high performances.

Hydrogen can be released from ammonia borane hydrolysis at mild conditions by using metal catalysts. The heterostructured catalytic materials were designed by using the oxidation and phosphorus-inducing strategy, and the CoMoO4/CoP3 heterojunction was formed as active sites for hydrogen generation. The optimized Co1Mo1O-P5 catalyst exhibited a turnover frequency (TOF) of 12.28 min- 1 at 298 K, and the activation energy (Ea) of dehydrogenation reaction over Co1Mo1O-P-5 was 44.05kJ mol-1. The electronic structure of catalyst was also regulated by oxidation and phosphating treatment. The synergistic effect between CoMoO4 and CoP3 is essential for the activation of NH3BH3 and H2O molecules.

Organic long persistent luminescence materials (OLPLMs) that respond sensitively to temperature changes hold great promise for intelligent sensing and encryption technologies, yet their rigidity and limited tunability hinder widespread practical application. Here, we report a versatile strategy to create flexible, self-healable, and recyclable hydrogels embedded with host-guest OLPLMs, enabling programmable multi-level luminescent responses at defined temperature thresholds (53 degrees C and 70 degrees C). By exploiting hydrogels' inherent flexibility and self-healing capability, the conventional constraints associated with crystalline OLPLMs are overcome, achieving robust multi-level thermal sensing and dynamic information encryption. Our approach provides a broadly applicable design principle for developing programmable OLPL-based smart materials, significantly extending their applicability in advanced responsive devices.

The development of chitosan-based adsorbents with facile preparation, high adsorption performance and reusability for the removal of contaminant dyes remains a persistent challenge. To overcome this challenge, herein, we have developed a novel and extremely facile one-step strategy by which a new high-performance chitosan/polyethyleneimine/polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether adsorbent (named as CC/PEI/PGDE) has been successfully fabricated via direct functionalization of CC by PEI at ambient temperature followed by subsequent freeze-drying. The Box-Behnken Design was employed to optimize the concentrations of adsorbent components. Attractively, this adsorbent exhibit outstanding adsorption performances to congo red (RED), acid blue-25 (BLUE) and amino black-10B (BLACK) with 2901 mg g-1 (90.9 %), 3434 mg g-1 (90.9 %), and 1438 mg g-1 (90.1 %) of adsorption capacities (removal efficiencies), respectively, and maintains nearly the same adsorption behaviors to original adsorbent even after 6 cycles of adsorption-desorption processes. Meanwhile, three kinetic models, three isothermal models, and the Vant Hoff model are employed to further investigate the adsorption behaviors of RED, BLUE, and BLACK dyes by CC/PEI/PGDE. The results from SEM, EDS, BET, FT-IR, pHZPC and XPS confirm that hydrogen bond interactions and electrostatic attractions play crucial roles in facilitating dyes adsorption by CC/PEI/PGDE. It is expected that this work can bring forward a new perspective for the facile design of high-performance adsorbent for removing anionic dyes from wastewater.

Conductive hydrogel represents an important component in the modern electronic industry. However, huge challenges still remain because general hydrogels fail to satisfy simultaneous high mechanical properties, excellent conductivity, and real-world tasks, which severely restrain their practical applications. To overcome the challenge, herein, a robust hydrogel PVA/PEI/SG [poly(vinyl alcohol)/polyethylenimine/sodium glycinate] has been successfully engineered using multiple physical bond networks including the microphase areas of PVA alone and hydrogen bonds among PVA, PEI, and SG. Besides its robust mechanical properties, the hydrogel also exhibits excellent conductivity, sensitivity, and stable signal output capability. Moreover, upon use as a sensor, it can smoothly accomplish real-time tasks like completing an operation of a smartphone to make a call, writing "haust" on a smartphone screen, detecting human joint bending motions, and to-and-fro movement of a mechanical arm. The successful synergy of the attractive high performance enables the hydrogel as a potential conductive device for flexible electronics.

This paper describes our research on a facile and effective approach to fabricate novel silk fibroin/poly(1,4-butylene succinate) (SF/PBS) composites for the first time. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectra (IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to investigate the morphology, chemical structure, crystalline state, thermostability and possible interactions of SF with PBS for the SF/PBS composites. In addition, the determinations of the EC109 cell viability was also been completed to explore the influence of SF/PBS mass ratio on cytocompatibility. Because of the composite of SF with the PBS, the thermostability and cell viability of the SF/PBS composites were higher than those of neat SF material. However, SF did not chemically react with PMMA during the formation of the composite, and SF hardly interacts with PBS in the composite.

Achieving high performance conductive hydrogel sensor which is capable of combining as many advantages as possible in one is highly desired to satisfy real-world tasks. To this end, novel hydrogel sensors PVA/NaDa (polyvinyl alcohol/D-Gluconic acid sodium salt) and PVA/NaLa (polyvinyl alcohol/L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt) have been successfully constructed via a facile and effective strategy. The hydrogels realize the combination of robust mechanical properties (stress, strain, elastic modulus, toughness, fatigue resistance, anti-breakage ability and recovery performance), excellent conductivity, sensitive sensitivity, rapid response capacity and high cytocompatibility. The increasing hydrogen bond cross-linking density and hydrogen bond interactions of NaDa (NaLa) with PVA are mainly responsible for significantly intensified mechanical properties of PVA/NaDa and PVA/NaLa hydrogels. Benefiting from the prominent performances, the hydrogels can be processed into flexible membrane sensors to not only effectively detect the human joint motions but also sensitively simulate manual control of the mobile phone screen for writing text, demonstrating a promising application in multifunctional intelligent robots, electronic skins, artificial intelligence and among others.

Conductive hydrogel represents an important development direction in modern/future electronic industry. However, successfully achieving high performance hydrogels which are capable of performing a real-world task still remain extremely challenging because most conventional approaches of constructing hydrogels are difficult to make hydrogels achieve the integration of multiple performances like robust mechanical properties, excellent conductivity and stable electrochemical performance. Here, we develop a simple and universal two-layer hydrogen bond networks (TLHBNs) strategy by which seven types of PVA based hydrogels with simultaneously robust mechanical properties (stress, strain, toughness, elasticity, fatigue resistance, notch insensitivity, anti-damage), excellent conductivity (7.2- 12.2 S m-1, 11.7- 19.8 S m- 1, 10.5- 21.6 S m-1), reversible/stable network structure and constantly sensitive signal output capability are achieved via sophisticatedly layer-bylayer introducing TLHBNs to PVA hydrogel. Benefiting from the extraordinary performances, one hydrogel is so strong that it can load as heavy as 80 kg of a boy volunteer. Meanwhile, the hydrogels, assembled into flexible sensors, satisfactorily fulfills practical tasks (human joint motions and bionic skin) upon handling real-world application. This strategy, enabling extraordinary performances while using a generic and facile designing concept, opens up a new insight into the design of high-performance PVA hydrogel and beyond.

Versatile PVA/SG conductive hydrogel with robust mechanical properties, high conductivity, excellent anti-swelling ability, water tolerance, biocompatibility and sensitivity can monitor human joint motions and simulate human skin for writing text on a mobile phone screen.

Eco-friendly silk fibroin/poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (SF/PLGA) materials were successfully fabricated using a facile strategy. The materials were characterized by scanning electron micrograph (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectra (IR). Systematic investigations were completed to examine the degradation rates in natural soil, cytocompatibility and thermostability of the materials. It is interesting to find that after SF was hybridized by PLGA, the thermostability and degradation rate increased. Meanwhile, the materials show good cytocompatibility. SEM, IR and XRD results reveal that there is hardly any interaction between SF and PLGA in the SF/PLGA material, and SF is physically mixed with PLGA. This study opens up a new horizon in the design and preparation of SF-based materials for promising applications in medical and biodegradable material fields.

对精馏塔浮阀塔盘进行了水力学实验,测定直径2m、BDH浮阀塔盘的清液层高度、雾沫夹带和塔盘压降等水力学数据.建立了与实验塔盘结构尺寸一致的几何模型,借助Fluent软件对实验浮阀塔盘进行了气液流场的CFD模拟,从微观层面考察板上气液两相的流动状态,清液层高度的模拟值与实验测量数据基本吻合.在经过验证模拟准确性的基础上,分析了BDH浮阀塔盘在运行稳定、模拟达到稳态时,塔盘上液相逆行流体积分数较大、液相返混情况明显的问题,提出了在BDH浮阀塔盘局部流场不理想位置设置ADV浮阀.在相同操作条件下,运用Fluent软件对优化后的浮阀塔盘进行分析,将改进前后的数据进行定性定量比较和分析,所得结果对于工业装置中浮阀塔盘的结构优化设计具有一定的理论指导意义.

GO/HEC/PGDE/Fe3O4 materials were successfully fabricated using environmentally-friendly hydroxyethyl cel-lulose (HEC), poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PGDE), graphene oxide (GO) and magnetic Fe3O4. Sys-tematic investigations were completed to explore the influences of GO content in GO/HEC/PGDE/Fe3O4 and adsorption conditions on the adsorptions of cationic dyes (methylene blue (MB), crystal violet (CV)) and anionic dye acid blue 25 (AB-25). The increase of GO content can remarkably improve the adsorption capacity of GO/ HEC/PGDE/Fe3O4 for the dyes. The three kinetic, four isothermic and three thermodynamic models were investigated to reveal the adsorption behaviors of the dyes. The formation of HEC/PGDE/Fe3O4 and adsorption mechanisms of the dyes by GO/HEC/PGDE/Fe3O4 were suggested. The GO/HEC/PGDE/Fe3O4 endowed with easy-fabrication, eco-friendly feature, efficient adsorption capacity of anionic/cationic dyes, convenient sepa-ration and reusability has potential applications in wastewater purification industry.