为了解云南省菠萝蜜主要种植园土壤和叶片养分状况,以期为菠萝蜜园合理施肥提供依据.调查分析了云南省具有代表性的 15 个种植园不同土层(0～20、20～40、40～60 cm)的土壤养分状况和叶片养分含量,结合土壤养分分级标准,分析其相关性.结果表明:(1)土壤养分含量在 0～20 cm土层含量最为丰富;不同土层间除土壤pH、有效硼之外,有机质及其他养分元素均有含量变幅范围、变异系数较大的表现.(2)86.67%土壤pH值小于 6.5,土壤呈酸性,有机质、全氮、全钾、碱解氮、速效钾及各种中、微量元素含量中上水平,磷素含量各种植园表现不一,差异明显.(3)土壤有机质与土壤全氮呈极显著正相关关系;土壤全磷含量与土壤速效钾、有效锌、交换性钙呈极显著正相关关系,与有效磷、有效锰呈显著正相关关系;土壤pH与土壤交换性镁呈显著正相关关系,与叶片氮、锰、锌、铜呈显著负相关关系;叶片钙与土壤交换性钙呈显著正相关关系.因此,建议云南省菠萝蜜种植园施用石灰或者土壤调理剂提高土壤pH,增施有机肥、磷肥、硼肥,适当控制氮肥、钾肥、钙镁中量元素肥及铁锰铜锌微量元素肥的施入量,以达到平衡施肥的目的.

对云南河口低热河谷地区的南美油藤进行3种种植密度(A 150 cm×200 cm、B 200 cm×200 cm、C 250 cm×250 cm)试验,并对其生长量及产量影响的栽培试验研究,结果表明:3种种植密度的茎围增长量在夏季随气温的升高而迅速生长,冬季随气温的降低长势趋于缓慢,茎围增长量在一年中呈慢-快-慢的变化趋势;密度250 cm×250 cm的茎围增长量显著高于密度150 cm×200 cm和200 cm×200 cm,现蕾期、初花期、初果期及成熟期均提前;全年单株脱壳前、脱壳后、种仁总产量、单果重为密度250 cm×250 cm>200 cm×200 cm>150 cm×200 cm,各种植密度之间全年单株脱壳前、脱壳后和种仁总产量差异达显著性水平,200 cm×200 cm、250 cm×250 cm的单果重无显著性差异,但是与150 cm×200 cm的差异达显著性水平.3种密度的种仁出油率无显著性差异.密度小的长势及产量均优于密度大的,即定植时适当增大株行距有利于南美油藤的生长和产量的提高.

采用相对优势度、物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Pielou指数、群落相似性指数等生态学指标及聚类分析的方法,对4种作物地杂草进行分析.结果表明:该地区农田杂草共有116种,隶属于37个科,其中禾本科和菊科种数较多,分别占总数的21.55％和19.83％;鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)和牛筋草(Eleusine indica)在各作物园区普遍为害,为常年优势恶性杂草,应重点防控;各作物地杂草的多样性,橡胶地最高,其次为香蕉地,菠萝地和油梨地多样性较低;多样性指数的季相变化规律,4种作物地均表现为夏秋季高于冬春季;杂草群落相似性和聚类分析结果一致表明:菠萝蜜地与油梨地杂草群落相似度最高,其次为香蕉地与菠萝蜜地,再次为香蕉地与油梨地,橡胶地与其他3种作物地相似度均较低.

采集云南省河口县4个地区香蕉枯萎病发病蕉园的健康和感病植株根系附近土壤共24份,采用常规方法测定土壤养分和土壤酶活性,研究同一发病蕉园中健康与感病植株根系附近土壤养分与酶活性的变化规律,旨在为防治香蕉枯萎病从农艺措施角度提供理论依据.结果表明,同一发病蕉园中健康植株根系附近土壤pH高于感病植株,二者之间的差值为0.17～1.77;感病植株根系附近土壤碱解氮含量高于健康植株,二者之间的差值为20.25～99.91 mg/kg;感病植株根系附近土壤有效磷含量高于健康植株,二者之间的差值为1.16～253.87 mg/kg;感病植株根系附近土壤速效钾含量高于健康植株土壤,二者之间的差值为92.71～299.03 mg/kg.感病植株根系附近土壤蔗糖酶活性高于健康植株,是健康植株的1.17倍以上.

采用Iwao直线回归方程和Taylor幂法则结合聚块性指标m*/m、丛生指标I和Cassie指标CA三种聚集度指标对菠萝蜜园黄翅绢野螟幼虫进行空间分布格局和抽样技术分析.结果 表明,菠萝蜜园黄翅绢野螟幼虫的空间分布型为聚集分布或均匀分布.在此基础上,建立了菠萝蜜园黄翅绢野螟幼虫的最适理论抽样公式n=t2/D2(0.949/m+0.502)和最佳序贯抽样模型T(n)=nm0±1.96 n(0.949m0+0.502m20).

本研究采用田间试验方法,对化肥减量模式下山地香蕉的经济产量、经济系数、碳排放量、碳固定量进行测量与估算。结果表明:与常规施肥相比,化肥减量20%时香蕉经济产量无显著性变化,化肥减量达到30%时香蕉产量显著降低24.1%。化肥分别减量10%、20%、30%后,香蕉植株碳固定依次减小2.15%、3.51%、11.33%;化肥产生碳排放依次减小10.01%、10%、10%;土壤碳排放除化肥减量10%处理增加12.67%,其余依次减小16.94%、3.41%。综合香蕉碳固定与碳排放二者的碳收支,并用每株香蕉的碳净排放量来估量,常规施肥、减量10%、减量20%、减量30%的处理每株香蕉的碳净排放量分别为4731.29、5529.03、4418.47、4415.30 g/株,在保证产量前提下化肥减量20%固炭减排潜力最大。本研究结果显示合理的化肥减量能获得山地香蕉种植经济效益与生态效益的共赢,且试验条件下化肥减量20%效果最佳。

研究冬季低温寡照等不良气候、海拔、品种、树龄等因素对菠萝蜜寒害的影响,为云南省河口县菠萝蜜种植业提供科学化种植方案.本研究在2017年至2018年冬春季节,采用“五点抽样法”对河口县不同区域、不同海拔的菠萝蜜寒害进行了调查.2018～2019年在红河热科所内的资源圃和示范基地,调查了不同品种、不同树龄的菠萝蜜寒害.结果 表明:河口县寒害发生主要与海拔有关,不同区域间差异不显著,海拔高、地势相对开阔的地块受寒害更重;菠萝蜜间作套种高大保护树寒害发生较轻;同一树各部分受寒害严重程度为雄花＞雌花＞枝梢;不同品种(品系)间耐寒特性为红选5号＞马来西亚一号＞越南红肉＞马来西亚五号;树龄越长越耐寒能力越强.综上所述,提出了控制种植海拔上限、冬季不留花果、种植抗寒品种、采取防寒措施等对策和建议.

为了探明云南省香蕉主要种植区土壤肥力状况,对云南省德宏州、西双版纳州、红河州等香蕉主要种植区蕉园土壤进行田间调查和取样分析.结果显示,64.52％蕉园土壤pH低于5.5;64.52％蕉园土壤有机质含量低于20 g·kg-1;45.16％蕉园土壤全氮含量低于1.0 g·kg-1,51.2％蕉园土壤碱解氮含量大于120 mg·kg-1;64.52％蕉园土壤有效磷含量高于40 mg·kg-1;64.52％蕉园土壤速效钾含量高于250 mg·kg-1;61.29％蕉园土壤有效钙含量高于1000 mg·kg-1;67.74％蕉园土壤有效镁含量高于200 mg·kg-1;80.64％蕉园土壤有效铜含量高于1.0mg·kg-1;96.77％蕉园土壤有效铁含量高于20 mg·kg-1;90.33％蕉园土壤有效锰含量高于20 mg·kg-1;9.68％蕉园土壤有效锌含量低于1.0 mg·kg-1.土壤酸性强,有机质含量低是云南省主要香蕉种植区面临的主要问题.

通过物理摘除木薯叶片和薯块的方式调控其源库关系,研究不同源库条件下木薯的株高、 茎粗、 茎重、薯重、 薯块数、 淀粉含量等指标,并进行方差及相关性分析,结果表明,摘叶后木薯产量与摘叶数量呈显著负相关;摘叶后株高与摘叶数量呈显著正相关;木薯定植90 d及以前摘叶处理块根数显著减少,而120 d及以后无显著影响;木薯定植150 d及以后摘薯,木薯产量与摘薯数量呈正相关,木薯定植120 d及以前处理无显著影响;木薯定植120 d及以前摘薯处理薯块数显著增加,但未达到显著性水准,木薯定植150 d及以后摘薯处理与块根数无显著关系;木薯薯重、 薯块数、 收获指数与茎重、 薯块数、 茎粗、 薯块数、 淀粉含量呈极显著正相关,与株高呈显著或极显著负相关.

为摸清菠萝蜜幼苗苗期主要养分变化规律,对菠萝蜜幼苗生长发育过程中植株主要养分含量进行了跟踪测定分析,以期为菠萝蜜种苗繁育和合理施肥提供参考.研究结果发现:在菠萝蜜幼苗的生长过程中,植株中的营养元素在不同的生育期呈现出不同的变化趋势.叶片发育前菠萝蜜幼苗中N、P、K和Ca的含量均较高,叶片发育过程中各养分呈显著下降趋势;叶片展开后植株中的N、P和Ca恢复到比长叶前稍低的相对较高水平;植株中的K在菠萝蜜叶芽发育后显著降低,后一直维持在相对较低水平,Mg元素含量在菠萝蜜叶片生长发育过程中变化不大.

In order to clarify the effect of gibberellin on root morphology of Macadamia (Macadamia ternifolia F. Muell) after seed germination, the seeds of Macadamia (O.C) were treated with gibberellin with different concentrations, and the numbers of germinated seeds, plant height and stem diameter were calculated and analyzed after the seed were cultured for 50 days on the sand bed.The results showed that the Macadamia seeds treated with gibberellin was significantly higher in germination rate,plant height and stem diameter than those of the control,and that the treatment with 300 mg/L of gibberellin was highest in germination rate and seedlings stem diameter whereas the plant height was increased with the concentration of gibberellin. The Macadamia seeds treated with gibberellin produced higher root length, root surface area and root volume than those of the control. When the gibberellin concentration was 300 mg/L, the root length reached the valley value, but the root mean diameter reached the peak value. This indicates that when the gibberellin concentration increased to a certain level(300 mg/L),gibberellin would inhibit the longitudinal growth of the roots and promote the horizontal growth of the roots, whereas if the concentration was higher than this level gibberellin would restrain the horizontal growth and promote the longitudinal growth of the roots with the increase of the giberellin concentration. After treated with different concentrations of giberellin, the Macadamia seedlings produced larger coarse root (L>4.0 mm) and larger fine roots(0<L≤2.0 mm) than the control, except the treatment with 300mg /L of gibberellin which had slightly smaller fine roots. The macadamia seedlings treated with gibberellin at 500 mg/L produced the largest coarse roots and fine roots. The fine roots and coarse roots had larger surface area in the gibberellin treatments than in the control. This indicated that gibberellin could promote the growth of coarse roots and fine roots of macadamia.

采用国际油梨新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性检测指南,结合热带、亚热带果树种质资源数据质量控制规范分析和评价优良油梨品系‘云油一号’的主要性状.结果表明:该品系具有早熟、丰产、稳产的特性,2到3月开花,7月初果实成熟;果实椭圆形,采收时绿色,后熟为深红色,平均单果重360g,可食率73％;果实营养成分丰富,含钙4 mg/hg,镁23.4 mg/hg,磷38.2 mg/hg,钠1.96 mg/hg,钾297 mg/hg,维生素C 13.3 mg/hg,蛋白质含量1.74％,总糖1.76％,粗脂肪4.99％,粗纤维3.21％.

A survey was made of root-knot nematodes infecting banana in 7 counties/cities, the major banana producing areas, in Yunnan by using the "five-point sampling method". Banana roots were dug out to analyze the effect of different generations of banana and different banana root depth on banana root knot nematode disease. The results showed that the first generation of banana was the highest in disease index (51.00 ±2.89) and infection rate (100％) in Nongdao Town and the lowest in disease index and infection rate in Mengla Town, and that the second generation of banana had the highest disease index (68.97 ±1.01) in Mahuangbao farm in Hekou county, the highest among the 4 sampling sites. The infection of banana root-knot nematode was increasing gradually with banana generation. The root knot nematodes were decreased with the soil depth. In the 0～30cm deep soil, the number of nematode-infected roots accounted for more than 75％ of the total nematode-infected roots of the whole plant. The number of nematode-infected roots was counted and grouped into different levels for banana disease severity: Level 1 (1～5 root knots), Level 3 (5～15 root knots), Level 5 (15～25 root knots), Level 7 (25～40 root knots) and Level 9 (40 or more).

为更好地防治农业病虫害,本试验对河口地区太阳能杀虫灯所诱杀到的害虫进行分类鉴定统计.结果表明:太阳能灯光杀虫技术对鳞翅目、鞘翅目、直翅目害虫诱杀效果较好;杀虫灯在几种不同作物地使用诱杀虫口总数差异显著:木薯地＞番木瓜地＞香蕉地＞菠萝蜜地;虫口数量年变化规律:在8～9月份出现最大峰值后快速减少,翌年2月份左右达到最低值,3月份以后开始逐渐增多;气象因素对杀虫灯工作效果影响较小,连续阴雨天气作用下,杀虫灯仍能够正常运行.本试验结果将对太阳能灯杀虫技术的推广提供依据.

以椰糠、混合基质(体积比珍珠岩∶泥炭=4∶1)、复合生物菌剂、红壤土为基质,对‘红研一号’香蕉组培苗进行营养杯栽培试验.通过测定和分析幼苗的生长状况及根系形成的动态影响,筛选出最适合的栽培基质.试验结果表明:混合基质栽培的香蕉幼苗在叶片数、叶片宽、叶面积、假茎粗、假茎高方面都有明显优势,对比其他栽培基质处理可缩短7d左右的育苗时间.第35 d后,香蕉组培苗的生长状况均表现为混合基质＞椰糠＞红壤土＞复合生物菌剂;在根系形成影响的过程中,第7d后,混合基质和椰糠在根系长度、表面积、体积方面一直优于对照;但在21d后,复合生物菌剂培养的香蕉幼苗的根系长度、表面积、体积等出现快速增长,由此表明,复合生物菌剂对根系的促进生长作用十分明显;35d后,香蕉幼苗的根系形态总体表现为复合生物菌剂＞混合基质＞椰糠＞红壤土.综合幼苗生长状况及根系形成的动态影响结果表明,混合基质更适合培育优质、健壮的无菌香蕉种苗,可广泛应用.

"马来西亚一号"菠萝蜜是我国种植面积最广的菠萝蜜优良品种,自2007年引进滇东南热区以来适生性良好,品质优良,遗传性状稳定,适宜大力推广种植.在近年来滇东南热区农业产业结构调整的大背景下,本文基于菠萝蜜良种"马来西亚一号"引种试种的结果,探讨了"马来西亚一号"菠萝蜜在滇东南热区全面推广的前景,并分析这一地区发展菠萝蜜产业的思路与对策.

选用42％戊唑·百菌清悬浮剂、25％吡唑醚菌酯乳油、20％烯肟·戊唑醇悬浮剂和48％苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂共4种新型及复配型杀菌剂,对香蕉叶斑病(香蕉褐缘灰斑病、香蕉灰纹病和香蕉煤纹病)进行田间防治效果试验.结果表明,新型杀菌剂25％吡唑醚菌酯乳油对3种叶斑病的防效均表现最好,4次施药后15d的防效为55.12％～70.10％;其次是42％戊唑·百菌清悬浮剂,48％苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂和20％烯肟·戊唑醇悬浮剂的防效相对较差,不推荐使用.

The occurrence and epidemic law of cassava Brown Leaf Spot were studied through systematic observation. The re-sults indicated that this disease appeared in the early stage of growth in May, and significantly become more seriously in the middle and late growth stage in July, finally to the peak in September and October, with 100% of infection. The disease index ranged in 20.50 to 30.77. It was found that the disease was getting worse from upstream, the middle segment to the down-stream of this basin. The rainfall and humidity have greatly effect on the dynamics of the disease in a year. Why there are more serious disease at high altitude of 350 to 400 m than that of at altitude of 250 to 300 m, just because of the low temperature.

Study of Cassava bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv.manihotis Starr) was made in different regions of Honghe Valley with Fixed-point monitoring and hierarchical investigation. The result shows. (1) Cassava bacterial blight will begin onset in Honghe Valley when it enter the rainy season (May). Whole rainy season (May-September) is the most serious infection period. Especially, when the temperature is high enough to meeting incidence conditions after entering summer, disease index and precipitation are direct proportion.(2)Under the same altitude, the number of disease index of downstream is more than which of upstream and midstream as the same elevation. The study sites with 250~300 meters above sea level observation show disease index: downstream (2.03)> midstream (1.96)> upstream (1.77), and hazard ratio: downstream (64.57%)< midstream (66.86%) < upstream (70.00%); The study sites with 450-500 meters above sea level show disease index of downstream (2.01) > midstream (1.77)> upstream (1.76), while the hazard rate: downstream (64.57.%)< midstream (66.29%) < upstream (69.14%). (3) The same area show the disease index and hazard rate of the low-altitude are higher than which of high-altitude areas.

通过对云南省河口地区3个不同地理方位上高、低海拔地区香蕉灰斑病的调查研究,发现:河口地区香蕉灰斑病的发病时期主要集中在2013年3～4月.随着温度升高,病害迅速发展,8月雨季高峰期发病率达到最大值,11月温度降低,病情回落;该病在常年保持高湿条件下的河口地区的发生危害规律主要受降雨量及温度的影响;不同地理方位上病害的危害情况呈现东部地区(DI=7.23)＞中南部地区(DI=7.01)＞西部地区(DI=6.13)的规律;同一地理方位高海拔地区的病害情况较低海拔地区稍重.