: Background: Social anxiety models posit increased self-focused attention; however, it remains unclear how attention is allocated to negative (socially relevant symptoms such as blushing) compared with positive (feeling relaxed) self-relevant stimuli. Aims: We examined whether individuals with speech anxiety exhibit a relative attentional bias toward negative versus positive self-relevant stimuli. Method: A total of 66 participants with high or low speech anxiety responded to stimuli during speech anticipation and performance. External stimuli were LEDs on audience members' foreheads; self-relevant stimuli were tones, purportedly indicating arousal or relaxation. Results: Participants responded slower to self-relevant than to external stimuli. No differential bias for negative self-relevant stimuli (arousal) was observed. However, speech-anxious individuals reacted faster to all stimuli during the speech. Conclusion: No evidence was found for a valence-specific attentional bias toward self-relevant stimuli in speech-anxious individuals. Instead, increased overall reactivity during speech performance suggests heightened vigilance or arousal. This points to a generalized attentional sensitivity in socially anxious individuals, rather than selective attention to negative self-relevant cues. Zusammenfassung: Hintergrund: Modelle der sozialen Angst postulieren eine erh & ouml;hte selbstfokussierte Aufmerksamkeit. Unklar ist, wie Aufmerksamkeit f & uuml;r negative (sozial-relevante Symptome wie Err & ouml;ten) im Vergleich zu positiven (z. B. entspannt sein) selbstrelevanter Reizen gesteuert wird. Zielsetzung: Hier wird gepr & uuml;ft, ob sprech & auml;ngstliche Personen eine relative Aufmerksamkeitsverzerrung zugunsten negativer vs. positiver selbstrelevanter Reize zeigen. Methode: 66 Proband_innen mit hoher oder niedriger Redeangst reagierten w & auml;hrend Redeantizipation und -durchf & uuml;hrung auf verschiedene Reize. Externe Reize waren LEDs auf den Stirnen von Zuh & ouml;rer_innen; selbstrelevante Reize waren T & ouml;ne, die angeblich Erregung oder Entspannung anzeigten. Ergebnisse: Reaktionen auf selbstrelevante Reize waren langsamer als auf externe. Ein spezifisches Bias f & uuml;r negative selbstrelevante Reize (Erregung) zeigte sich nicht. Hoch & auml;ngstliche Personen reagierten jedoch w & auml;hrend der Rede schneller auf alle Reize. Schlussfolgerung: Es fand sich kein valenzspezifisches Bias, sondern eine erh & ouml;hte generelle Reaktivit & auml;t, was auf gesteigerte Wachsamkeit bei sozial & auml;ngstlichen Personen hindeutet.

Background In order to gain a deepened understanding of the impact of public health emergency and to develop effective interventions and preventions, this study aimed to evaluate risk and protective factors associated with anxiety in children and adolescents and to explore potential moderators in the background of COVID-19 within the framework of socio-ecological model. Methods A literature search was conducted in Web of Science, MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, Emerald, and CNKI for studies published from early 2020 to early 2023 that examined factors associated with anxiety among children and adolescents with age range of 6 to 17 years old. Random effects models and a three-level meta-analytic approach were used. Results In total, 141 articles and 1,018,171 subjects were included, with 1002 effect sizes extracted. 32 protective factors and 48 risk factors were examined, yielding significance for 14 protective factors and 29 risk factors, including individual factors (e.g., gender, logOR = −0.37, 95 % CI [−0.47, −0.27], p < 0.001; age, logOR = −0.12, 95 % CI [−0.22, −0.02], p = 0.02; emotional functioning, logOR = −1.45, 95 % CI [−1.84, −1.05], p < 0.001; pre-existing condition logOR = 0.94, 95 % CI [0.58, 1.30], p < 0.001; electronic device or internet addiction, logOR = 1.81, 95 % CI [0.74, 2.88], p < 0.001), family factors (e.g., family socioeconomic status, logOR = −0.25, 95 % CI [−0.39, −0.10], p < 0.001; family functioning, logOR = −1.31, 95 % CI [−1.60, −1.02], p < 0.001; anxiety level of caregiver, logOR = 1.06, 95 % CI [0.75, 1.37], p < 0.001), community factors (e.g., overall social support, logOR = −0.93, 95 % CI [−1.84, −1.05], p < 0.001; school burden, logOR = 0.56, 95 % CI [0.21, 0.90], p = 0.002), and COVID-19-related factors (e.g., higher exposure risk in local community or city, logOR = 0.48, 95 % CI [0.17, 0.78], p = 0.002; distant learning, logOR = 0.73, 95 % CI [0.19, 1.28], p = 0.008; COVID-19-related distress, logOR = 1.42, 95 % CI [0.55, 2.29], p = 0.001;). The majority of studies showed no publication bias. Age group moderated the relationship between gender and level of anxiety (F (1,96) = 4.42, p = 0.038), and no other moderator showed significance. Limitations This study does not reveal causality but correlation in nature, and our findings should be interpretated with caution. Conclusions Public health emergencies could bring challenges to the mental health of children and adolescents. Prevention and intervention strategies for children and adolescents with high risks, and family-based and community-based programs should be encouraged to buffer the adverse impact on children and adolescents.This study has been prospectively registered at PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42022316746).

Background: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is one of the most prevalent psychological disorders and generally co-occurs with elevated shame levels. Previous shame -specific interventions could significantly improve outcomes in social anxiety treatments. Recent review suggests that integrating a more direct shame intervention could potentially increase the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy. Web -based cognitive behavioral therapy (WCBT) has proven efficacy, sustaining benefits for 6 months to 4 years. Previous evidence indicated that shame predicted the reduction of social anxiety and mediated between engagements in exposure and changes in social anxiety during WCBT. Objective: This study aimed to design a shame intervention component through a longitudinal study and conduct a randomized controlled trial to investigate the effectiveness of a shame intervention component in reducing social anxiety symptoms and shame experience in a clinical sample of people with SAD. Methods: The development of a shame intervention component was informed by cognitive behavioral principles and insights from longitudinal data that measured the Experience of Shame Scale (ESS), the Coping Styles Questionnaire, and the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) in 153 participants. The psychoeducation, cognitive construct, and exposure sections were tailored to focus more on shame -related problem -solving and self -blame. A total of 1220 participants were recruited to complete questionnaires, including the ESS, the SIAS, the Social Phobia Scale (SPS), and diagnostic interviews. Following a 2 -round screening process, 201 participants with SAD were randomly assigned into a shame WCBT group, a normal WCBT group, and a waiting group. After the 8 -week WCBT intervention, the participants were asked to complete posttest evaluations, including the ESS, SIAS and SPS. Results: Participants in the shame WCBT group experienced significant reductions in shame levels after the intervention (ESS: P <.001; eta p(2) =0.22), and the reduction was greater in the shame intervention group compared to normal WCBT ( P <.001; mean deviation -12.50). Participants in both the shame WCBT and normal WCBT groups experienced significant reductions in social anxiety symptoms (SIAS: P <.001; eta p(2) =0.32; SPS: P <.001; eta p(2) =0.19) compared to the waiting group after intervention. Furthermore, in the experience of social interaction anxiety (SIAS), the shame WCBT group showed a higher reduction compared to the normal WCBT group ( P <.001; mean deviation -9.58). Problem -solving (SE 0.049, 95% CI 0.025-0.217) and self -blame (SE 0.082, 95% CI 0.024-0.339) mediated the effect between ESS and SIAS. Conclusions: This is the first study to design and incorporate a shame intervention component in WCBT and to validate its efficacy via a randomized controlled trial. The shame WCBT group showed a significant reduction in both shame and social anxiety after treatment compared to the normal WCBT and waiting groups. Problem -solving and self -blame mediated the effect of shame on social anxiety. In conclusion, this study supports previous findings that a direct shame -specific intervention component could enhance the efficacy of WCBT.

Background: Individuals with social phobia are characterized by a heightened sensitivity for physical symptom such as blushing. Objectives: We exploratorily examined whether blushing-fearful individuals with/without social phobia were more sensitive to perceiving facial temperature increases compared to healthy controls. Methods: 50 participants were tested using an adaptive two-alternative forcedchoice task. A Pettier element was attached to the cheek and repeatedly warmed up in one of two phases. The participants' task was to indicate in which of the two phases the temperature had increased. Results: Contrary to our hypothesis, blushing-fearful individuals with social phobia (n = 11) were less sensitive to facial temperature increases, i.e., exhibited higher temperature perception threshold, than the subclinical group (n = 14) and healthy controls (n = 23). Limitations: The preliminary nature of our study should be noted, and replication in a larger sample is warranted. Conclusions: The findings may be best understood within a predictive coding framework: Individuals with social phobia may rely on priors when assessing their physical symptoms to form an impression of their public self in social situations.

Abstract. Background: Individuals with social phobia are characterized by a heightened sensitivity for physical symptom such as blushing. Objectives: We exploratorily examined whether blushing-fearful individuals with / without social phobia were more sensitive to perceiving facial temperature increases compared to healthy controls. Methods: 50 participants were tested using an adaptive two-alternative forced-choice task. A Peltier element was attached to the cheek and repeatedly warmed up in one of two phases. The participants’ task was to indicate in which of the two phases the temperature had increased. Results: Contrary to our hypothesis, blushing-fearful individuals with social phobia ( n = 11) were less sensitive to facial temperature increases, i. e., exhibited higher temperature perception threshold, than the subclinical group ( n = 14) and healthy controls ( n = 23). Limitations: The preliminary nature of our study should be noted, and replication in a larger sample is warranted. Conclusions: The findings may be best understood within a predictive coding framework: Individuals with social phobia may rely on priors when assessing their physical symptoms to form an impression of their public self in social situations.

目的:针对社交焦虑个体进行的网络认知行为治疗干预已经积累了相当多的有效性证据,但对基于智能手机的移动网络干预的有效性研究仍然数量很少.本研究开发了针对社交焦虑的移动网络认知行为治疗课程.方法:在全国范围内公开招募了 100名社交焦虑者按照2:2:1的比例随机分配到移动组、网页组和等待组进行干预.结果:经过10周的干预,完成干预的移动组(n=31)与网页组(n=22)的被试,其社交焦虑水平与等待组(n=15)相比,均得到了明显改善(其中移动组PSIAS＜0.01,dSIAS=0.95;移动组PSPS=0.08,dSPS=0.73);两个干预组的干预效果之间不存在显著差异.结论:本研究验证了移动网络认知行为治疗干预社交焦虑的有效性,为此前已经通过网页形式得到验证的本土化网络干预方案后续在移动平台的进一步推广提供了支持性证据.

Background: Although internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy (ICBT) is an effective treatment for social anxiety disorder (SAD), a substantial proportion of patients do not achieve clinically significant improvement. More research is needed to identify which factors predict treatment adherence and outcomes. Aims: The aims of this study were to (1) identify demographic and clinical factors associated with treatment adherence and outcomes in ICBT for social anxiety in China, and (2) explore whether low-intensity therapist support results in improved treatment adherence or outcomes. Method: Participants were assigned to either therapist-guided (N = 183) or self-guided ICBT (N = 72). Level of social anxiety was measured at both pre- and post-treatment. Treatment adherence and outcomes were analysed using a two-step linear and logistic regression approach. Clinical and demographic characteristics were examined. Results: No significant group differences were found for treatment adherence or outcomes between the therapist-guided and self-guided conditions. Participants diagnosed with SAD were significantly less likely to drop out (OR 0.531, p = .03) compared with subclinical participants with social anxiety symptoms. Older participants (B = 0.17, SE = 0.04, p = .008) and participants with a diagnosis of SAD (B = 0.16, SE = 0.44, p = .01) tended to complete more modules. Participants who completed more modules (B = 0.24, SE = 0.03, p = .01) and participants who identified as female (B = -0.20, SE = 0.18, p = .04) reported greater reductions in SAD symptoms. Conclusions: Understanding of factors related to adherence and outcome is necessary to prevent drop-out and optimize outcome.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">&lt;正&gt;社交焦虑是继抑郁、物质依赖（酒精依赖为主）后的第三种常见的心理问题[1], 而互联网的普及和信息时代的到来为网络认知行为治疗（internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy,ICBT）提供了可能。西方学者已经对社交焦虑的ICBT干预进行了初步研究,并采用随机对照实验（randomized controlled trials,RCTs）对干预的效果进行了评估和验证,同时,ICBT的应用价值已经得到了</span>

Letter to the Editor (approx.200 million adult people) in combination with a huge unmet need for treatment of mental disorders [1] .Internet interventions might be an easily accessible and cost-effective way to deliver evidence-based treatment for mental disorders to people who otherwise never would have the opportunity to receive effective treatment.Although there is a wealth of studies that show the efficacy and effectiveness of Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (ICBT) in Western countries, there is a considerable lack of studies that investigate the efficacy of such treatments in non-Western countries [2] .So far, several studies have evaluated the efficacy of ICBT for SAD in controlled trials in Western countries with promising results [3] .An important discussion in the field is about the degree of support and guidance needed during Internet-based selfhelp treatments [4] .The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of an established self-help program for increased social anxiety in a Chinese population.Additionally, we investigated whether minimal guidance by trained therapists had an incremental value regarding symptom improvement and adherence.The present study was approved by the local ethics committee.Participants were recruited by announcements on websites and sev-Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is one of the most common mental disorders in Western countries.The 12-month prevalence of SAD in China is much lower (0.2%) than in Western countries.However, it translates into an enormous number of people in China

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness that causes significant distress and impairment. Studies generally indicate lower rates of PTSD post-disaster in Chinese child populations. Irrespective of population examined, findings suggest that trauma alone cannot account for the development of PTSD (Ma et al. 2011). It is important to understand what other variables may contribute to the onset of PTSD. This was the first meta-analysis conducted to investigate risk and protective factors for PTSD ( as well as mediating/moderating variables) in children directly impacted by natural disasters in China. Understanding these factors can help guide disaster readiness efforts, as well as post-disaster interventions (Yule et al. 2000). Also, this study is extremely relevant given recent earthquakes in China that have devastated many.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">&lt;正&gt;反事实思维（counterfactual thinking）,指在心理上对过去已经发生的事件进行否定、并建构一种可能性假设的思维活动[1],它作为反复回想的一种思维过程[2],是个体体验到愤怒情绪时的一种情绪调节策略。根据与实际情况的比较方向[3],反事实思维可以分为:①上行反事实思维,个体设想比实际结果更好的情况;②下行反事实思维,个体设想比实际结果更糟糕的情况。研究表明,反复回想与个体的特质愤怒存在正相关[4],而不同情</span>