果醋是一种以水果或其他果品为原料,通过菌种协同作用发酵而成的一种保健饮品,它含有果品本身的多种营养成分,是一种风味独特的酸性饮料.近年来,果醋逐渐受到人们的追捧,有着广阔的发展前景.本文通过国内外的文献资料,对果醋的发酵工艺及国内外研究现状进行论述,为果醋的深入研究提供参考.

银杏叶富含黄酮类、银杏内酯等具有较好药用效果的次生代谢产物,其提取物除具有显著的拮抗血小板活化因子(PAF)受体外,还具有抗炎、抗过敏、扩张血管、保护心脑血管、改善外周血液循环、降低血清胆固醇等功效,可以广泛应用于心脑血管、神经等系统疾病的防治和保健.随着银杏叶提取物化学成分及其药理学的深入研究表明,银杏黄酮还具有抗肿瘤、预防肿瘤作用,是一种很有潜力的癌症化学预防剂,能显著降低多种恶性肿瘤的发病率.笔者综述了银杏黄酮类化合物结构、抗肿瘤效应及其机制的研究进展,可为银杏深加工和新用途的开发利用提供参考和依据.

A new ferulic acid ester, 6-feruloyloxyhexanoic acid (1), was isolated along with 10 known ones (2-11), from the concentrated water extract of Rhodiola wallichiana var. cholaensis. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods including Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR) experiments. Compound 3 was isolated from this plant for the first time. The protective effects against H2O2-induced myocardial cell injury in cultured H9c2 cells were also evaluated. Compounds 1, 5 and 7-11 provided significant protective effects on H2O2-induced H9c2 cells injury at the concentration of 25 ae g/mL. And the protective effects of compound 1 was also investigated by the oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) tests. [GRAPHICS] .

In this work, a sensitive and efficient method was established and validated for qualitative and quantitative analysis of major bioactive constituents in Dazhu Hongjingtian capsule by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 32 compounds were tentatively identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Furthermore, 12 constituents, namely gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, salidroside, p-coumaric acid-4-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, bergeninum, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, syringate, 6''-O-galloylsalidroside, rhodiosin, rhodionin and kaempferol-7-O-α-l-rhamnoside, were simultaneously quantified by the developed ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method in 9 min. All of them were analyzed on an Agilent ZorBax SB-C18 column (3.0 × 100 mm, 1.8 μm) with linear gradient elution of methanol-0.1% formic acid water. The proposed method was applied to analyze three batches of samples with acceptable linearity (R, 0.9979-0.9997), precision (RSD, 1.3-4.7%), repeatability (RSD, 1.7-4.9%), stability (RSD, 2.2-4.9%) and recovery (RSD, 0.6-4.4%) of the 12 compounds. As a result, the analytical method possessing high throughput and sensitivity is suitable for the quality control of Dazhu Hongjingtian capsule.

目的 对羌活Notopterygium incisum的化学成分进行研究.方法 采用硅胶柱色谱、HPLC以及Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱等方法进行分离纯化,并结合现代波谱学技术对分离得到的化合物进行结构鉴定.结果 从羌活的70％乙醇提取物中分离得到14个化合物,分别鉴定为7-羟基香豆素(1)、5,7-二甲氧基香豆素(2)、紫花前胡内酯(3)、佛手酚(4)、佛手柑内酯(5)、异虎耳草素(6)、比克白芷内酯(7)、(+)-顺式凯林内酯(8)、()-反式凯林内酯(9)、茴香酸对羟基苯乙酯(10)、5-甲氧基-8-羟基补骨脂内酯(11)、阿魏酸(12)、异欧前胡素(13)和异补骨脂素(14).结论 化合物2、7～9和11为首次从羌活属植物中分离得到.

目的 对大株红景天Rhodiola wallichiana var.cholaensis根茎的化学成分进行研究,并探讨其对心肌细胞H9c2损伤的保护作用.方法 采用动态轴向压缩柱色谱、硅胶柱色谱以及HPLC等方法进行分离纯化,利用现代波谱学技术鉴定化合物结构.对分离得到的化合物进行细胞损伤保护活性实验.结果 从大株红景天根茎中共分离并鉴定了16个单体化合物,分别为红景天苷(1)、没食子酸(2)、没食子酸甲酯(3)、槲皮素(4)、邻苯三酚(5)、6"-O-galloylsalidroside (6)、没食子酸乙酯(7)、山柰酚-7-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷(8)、草质素-7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(9)、草质素-7-O-(3"-O-β-D-葡萄糖基)-α-L-鼠李糖苷(10)、山柰酚-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(11)、草质素(12)、草质素-7-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷(13)、小麦黄素(14)、芦丁(15)、山柰酚-3-O-(2"-O-β3-D-木糖基)-p-D-葡萄糖苷(16).样品质量浓度为25 μg/mL时,化合物2、6、8、12和15对心肌细胞H9c2的保护率分别为20.40％、31.54％、67.61％、44.27％和47.84％.结论 化合物5为首次从红景天属植物中分离得到,化合物7～16为首次从该植物中分离得到.化合物2、6、8、12和15在一定程度上对心肌细胞H9c2损伤具有保护作用.

A new epidioxy-tetracyclic triterpenoid, 3-(2-hydroxyacetoxy)-5α, 8α-peroxydehydrotumulosic acid (10), along with nine known compounds were isolated from Poria cocos Wolf (Polyporaceae). Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses and comparison with literature data. The cytotoxicity of these compounds against human cancer cell lines MNK-45 was evaluated by MTT method.

Reactive oxygen species are damaging to cardiomyocytes. H9c2 cardiomyocytes are commonly used to study the cellular mechanisms and signal transduction in cardiomyocytes, and to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of drugs following oxidative damage. The present study developed a robust, automated high throughput screening (HTS) assay to identify cardioprotective agents from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) library using a H2O2-induced oxidative damage model in H9c2 cells. Using this HTS format, several hits were identified as cardioprotective by detecting changes to cell viability using the cell counting kit (CCK)-8 assay. Two TCM extracts, KY-0520 and KY-0538, were further investigated. The results of the present study demonstrated that treatment of oxidatively damaged cells with KY-0520 or KY-0538 markedly increased the cell viability and superoxide dismutase activity, decreased lactate dehydrogenase activity and malondialdehyde levels, and inhibited early growth response-1 (Egr-1) protein expression. The present study also demonstrated that KY-0520 or KY-0538 treatment protected H9c2 cells from H2O2-induced apoptosis by altering the Bcl-2/Bax protein expression ratio, and decreasing the levels of cleaved caspase-3. In addition, KY-0520 and KY-0538 reduced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38-MAPK proteins, and inhibited the translocation of Egr-1 from the cytoplasm to nucleus in H2O2-treated H9c2 cells. These findings suggested that oxidatively damaged H9c2 cells can be used for the identification of cardioprotective agents that reduce oxidative stress by measuring cell viabilities using CCK-8 in an HTS format. The underlying mechanism of the cardioprotective activities of KY-0520 and KY-0538 may be attributed to their antioxidative activity, regulation of Egr-1 and apoptosis-associated proteins, and the inhibition of ERK1/2, p38-MAPK and Egr-1 signaling pathways.

Objective To investigate the chemical constituents from the ethyl acetate and n-butanol extact of Guizhi Fuling Capsule. Methods The compounds were isolated by chromatography on silica gel, Sephdex LH-20 columns, and prep-HPLC. The chemical structures were identified by NMR methods, respectively. Results Eleven compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extact. They were identified as benzoylpaeoniflorin(1), albiflorin R1(2), paeonidanin A(3), 4-methylbenzoylpaeoniflorin(4), paeonidanin B(5), 4-O-methylgalloylpaeoniflorin(6), and paeoniflorin B(7). Four compounds were isolated from the n-butanol extact and were identified as isomaltopaeoniflorin(8), paeoniflorin(9), oxypaeoniflorin(10), and albiflorin(11). Conclusion Compounds 1—8 are isolated from Guizhi Fuling Capsula for the first time, and compounds 1—11 belong to the category of peaoniflorin.

目的 研究大花红景天Rhodiola crenulata干燥根及根茎的化学成分.方法 利用反复硅胶柱色谱、中压柱色谱等方法分离纯化;采用ESI-MS、1H-NMR、13C-NMR等现代波谱技术进行结构鉴定.结果 从大花红景天醋酸乙酯部位分离得到14个化合物,分别鉴定为3,5-二羟基-3',4',7-三甲氧基黄酮(1)、3,5,7,3'-四羟基黄酮(2)、5,4 '-二羟基-7,3 '-二甲氧基黄酮(3)、山柰酚(4)、山柰酚-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(5)、山柰酚-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖苷(6)、小麦黄素(7)、小麦黄素-7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(8)、槲皮素(9)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(10)、槲皮素-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖苷(11)、草质素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(12)、草质素-7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(13)、草质素-7-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖苷(14).结论 化合物1～3为首次从红景天属植物中分离得到,5～6、8、10～13为首次从该植物中分离得到.

Objective To establish a method for directional separation of dehydrotumulosic acid from the extracts of Guizhi Fuling Capsule with molecular imprinting technique(MIT). Methods Molecular imprinting polymer(MIP) was prepared by sol-gel process with dehydrotumulosic acid as molecular template to study the absorption property. The dehydrotumulosic acid was achieved from Guizhi Fuling Capsule by one-step separation with polymer as filler. The structure of dehydrotumulosic acid was identified on the basis of the spectral data and physicochemical property. Results The maximum binding capacity(Qmax) of MIP was 9.10 mg/g measured by Scatchard equation and the purity of dehydrotumulosic acid was 90.76% by HPLC. Conclusion The established MIT for the directional separation of dehydrotumulosic acid from Guizhi Fuling Capsule is simple and benefit to reducing the solvent use during the separation process, which could offer a novel method for the separation and purification of dehydrotumulosic acid.

Tyrosol, crenulatin and salidroside are the main active constituents of Rhodiola crenulata, with extensive pharmacological activities. In the study, grams of high purity tyrosol, crenulatin and salidroside were simultaneously separated from R. crenulata by the first time. Firstly, R. crenulata was extracted by 70% alcohol. Then, with the yields of three compounds as the index, the macroporous resin was optimized. At last, grams of high purity tyrosol, crenulatin and salidroside were isolated by D-101 macroporousresin, purified by column chromatography. Detected by HPLC, the purity of three compounds were higher than 98%. This method has the advantages of simple process and operation, less dosage of organic solvent, highly yield and reproducibility, suitable for the simultaneously preparation of tyrosol, crenulatin and salidroside.

目的:通过计算机虚拟筛选金银花中具有抗人源手足口病毒Human Enterovirus 71(HEV71)的天然抑制剂.方法:以HEV71病毒衣壳蛋白为靶蛋白,通过PyRx运行AutoDock Vina,对自建数据库中的金银花天然化合物进行虚拟筛选;用DiscoveryStudio Visualizer对小分子抑制剂与HEY71的结合模式进行3D建模,分析了得到的小分子抑制剂与HEV71之间的结合情况.用同样的方法对茯苓中的化合物进行虚拟筛选,作为对照.结果:虚拟筛选出了3个金银花中具有潜在活性的化合物:loniflavone,3'-0-methyl loniflavone和3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid.结论:虚拟筛选结果支持金银花具有抑制HEV71病毒活性,并且为金银花抗手足口病的分子机制研究提供了参考.

Paeoniflorin and its derivatives are main active compounds inGui-Zhi Fu-Ling Capsule (GZFLC). In this study, molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) was prepared by sol-gel process to obtain paeoniflorin and its derivatives in GZFLC. The static adsorption capacity of MIP was measured by scatchard equation. The results showed that the maximum apparent absorbing capacity of MIP was 52.28 mg·g-1. One-step separation of paeoniflorin from 4 g methanol samples of GZFLC was 197 mg with the purity of 89.3%. It was concluded that paeoniflorin MIP can be used to separate phaoniforin and its analogues from GZFLC.

This study was aimed to establish a separation method for neochlorogenic acid reference substances from Lonicera japonica. Refined neochlorogenic acid inL. japonica water extract was separated and concentrated by HPD200A macroporous resin, which was isolated and purified by medium-low-pressure preparative chromatography and determined by HPLC. The structure was identified by various spectroscopic data including ESI-MS,1H-NMR and13C-NMR. The results showed that the optimal purification technology conditions were as follows: washed with 5BV of water, collected elution, concentration, drying; neochlorogenic acid crude products were eluted with acetonitrile-0.5% formic acid solution (10:90) with the flow rate of 20 mL·min-1; and the detection wavelength was 326 nm. The contents of the prepared neochlorogenic acid reached to 98.86% and the yield was 89.1%. It was concluded that the method was effective for the preparation of neochlorogenic acid with high purity. It can be used to prepare the reference substances for quantitative analysis and content determination of Chinese materia medica.

This article was aimed to study the chemical constituents in groups of effective components extracted from Xiaoxuming Decoction. Twelve compounds were isolated and purified by dynamic axial compression column chromatography. Their chemical structures were identified by spectral analysis. The results showed that twelve compounds were isolated and identified as octacosanoic acid(1), cetanol(2), oroxylin A(3), wogonin(4), baicalein(5), tetrandrine(6), fangchinoline(7), wogonoside(8), baicalin(9), paeoniflorin(10), amygdalin(11), manntol(12). It was concluded that all compounds were isolated from this compound prescription for the first time.

A rapid and selective ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for simultaneous determination of gallic acid, amygdalin, albiflorin, paeoniflorin, paeonol and cinnamic acid, the major bioactive constituents of Guizhi Fuling Capsule in rat plasma using phenacetin as internal standard (IS). The plasma samples were pretreated by protein precipitation with acetonitrile after acidification and separated on a Waters BEH C-18 column (50 mm x 2.1 mm, 1.7 mu m) using gradient elution with a mobile phase consisting of water (containing 0.1% formic acid) and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Mass spectrometric detection was performed on Micromass Quattromicro API mass spectrometer equipped with electrospray ionization source in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The intra- and inter-day precisions (as relative standard deviation) were below 14.6% for all analytes, and the accuracies (as relative error) were within +/-5.0%. The lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) were 10, 10, 5, 5, 25,25 ng/mL for gallic acid, amygdalin, albiflorin, paeoniflorin, paeonol and cinnamic acid, respectively. Extraction recovery, matrix effect and stability were satisfactory in rat plasma. This method was fully validated and applied to a pharmacokinetic study of the six bioactive constituents after oral administration of Guizhi Fuling Capsule to rats. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.