Background: Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is noxious to female reproductive development and facilitates the occurrence of subsequent diseases. Early menopause is initiative factor of female aging. But due to the lack of historical exposure of PM2.5, we could not gain insight into the linkage between ambient PM2.5 exposure and early menopause. Methods: We conducted a community-based retrospective cross-sectional study and pooled 1173 postmenopausal women. The machine learning algorithm of LightGBM was processed to derive the historical concentrations of PM2.5 based on aerography of 1956-2022. The quantile g-computation and binary logistic regression were employed to estimate the mixed and single associations between PM2.5 and early menopause. Results: The visibility topped the most important feature for derivations of historical PM2.5 concentrations. The R-2 of 10-fold cross-validation and predictive capability during processing were all above 0.8. The prevalence of early menopause was 7.3 %. Each 10 mu g/m(3) PM2.5 increased the prevalence of early menopause during prior 2 years exposure (OR: 1.49, 95 %CI: 1.03-2.16) and spring and autumn (OR: 1.28, 95 %CI: 1.07-1.54). After adjusting the reverse effects of temperature, the prior 2 years exposure of PM2.5 remained positively associated with early menopause in the fourth quantile vs the first quantile (OR: 3.36, 95 %CI: 1.53-7.36) in the spring and autumn. The higher BMI (OR: 1.40, 95 %CI: 1.14-1.72), waistline (OR: 1.42, 95 %CI: 1.09-1.85) and unfavourable dietary habits of less meat (OR: 1.72, 95 %CI: 1.11-2.68), more fried food (OR: 2.39, 95 %CI: 1.15-4.99) elevated the prevalence of early menopause. Conclusions: The accurate environmental exposure assessment of historical PM2.5 vigorously promoted the researches on the relationship between PM2.5 and early menopause. It sounds the alarm on female infertility menace associated with particulate matter especially during the turbulent 2 years before menopause.

BackgroundHebei Province is located in the North China Plain. In view of the influence of geological background and the acute and chronic hazards caused by excessive drinking water toxicological indicators, coupled with the large coverage of water supply in urban areas and the existence of self-built water supply facilities, it is necessary to understand the drinking water sanitation status in urban areas and conduct health risk assessment. ObjectiveTo investigate main indicators affecting the compliance rate of drinking water quality in urban areas of Hebei and evaluate the chronic non-carcinogenic risks of 11 chemicals. MethodsThe collection, preservation, and testing of 14299 samples of finished water, tap water, and secondary water supply in urban areas of Hebei Province from 2017 to 2021 were conducted following the Standard examination methods for drinking water (GB/T 5750—2006). A total of 11 chemicals were evaluated according to the Hygienic standards for drinking water (GB 5749—2006). The chronic non-carcinogenic risks of the 11 chemicals in drinking water by oral exposure were assessed using the four-step health risk assessment model developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the Technical guide for environmental health risk assessment of chemical substances (WS/T 777—2021). ResultsFrom 2017 to 2021, the compliance rates of arsenic, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, cyanide, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride in drinking water in urban areas of Hebei Province were all 100.00%, and fluoride and nitrate (N) were the main indicators affecting water quality compliance, with compliance rates of 97.68% and 99.53% respectively. The compliance rate of fluoride increased year by year (χ2=178.06, P<0.05), and the concentration showed a downward trend (χ2=563.49, P<0.05). The compliance rate of fluoride in water samples during the wet season was higher than that during the dry season (χ2=5.06, P<0.05). The median concentrations of fluoride and nitrate in drinking water in urban areas of Hebei Province from 2017 to 2021 were 0.36 mg·L−1 and 3.32 mg·L−1, with hazard quotients of 0.15 and 0.05, respectively, both less than 1, suggesting no chronic non-carcinogenic risks, and no significant gender difference was found. The hazard quotient of maximum fluoride concentration was 1.65, which was greater than 1, suggesting chronic non-carcinogenic risks. The chronic non-carcinogenic risks associated with the maximum concentrations of the remaining 10 chemical indicators were all within an acceptable range. Conclusions Nine toxicological indicators in drinking water in urban areas of Hebei Province from 2017 to 2021, except for fluoride and nitrate, are within the national standards. Fluoride and nitrate are the main toxicological indicators that affect the overall compliance rate of water quality, and the chronic non-carcinogenic risks associated with maximum concertration of nitrate and 95% concentration of fluoride are at an acceptable level.

目的 评估河北省市政供水中三氯甲烷和四氯化碳的人群健康风险.方法 收集 2017-2021 年河北省市政供水三氯甲烷和四氯化碳的监测数据,运用环境健康风险评估模型分析两种物质平均浓度的致癌风险和慢性非致癌风险.对不同水期、不同类型、不同水源、不同地区的结果进行分层分析,对不同年份结果进行趋势性检验.结果 12578 份水样中,三氯甲烷和四氯化碳的平均浓度为 6.14×10-3 和 1.07×10-4 mg/L.三氯甲烷和四氯化碳致癌风险为 3.75×10-6 和 1.48×10-7;两种化学物质慢性非致癌风险均小于 1.三氯甲烷的健康风险丰水期高于枯水期,地表水高于地下水,末梢水和二次供水高于出厂水.四氯化碳的健康风险地下水高于地表水,出厂水高于末梢水和二次供水.三氯甲烷的健康风险存在逐年上升的趋势,四氯化碳的健康风险为逐年下降趋势.健康风险存在地区差异.结论 2017-2021 年河北省市政供水中三氯甲烷的致癌风险在可接受范围内,四氯化碳的致癌风险较低,两种物质的慢性非致癌风险处于可接受水平.

目的 对2016-2020年河北省农村饮用水开展水质监测,了解河北省农村生活饮用水工程5年的现状和水质状况,为农村饮用水的有效管理及农村居民生活饮用水安全保障提供科学依据.方法 对2016-2020年河北省农村饮用水工程的基本情况及出厂水、末梢水水样进行检测分析.结果 河北省农村饮用水工程水源以地下水为主,工程占比超过70％;2011年后建成的工程占比有所上升;2020年有完全处理(混凝、沉淀、过滤、消毒)和仅消毒处理的工程,消毒设备按照要求使用的工程占比在5年中最高;采用次氯酸钠消毒的工程占比有上升趋势(Z=2.2045,P＜0.05);菌落总数合格率有上升趋势(Z=2.204 5,P＜0.05);氟化物合格率有上升趋势(Z=2.204 5,P＜0.05).2016-2018年河北省农村饮用水出厂水的总大肠菌群合格率高于末梢水合格率,差异有统计学意义(x2=28.82、34.89、30.44,P＜0.01),2016-2019年河北省农村饮用水出厂水的菌落总数合格率高于末梢水合格率,差异有统计学意义(x2=20.93、16.73、4.63、5.57,P＜0.01).结论 2016-2020年河北省农村饮用水工程水质微生物和氟化物指标合格率有所提高.

目的 了解石家庄市市区空气污染物污染特征.方法 收集2015-2019年石家庄市市区所有国控、省控、市控环境空气质量监测站点的可吸入颗粒物(inhalable particles,PM10)、细颗粒物(fine particles,PM2.5)、NO2、CO、SO2、O3的逐日平均浓度,采用[M(P25,P75)]描述空气污染物平均浓度,用R 3.6.3的Mann-Kendall趋势检验分析空气污染物年均浓度的变化趋势.结果 2015-2019年石家庄市市区 PM10、PM2.5、NO2、O3-a、SO2平均浓度 M(P25,P75)依次为 112(72,172)、55(33,95)、42(26,60)、91(52,141)和20(11,37)pg/m3,CO平均浓度M(P25,P75)为0.9(0.6,1.4)mg/m3.SO2年均浓度呈下降趋势(P＜0.05),其余空气污染物年均浓度均呈平稳状态(均P＞0.05);SO2、CO、O3年均浓度均达到GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量》相应空气污染物二级标准,PM10、PM2.5.NO2年均浓度均超标.PM10、PM2.5、NO2、CO、SO2冬季平均浓度最高,夏季最低;O3夏季平均浓度最高,冬季最低;日均浓度超标率由高到低的空气污染物为PM25、PM10、O3、NO2、CO和SO2.裕华区和新华区日均浓度超标率前3位的空气污染物由高到低依次为PMi5、PM10和O3,桥西区、长安区和鹿泉区由高到低依次为PM10、PM2.5和O3.结论 石家庄市市区应加强冬季空气污染防控力度,尤其是PM10、PM2.5,同时对夏季O3污染给予关注.

Disinfection was essential to keep human healthy from microorganisms in drinking water. Meanwhile, disinfection by-products (DBPs) have been proved to be associated with some adverse health effects. The DBP levels were different in drinking water disinfected by different methods and may cause diverse health risks. However, studies in this field and systematic analysis about risk characteristics are limited. We estimated the health risks of DBPs exposure in drinking water through multi-pathways, and systematically analyzed the characteristics of different disinfection methods and influence factors of health risk of DBPs in China. Drinking water samples were collected and analyzed for DBPs from some representative water treatment plants in several typical regions in China. We adopted the additive method to estimate the health risks of DBPs exposure in drinking water through multi-pathways, and used descriptive and hierarchical analysis to understand their characteristics and influence factors. The concentrations of the six DBPs in drinking water ranged from 1.6 μg/L to 13.3 μg/L. The cumulative cancer risk of DBPs exposure through multi-pathways was 8.63 × 10-5. The total HI of DBPs exposure was 1.70 × 10-1. The health risks of DBPs in drinking water disinfected by chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite were lower than by other disinfection methods. The health risk of DBPs in drinking water was dominated by risk through oral and inhalation route. The health risks in wet season were higher than that in dry season. There is no significant difference in health risk for males and females, but children experienced higher health risks than adults. Our study suggested the situation of that a large population experienced the high cancer risk of DBPs in drinking water in typical regions of China. It was suggested that potential higher risk should be concerned, and possible measures could be considered to decrease the health risks.

目的 阐明河北省轻、重污染城市大气污染对人群健康的影响.方法 收集石家庄市、张家口市居民非意外死亡监测资料,并获取同期空气质量、气象数据,采用SPSS 22.0、R3.5.3进行数据整理,Spearman秩相关、主成分分析、广义相加模型对数据进行分析.结果 石家庄市主要以气态污染物SO2、NO2对居民非意外死亡存在显著影响,污染物浓度每升高10 μg/m3,非意外死亡人数分别增加1.184％ (95％ CI: 0.485％～1.887％)、0.979％ (95％ CI: 0.205％～1.760％);张家口市以颗粒物PM10、PM2.5及气态污染物O3为危害居民健康的主要因素,污染物浓度每升高10 μg/m3,非意外死亡人数分别增加3.083％(95％ CI:2.367％～3.805％)、4.885％(95％ CI:3.407％～6.384％)、2.811％(95％ CI:1.188％ ～ 4.460％).结论 大气污染对居民非意外死亡存在明显地域性差异且存在易感人群.

目的 了解河北省乡镇卫生院医疗废物和污水收集与处理现状,为指导乡镇卫生院环境卫生建设提供依据.方法 全省范围抽取40所乡镇卫生院,调查其2012年和2018年医疗废物和污水收集与处理情况.结果 40所乡镇卫生院均有医疗废物收集设施.医疗废物产生量前两位为输液器和玻璃瓶;医疗污水产生量前两位为日常清洁用水和生活污水,收集方式均以经管道流入污水池为主.2012年60％的乡镇卫生院医疗废物收集设施为有盖污物桶和堆放点,处理前消毒率为50％,处理方式以堆放点就地焚烧为主,占42.5％;医疗污水处理前消毒率为22.5％,污水处理池平均容积为16.3 m3,处理方式以排入渗入井为主,占57.5％.2018年82.5％的乡镇卫生院医疗废物收集设施为有盖污物桶和堆放点,处理前消毒率为67.5％,处理方式以专业机构统一处理为主,占97.5％;医疗污水处理前消毒率为62.5％,污水处理池平均容积为24 m3,处理方式以排入化粪池为主,占35％.经检验,2018年乡镇卫生院医疗废物产生量和产污系数比2012年低,2018年医疗废物经专业机构统一处理的乡镇卫生院比例有所提高,2018年医疗废水处理前消毒率、处理设施满足率比2012年高,两次调查的医疗废水处理方式没有差异.结论 应增加乡镇卫生院医疗废物和医疗污水收集设施,加强处理前消毒,提高专业机构统一处理的比例.

通过调研国内外环境健康风险评估指南编制进展,厘清我国已发布环境健康风险评估指南与国际组织和发达国家的差距.总体而言,我国指南发布缺乏长期的积累,且存在覆盖范围较窄、框架体系尚不清晰等不足.借鉴国际较为完善的环境健康风险评估指南体系,考虑我国风险评估工作基础,针对我国指南编制存在的问题和需求,建议我国的环境健康风险评估指南按照“分类编”、“分步走”的框架进行编制.

目的 了解河北省不同地区大气O3污染现状,阐明O3对儿童呼吸系统疾病门诊就诊量的影响.方法 收集整理2015-2017年河北省儿童医院内科呼吸道疾病就诊人次,并获取同期环保与气象资料,采用非线性分布滞后模型(DLNM)计算O3对呼吸系统就诊量的超额风险度ER及95％CI,采用滞后(1～16)d效应以及累积(1～16)d效应进行描述,并将效应最大值作为O3对门诊量影响的评估值.结果 ①2015-2017年石家庄市、唐山市及张家口市O3超标天数逐年增多,污染程度逐年加重;②3个城市O3日均浓度与门诊量具有统计学相关性(P＜0.01);③石家庄市、唐山市和张家口市O3对儿童呼吸系统就诊量均存在滞后效应,大气O3日均浓度每增加10 μg/m3,呼吸系统疾病门诊人次依次增加0.25％ (0.14％,0.36％)、0.16％(0％,0.31％)和0.53％(0.12％,0.94％),张家口市影响最大,且O3对3个城市儿童呼吸系统门诊就诊人次的滞后效应影响变化趋势一致;④石家庄市和张家口市O3对儿童呼吸系统疾病门诊人次有持续16 d的累积效应,在(13～14)d时达到最大值,大气O3日均浓度每增加10 μg/m3,呼吸系统疾病门诊人次分别增加0.82％ (0.63％,1.01％)和2.37％(1.03％,3.74％),张家口市影响最大,O3对3个城市呼吸系统门诊就诊人次的累积效应影响变化趋势一致;⑤石家庄市和张家口市O3对于儿童呼吸系统疾病J00-J06和症状R07门诊人次存在滞后及累积效应,且O3对J00-J06、R07累积效应持续时间较长,并呈现逐渐上升趋势.结论 河北省不同地区O3对儿童健康影响存在地城性差异,进一步深入探索不同地区O3的成因及其对人群健康的影响迫在眉睫.

Objective To explore the correlation between air pollutants and meteorological elements in two cities of Hebei Province.MethodsThe relationship between air pollutants and meteorological elements in Shijiazhuang City and Zhangjiakou City from 2015 to 2016 was analyzed by typical correlation analysis method during summer, winter and year periods.ResultsThe average values of air pollutants and meteorological elements in different time periods in Shijiazhuang City and Zhangjiakou City were different.The main air pollutants were PM10, PM2.5, NO2, O3, CO, SO2in Shijiazhuang and PM10, PM2.5, NO2, O3, SO2in Zhangjiakou.In two cities, temperature, relative humidity and wind velocity were the main factors affecting the concentration of pollutants;the concentration of O3was positively correlated with the temperature;the concentrations of PM2.5and NO2were positively correlated with relative humidity;the concentrations of PM10, O3, CO, SO2were negatively correlated with the relative humidity.The concentration of CO was positively correlated with temperature in Shijiazhuang.The concentration of SO2was negatively correlated with temperature, NO2concentration and wind velocity in Zhangjiakou.During the three periods of Shijiazhuang City and the winter half year of Zhangjiakou City, the concentration of PM10was positively correlated with temperature, while the PM2.5concentration was negatively correlated with temperature.On the contrary, PM10is negatively correlated with temperature, and PM2.5was positively in summer and year periods in Zhangjiakou.Conclution Results of canonical correlation analysis showed that there is a significant correlation between air pollutants and meteorological elements.Temperature, relative humidity and wind velocity are the main meteorological factors affecting the concentration of pollutants.

目的 了解河北省不同地区空气污染现状,阐明PM2.5对儿童内科门诊就诊量的影响.方法 收集2014-2017年河北省3市儿童/妇幼医院儿童内科日门诊量,并获取同期PM2.5与气象资料,采用时间序列广义相加模型(Generalized additive model,GAM)控制时间、季节、采暖、星期几、节假日等效应,去除温度、湿度、降水、风速等混杂因素进行PM2.5与内科门诊量的单污染物模型分析,采用滞后(lag1 ～ lag7)效应以及累积(lag01 ～ lag07)效应进行描述,并将效应最大值作为PM2.5对门诊量影响的评估值.结果 ①2014-2017年石家庄市、唐山市PM2.5超标天数分别为48.59％、44.56％,张家口市2017年全年超标仅6.84％;②石家庄市、唐山市儿童/妇幼医院日内科门诊总量、平均气压、平均温度、平均相对湿度均高于张家口市;而日平均风速、日照时数则相反;③石家庄市、唐山市PM2.5浓度升高当天对内科疾病门诊量的影响最大,PM2.5浓度每升高10 μg/m3,内科门诊量分别增加0.16％ (95％ CI:0.07％～0.24％)、0.15％(95％CI:0.05％～0.25％),张家口市则无明显影响.结论 河北省不同地区PM2.5对儿童健康影响存在地域性差异,进一步开展不同地区PM2.5成因的探索及对人群健康的影响迫在眉睫.

目的 为编制我国的环境健康风险评估指南清单,开展针对国外尤其是欧美发达国家和相关国际组织在环境健康风险评估指南方面的调研工作.方法 通过在线检索,查询世界卫生组织等国际组织的官网以及美国、英国、荷兰、德国、澳大利亚、新西兰等国家的公共卫生部门和环境保护部门的官网,检索其正式发布的环境健康风险评估相关的指南、标准、技术规范等文件.结果 世界卫生组织和美国环境保护局的环境健康风险评估指南编制工作起步较早,已形成较为完善的指南体系,涵盖了框架性指南、基础技术方法指南、应用性指南,参考性资料,针对各类化学物、各类毒性特征、不同人群、不同环境介质类型等均有特定的指南发布.其他国际组织和国家如欧盟、经济合作组织、英国、荷兰等也有一定数量的指南发布.结论 国外环境健康风险评估指南为我国环境健康风险评估提供了统一规范化框架和技术方法,推动了环境健康风险的交流和管理,对我国的环境健康风险评估指南清单的编制,具有重要的参考价值.