深圳某街道10家五金电镀企业16个三氯乙烯(TCE)作业岗位的TCE职业危害现状调查显示,五金电镀企业TCE作业岗位自动化、密闭化程度不高,无有效的通风排毒设施,TCE浓度超标严重;同时,存在防护用品配备不足和使用、保存不合理,职业卫生管理制度执行不到位、上岗前职业健康检查未落实等问题;在岗期间TCE职业健康检查发现肝功能等异常率较高.提示五金电镀企业清洗岗位TCE职业危害严重,应针对五金电镀企业TCE危害现状采取相应的防治措施.

Objective:To explore the applicability of different exposure assessment methods in occupational health risk assessment of trichloroethylene (TCE) occupation posts in electroplating enterprise.Methods:In November 2018, the occupational health risk assessments are conducted in trichloroethylene (TCE) occupation posts of 6 metal plating enterprises in a street in Shenzhen by using the qualitative risk assessment, semi-quantitative risk assessment (including contact ratio method, contact index method and synthesis index method) and quantitative risk assessment method (including non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessment methods) , and the results of different methods are compared.Results:The results of qualitative assessment method are all level 4 (high risk) ; the results of contact ratio method show that the risk level is level 5 (very high risk) ; the results of contact index method and Synthesis index method show that the risk level is level 3 and level 4, 66.7% and 33.3% respectively; Non-carcinogenic risk assessment results show that TCE jobs are "unacceptable"; carcinogenic risk assessment results in carcinogenic inhalation excess risk of 50% each being "unacceptable" and "acceptable". The results of the six risk assessment methods showed that there were 3 "substantially consistent", 1 "partially consistent", and 2 "inconsistent" among the 6 companies.Conclusion:Synthesis index method and the carcinogenic risk assessment method are more suitable for occupational health risks of TCE occupation posts.

目的 了解深圳市宝安区五金电镀企业三氯乙烯(TCE)职业健康风险等级,为TCE职业健康风险管理提供参考依据.方法 2018年9-11月采用综合指数法对深圳市宝安区10家五金电镀企业16个TCE作业岗位进行职业健康风险评估.结果 职业卫生调查结果显示,10家企业16个TCE作业岗位中设置了局部通风的岗位有11个,占68.8％,配备了防毒口罩的岗位有15个,占93.8％,配备了胶手套的岗位有8个,占50.0％;短时间接触浓度(C-STEL)超标的有12个,占75.0％,8h时间加权浓度(C-TWA)超标的有5个,占45.4％;综合指数法结果显示,16个TCE作业岗位中风险指数为3级和4级的各8个,分别占50％.结论 深圳市宝安区五金电镀企业TCE岗位职业健康风险等级为中等风险或高风险,应加强TCE高风险企业的健康风险管理.

目的 了解塑料注塑作业工人健康状况,为注塑作业职业病危害防治提供依据.方法 以45家塑料注塑企业的260名注塑作业工人为接触组,220名办公文员、生产管理人员(非注塑接触)为对照组,分别调查其自觉症状,并进行血常规、肝功能等实验室检查、纯音测听检查以及其他内科检查.结果 ①接触组头痛(17.3％)、头昏(20.0％)、烦躁不安(28.5％)、记忆力减退(21.5％)、睡眠障碍(12.3％)、咳嗽(27.3％)、咳痰(21.5％)症状检出率以及肺功能减退异常率(6.9％)明显高于对照组;②接触组血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)含量水平以及ALT和谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)异常率均明显高于对照组;③接触组高频听阈提高(单或双耳)、语频(单或双耳)听阈提高和双耳高频平均听阈＞40 dBHL的检出率明显高于对照组;上述差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论 注塑作业工人神经系统、肺功能、肝功能和听觉系统功能均有一定程度的损害,应加强其职业健康保护.