This paper uses various channels to collect the data of earthquake disasters in 2022, and collates the global seismic activities and earthquake disasters in 2022. The change curves of global disaster earthquake frequency and casualties in recent 20 years and the distribution map of disaster earthquakes in 2022 were drawn. By summarizing the earthquake information and disaster conditions causing casualties, a detailed analysis of major earthquake disasters was made. The main characteristics of global earthquake disasters in 2022 were summarized, and major earthquake events in Afghanistan were listed. Compared with last year’s earthquake, the number of casualties caused by earthquake disasters in 2022 has decreased, and the disaster earthquakes are characterized by concentrated casualties and frequent secondary disasters. In view of the prominent causes of earthquake casualties, this paper puts forward corresponding earthquake disaster prevention measures and suggestions.

做好地震信息服务需要深入研究服务的公众触达和反馈.随着国家地震预警工程的推进,地震预警系统即将大范围面向公众提供服务,因此公众的地震预警需求、地震预警误报接受程度等问题亟需研究.本文设计了防震减灾公共服务公众接触率及公众满意度调查指标体系,用以量化测量防震减灾公共服务的公众触达现状和反馈评价,并取得了较好的效果.全国公众调查结果显示,分别有80.7％,56.2％,29.5％和26.7％的受访者接触过地震速报信息服务、防震减灾知识科普、自建房抗震咨询服务和各级地震部门门户平台,各项服务的公众接触有明显的区域和人群特征.公众反馈评价总体较好,但是地震速报信息服务及时性的满意度评价得分相对较低,显示公众对地震速报信息发布时效性在近年来取得的进步缺乏直观感受.地震预警公众需求研究结果显示,88.3％的公众认为地震预警有必要,56.8％的公众对地震预警信息有强烈需求,公众对地震预警误报的接受程度在过去十年时间里保持在一个较高水平,大城市和地震多发区公众对地震预警的需求和对地震预警误报接受程度均显著高于全国公众总体水平.

本文针对2020年全国公众防震减灾科普满意度调查工作,设计了防震减灾科普公众接触率、受众收获评价、公众满意度和需求等指标,量化衡量防震减灾科普在公众中的触达现状、公众的收获评价、反馈评价和需求.调查结果显示,公众与防震减灾科普的接触较普遍,受众收获评价和满意度评价总体得分较高.防震减灾科普公众接触率在不同城乡、年龄、学历、职业等层面的群体差异较明显.科普活动的公众接触率相对较低,受众收获评价较高,公众对活动新颖性的满意度评价低于活动组织管理.科普作品的公众接触率最高,但受众收获评价较低,在促进公众技能提升方面具有明显短板,公众对作品形式新颖性的满意度评价低于内容通俗易懂性.科普场所的公众接触率最低,但受众收获评价最高,对公众知识、技能、意识的提升作用较好.公众对科普场所信息查找便利性的满意度较低,导致科普场所满意度评价低于科普活动和科普作品.分析表明,需重视公众需求和反馈,采取有针对性的措施进一步提升防震减灾科普效率.

2020年中国地震局开展了全国公众防震减灾知识普及和科普满意度抽样调查,结果显示,17.1％的受访者具备防震减灾素养,与2018年中国公民科学素质调查结果相比较,公众防震减灾素养水平的区域分布有明显不一样的规律,公众防震减灾素养水平与区域经济发展水平之间没有明显的相关性,区域地震灾害程度和个人地震经历对公众防震减灾素养水平有显著的影响.防震减灾素养水平在城乡、性别、受教育水平等不同群体中的差别,和中国公民科学素质调查结果基本一致,受教育水平对防震减灾素养水平影响最大.在不同年龄群体中的差别则和中国公民科学素质调查结果不同,显示出独特的规律.在防震减灾科普工作中,需要重视公众防震减灾素养水平的这些特点,采取有针对性的措施来提升科普效率.

2018年9月2日至22日,应急管理部组织国家煤矿安全监察机构有关人员赴英国就煤矿安全科技与风险管理进行培训.通过培训,了解英国煤矿安全科技与风险管理情况,并结合我国煤矿安全生产有关情况进行了思考.

根据2014年全球地震灾害资料并对比历年统计数据可知,当年度属于地震造成人员伤亡的轻灾年.本文总结了2014年全球地震灾害的主要数据,对当年主要地震灾害进行了描述,发现抗震设防建筑在地震中受损较小,提高房屋的抗震能力能够有效地减少财产损失以及人员伤亡.同时,本文分析了2014年度地震灾害的分布特征,以及多震地区的“活跃性”与“周期性”特征.

According to the information of earthquake disasters at home and abroad, 2013 was the year of less earthquake casualties.Simultaneously,the damage of fortified con-struction in earthquakes is small.These fortification construction can effectively reduce the loss of property and casualty.But the non-fortified construction will cause huge damage in the earthquakes.

讨论了利用BP神经网络,对震后的死亡人数进行较为准确的评估,进而指导后续的地震应急工作.选取地震震级、震源深度、震中烈度、抗震设防烈度、震中烈度与抗震设防烈度之差、发震地人口密度和时间(白天、晚上或凌晨)等7项数据作为输入因子,以死亡人数作为输出因子,建立了BP神经网络模型,再以阳江、炉霍、鲁甸和景谷4次地震的该7项数据作为检测因子检测建立的神经网络.可以得出:由网络训练得到的结果与真实的死亡人数相差很小,结果对比比较理想.

Study on disaster vulnerability changes is greatly helpful for understanding disasters and disaster risk mechanism.On the basis of re-examination of the levels of analysis and descriptive hierarchies for the vulnerability of disaster-bearing human & social systems,the impacting factors and their descriptive indexes of the regional macroscopic vulnerability to earthquake disasters (RSMVED) are re-recognized,and the methodology centered on principal component analyzing technique for exploring the spatial & temporal change features of this kind of vulnerability is improved.Based on these more fully explainnations and this more perfect methodology,the spatial & temporal changes and their driving forces of RSMVED of Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region,China,during the past 20 years are analyzed and summarized with evidences in detail by taking 1985,1995,2000 and 2004 as the representative time references.The result shows that the spatial and temporal changes of RSMVED of the studied area,from 1985 to 2004,can always be separated into the changes of several main vulnerability patterns.Further analysis indicates the spatial difference structures of RSMVED of this area,in the past 20 years,are rather stable.However,the vulnerability in different areas of this region have changed markedly in resent 20 years.The vulnerabilities in the urban areas of major cities have significantly increased,while vulnerabilities in the other areas have decreased.The amplitude of changes of the former is larger than that of the latter.As far as the change driving forces of RSMVED is concerned,this paper suggested that it is the population and economy increases,urbanization development and industry structure adjustment are the three main ones.It is thought that the changes of regional macroscopic vulnerability to earthquake disasters in the studied region are mainly affected by population and economy increases,urbanization development and industry structure adjustmen.

Based on our previous researches and taking in 1985,1995,2000 and 2004 as representative time references and an index system for analyzing the spatial changes of Regional Scale Macroscopic Vulnerability to Earthquake Disasters(RSMVED)of Beijing,Tianjin and Tangshan area,the temporal changes of RSMVED of this area from 1985 to 2004 have been analyzed mainly through Principal Component Analyzing methods.The result shows the regional differentiation changes of RSMVED of this area,from 1985,are mainly controlled,more and more remarkably,by the changes of 4 major vulnerability spatial differentiation patterns,and the inter-stage variation styles,extents and driving forces of these patterns are different between each other.Among them,pattern-Ⅰis always closely related to the area's urbanization,population and economy(industry and commerce in particular) development levels.The principal change of this pattern is on its variance contribution explained,which increased nearly 13% from 1985 to 2004,indicating its great impacts on area's RSMVED differentiation features.Both pattern-Ⅱ and pattern-Ⅲ show well correlations.In each stage,the pattern-Ⅱ and pattern-Ⅲ are always closely related to the area's agriculture,peasantry and rural area issues,and the most explicit variations of these two patterns both come from their load distributions and from the regional difference structures they reflected.Moreover,pattern-Ⅱ and pattern-Ⅲ with their changes also have some considerable reverse characters.Some changes also have taken place in pattern-Ⅳ,but their amplitudes are much smaller on the whole than that of other patterns.Further analysis presents that,from 1985 to 2004,the integrated regional differentiation structures of RSMVED of studied area in different stages are rather stable,except some obvious adjustments only in the area's right urban spots of each large and middle-sized cities including Beijing,Tianjin,Tangshan,Qinhuangdao and Chengde as well as in some of these city's surrounding areas.

Based on exploring and clarifying the conceptual implications,analytical hierarchies and the descriptive aspects of Regional Scale Macroscopic Vulnerability to Earthquake Disasters(RSMVED),and taking Beijing,Tianjin and Tangshan area and its relevant situations in 2000 as example,an index system composed of 25 individual indexes for describing and assessing the RSMVED of the studied area has been set up first in this paper.Then,according to this index system and mainly with the help of Principal Component Analysis method,the spatial change characteristics and regularities of RSMVED of the studied area have been generalized preliminarily but quantitatively and comprehensively.The result shows that,in the researched area,there are 6 main vulnerability patterns controlling the spatial change behaviors of its RSMVED,and the regional differences in style,extent and driving force manifested by these patterns are quite different.Further analysis presents that it is the urban spots of each large and middle-sized cities like Beijing,Tianjin,Tangshan,Qinhuangdao and Chengde,etc that are the most vulnerable with their RSMVED level much higher than the average of the whole studied area.The areas whose RSMVED level is apparently lower than the area's average mainly concentrate in the suburb counties of both Beijing and Tianjin municipalities.Except for these urban spots and such suburb counties,the vulnerability status of other parts of the studied area nearly all fluctuates slightly around the area's average vulnerable level by some small amplitude.