Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew, exhibits substantial intraspecific variation in pathogenicity and genetic diversity, yet the genomic features underlying this variation remain incompletely characterized. Here, we sequenced and assembled two P. viticola isolates, PvH (from Vitis vinifera) and PvS (from V. amurensis), using PacBio HiFi sequencing, and performed comparative genomic analysis. Two complete genome assemblies (17 chromosomes) of P. viticola (PvH: 115.3 Mb; PvS: 113.0 Mb) were generated and revealed that nearly 90% of the putative effectors exist as local duplicated gene clusters. Comparative genomics uncovered distinct intraspecific expansion, deletion, and diversification of putative effectors driven by local segmental, tandem, and proximal duplication events in P. viticola. Specifically, PvH exhibited a ~1.4-fold increase in CRNs (PvH: 237; PvS: 183; PV221: 169) and harbored 35 strain-specific CRNs. These differential effectors were predominantly clustered in complex structural variation hotspots (SVs, duplication and inversion). Notably, 104 putative effectors-including 21 RxLRs, 59 CRNs, and 24 CAZymes-were located within inversion regions. Together, our results highlight a highly dynamic genome architecture in P. viticola, in which SV and local gene duplication are closely associated with effector diversification. This study provides a genome-resolved comparative framework for understanding intraspecific genomic diversity in P. viticola and establishes a foundation for future population-level and functional investigations.

The crop-livestock system is a sustainable agricultural model. Plant microbiomes play essential roles in host fitness and functionality. Here, the responses and functional roles of microorganisms in leaves and fruits were systematically investigated. Endophytic communities remained stable and predominantly beneficial, while epiphytic microorganisms responded more strongly to grass planting and sheep grazing. Grass planting increased the alpha diversity of epiphytic bacteria on leaves, while grazing enhanced the alpha diversity of epiphytic fungi, though both treatments reduced epiphytic bacterial richness on fruits. Grazing enriched potentially beneficial taxa, suppressed potential pathogens, and enhanced the bacterial metabolic potential and symbiotic fungal guilds. Correlations between microbial community variation and grape growth, health, and yield were stronger in leaves than in fruits, more pronounced for epiphytic than endophytic, and greater for bacteria than for fungi. Management simplified fruit and endophytic networks while increasing leaf epiphytic complexity. These findings reveal that microbiome-mediated mechanisms underpin the ecological benefits of integrated management.

Downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, is a devastating disease that threatens global grape production, with chemical control remaining the most effective management strategy. However, the repeated application of fungicides has led to widespread resistance in P. viticola populations, while data on the resistance of P. viticola to metalaxyl (MET), cymoxanil (CYM), and cyazofamid (CYA) in China remain limited. In this study, the resistance status of P. viticola to these three fungicides was evaluated across 9 major grape-growing regions in China using leaf-disc bioassays, and potential cross- and multi-resistance patterns were assessed. The majority of isolates (127/233) exhibited either lower resistance (33.48%) or moderate resistance (21.03%) to MET based on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 10 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL. Baseline sensitivity profiles for CYM and CYA were established as 8.69 ± 0.64 μg/mL and 0.42 ± 0.05 μg/mL, respectively, using 170 and 137 isolates. The total resistance frequency of P. viticola to CYM was 29.42% (21.18% low resistance, 8.24% moderate resistance), while that to CYA was 28.47% (18.25% low resistance, 9.49% moderate resistance, 0.73% high resistance). A weak but significant positive correlation was detected between CYM and CYA sensitivities (r = 0.193, p = 0.0196), and 13 isolates exhibited resistance to both fungicides, indicating potential multi-resistance risk. Significant regional differences in resistance profiles were observed among populations (p < 0.05), and no overall fitness penalties were detected. These findings highlight the necessity of region-specific and integrated resistance management strategies for sustainable control of grape downy mildew in China.

Crop residues can harbor pathogens, making winter sanitation essential for sustainable viticulture. The grass-sheep-grape system could improve vineyard health through microbial optimization. To evaluate this, we assessed the effects of sheep feeding on fallen leaves on the occurrence of grape diseases through greenhouse experiments and used high-throughput-sequencing to compare microbial communities in grape fallen leaves and sheep feces, aiming to determine whether winter grazing reduces residue-borne pathogens. The results revealed that sheep grazing in vineyards significantly reduces the occurrence of grape leaf and cluster diseases, as well as a fundamental difference in microbial structures between leaves and feces, with no fungal taxa detected in the feces. The number of shared bacterial OTUs was minimal, while feces contained significantly more unique bacterial OTUs than fallen leaves. Additionally, bacterial diversity was significantly higher in feces than in fallen leaves. Sheep feces harbored a substantial number of highly efficient cellulose-degrading anaerobic bacteria, which may enhance organic matter conversion efficiency, and promote nutrient cycling in vineyards. Moreover, the grazing process directly reduced several pathogenic fungi associated with grape leaf, fruit, and root diseases. Functional analysis further indicated that fecal bacterial communities were primarily enriched in core metabolic and genetic processing functions, while leaf microbes were more involved in microbial interactions and secondary metabolism. More importantly, no function guilds of plant pathogenic fungi were present in feces. Overall, winter sheep grazing in vineyards can remove fallen leaves, not only reducing the risk of pathogen transmission but also potentially introducing beneficial bacterial communities. This study provides a feasible strategy for organic vineyard management in winter, and offers important insights for promoting sustainable vineyard production.

Soil microbiomes are essential for grapevine health and vineyard sustainability. Grape phylloxera poses a serious threat to the grape industry, although dinotefuran effectively controls this pest, the concentration-dependent effects of this insecticide on vineyard soil microbial communities remain unclear. Using high-throughput sequencing, this study examined the structural and functional responses of soil bacterial and fungal communities to varying concentrations of dinotefuran. Our results revealed that both 10 and 20% dinotefuran treatments significantly altered bacterial community structure without affecting bacterial alpha diversity. Fungal communities were more sensitive, showing significant structural changes, and significantly reduced alpha diversity (particularly richness) under the 20% treatment. In bacterial communities, high-concentration treatment reduced key soil health and nutrient cycling (e.g., Kaistobacter, Solibacter), and biocontrol (e.g., Streptomyces) group. The 10% treatment retained bacteria with potential ecological remediation (e.g., Nocardioides), whereas the relative abundance of potential stress-adapted bacteria (e.g., Arthrobacter) significantly increased. For fungi, high-concentration treatment reduced beneficial phosphate-solubilizing (e.g., Mortierella) and biocontrol (e.g., Trichoderma) fungi, while potential pathogenic fungal groups exhibited significantly higher relative abundances. Functionally, high-concentration insecticide treatment suppressed beneficial bacterial functions, including secondary metabolite synthesis, lipid metabolism, and microbial group behavior, while also reducing fundamental metabolic and genetic information processing activities. This treatment additionally increased the abundance of pathogenic and saprotrophic fungi, and decreased symbiotic fungi, with the relative abundances of plant pathogens showing a significant increasing under high doses. In contrast, low-concentration treatment enhanced bacterial detoxification pathways, whereas high-concentration treatment activated stress-response functions. These findings elucidate the dose-dependent responses of microorganisms to insecticides, and underscore the critical importance of rational pesticide application in maintaining soil ecological balance and vineyard sustainability.

Sour rot is a complex disease of grapes, primarily caused by the synergistic effects of yeast and Drosophila species, leading to fruit decay, poor quality, and significant economic losses. The lack of information on species distribution and diversity of these organisms in China limits the efficacy of control strategies. In this study, we sequenced the 26S rRNA D1/D2 region in yeasts and the COI region in Drosophila. Nine yeast genera were identified. Hanseniaspora spp. (45.76% of total) were the most abundant, followed by Starmerella spp. (23.62%) and Saccharomyces spp. (17.34%). At the species level, 14 yeast species were identified. Starmerella bacillaris (23.62%), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (17.34%), H. opuntiae (17.34%), and H. uvarum (15.13%) predominated. Of the five species of Drosophila present, Drosophila melanogaster (63.16%) was the dominant species. This study is the first to characterize the diversity of yeasts and Drosophila across major grape-producing regions in China. The findings provide a scientific foundation for elucidating the key drivers of sour rot and designing targeted control strategies.

Intensive agriculture is associated with a great decline in biodiversity and biocontrol of pests. Intercropping potentially promotes natural enemy's abundance and species biodiversity and enhance pest biocontrol. We monitored the population dynamic of Chromaphis juglandicola (Kaltenbach) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and tested the effect of intercropping conventionally managed winter wheat with walnut on the abundance of C. juglandicola and its predators (including ladybeetles, lacewings, hoverflies, and spiders), and the diversity, evenness, and dominant concentration of predators on walnut. The density of C. juglandicola in walnut trees was peaked in mid-July. It, but not its predators, was significantly reduced in walnut-wheat plots, but the species diversity and evenness of predators declined, and the dominant concentration increased. Intercropping benefited C. juglandicola control by reducing their density in walnut. Overall, the increasing of plant diversity in intercropping system of wheat with walnut enhance the aphid C. juglandicola biocontrol, which can reduce the reliance on pesticide in walnut and result in a walnut producing agroecosystem that is more nature-inclusive and healthy for human and the ecosystem.

Hexaflumuron, a benzoylurea insecticide, exhibits high toxicity against various insect pests. Sublethal doses of hexaflumuron significantly impair nymphal development and subsequent fecundity in the resulting Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) adults. However, the effects on adults of A. lucorum that are exposed to sublethal concentrations of hexaflumuron are not known. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of hexaflumuron to 1st- and 3rd-instar nymphs, as well as one-day-old adults, of A. lucorum using an artificial diet with hexaflumuron incorporated. Acute toxicity bioassays determined the median lethal concentration (LC50) for 1st- and 3rd-instar nymphs of A. lucorum to be 0.311 and 0.337 mg/L. In contrast, the LC50 level for one-day-old adults of A. lucorum was 13.193 mg/L. To evaluate the sublethal effects of hexaflumuron on 3rd-instar nymphs, we used LC10, LC20, and LC50 concentrations (0.018, 0.127, and 0.337 mg/L), fed for 48 h. The exposure of 3rd-instar nymphs to the LC50 concentration significantly reduced the fecundity of adults. We also exposed one-day-old adults to LC10, LC20, and LC50 dietary concentrations (0.089, 4.587, and 13.193 mg/L) for 48 h. Exposure to the LC10 and LC20 concentrations caused significant reductions in longevity and fecundity in adult females. The LC50 concentration also caused a significant reduction in the longevity of adult males and the egg hatching rate. An understanding of these sublethal impacts can facilitate the development of effective control strategies targeting A. lucorum.

Plasmopara viticola (Berk.et Curtis) Berl. Et de Toni is the pathogen that causes grape downy mildew, which is an airborne disease that severely affects grape yield and causes huge economic losses. The usage of effective control methods can reduce the damage to plants induced by grape downy mildew. Biocontrol has been widely used to control plant diseases due to its advantages of environmental friendliness and sustainability. However, to date, only a few comprehensive reviews on the biocontrol of grape downy mildew have been reported. In this review, we summarize the biological characteristics of P. viticola and its infection cycle, followed by a detailed overview of current biocontrol agents, including bacteria and fungi that could be used to control grape downy mildew, and their control effects. Furthermore, potential control mechanisms of biocontrol agents against grape downy mildew are discussed. Lastly, suggestions for future research on the biocontrol of grape downy mildew are provided. This review provides the basis for the application of grape downy mildew biocontrol.

Download This Paper Open PDF in Browser Add Paper to My Library Share: Permalink Using these links will ensure access to this page indefinitely Copy URL Effects of Colors on Host Selection for Protaetia Brevitarsis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) 19 Pages Posted: 23 Feb 2024 See all articles by Hui WuHui Wuaffiliation not provided to SSRNZhuangzhi Cuiaffiliation not provided to SSRNXiaoqing Huangaffiliation not provided to SSRNKhalid Hussain Dhilooaffiliation not provided to SSRNFanfang Kongaffiliation not provided to SSRNZhongyue Wangaffiliation not provided to SSRNYongqiang Liuaffiliation not provided to SSRN Abstract Color vision plays an important role in foraging, mating, and habitat selection among insects, and color vision in insects varies among species. To understand how vision affects host selection by Protaetia brevitarsis adults, we tested P. brevitarsis adults for color preference and color learning using specific spectra and grapes. Adults responded with the strongest innate phototaxis toward 730 nm. Adults trained in green and blue had a clear preference for the training color and significantly preferred the red grape variety over green in the absence of olfactory cues, but they did not differ significantly in their selectivity for grape varieties of different colors when color cues and olfactory cues were present together. Thus, the adults spontaneously preferred red light from 730 nm, can learn colors, and vision and olfactory cues have synergistic effects in host selection by P. brevitarsis adults, which provide promising avenues for biological control. Keywords: Protaetia brevitarsis, Grape, Color preference, Spectral characteristics, Color learning Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation Wu, Hui and Cui, Zhuangzhi and Huang, Xiaoqing and Dhiloo, Khalid Hussain and Kong, Fanfang and Wang, Zhongyue and Liu, Yongqiang, Effects of Colors on Host Selection for Protaetia Brevitarsis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4736809 Hui Wu affiliation not provided to SSRN ( email ) No Address Available Zhuangzhi Cui affiliation not provided to SSRN ( email ) No Address Available Xiaoqing Huang affiliation not provided to SSRN ( email ) No Address Available Khalid Hussain Dhiloo affiliation not provided to SSRN ( email ) No Address Available Fanfang Kong affiliation not provided to SSRN ( email ) No Address Available Zhongyue Wang affiliation not provided to SSRN ( email ) No Address Available Yongqiang Liu (Contact Author) affiliation not provided to SSRN ( email ) No Address Available Download This Paper Open PDF in Browser Do you have negative results from your research you’d like to share? Submit Negative Results Paper statistics Downloads 0 Abstract Views 9 39 References PlumX Metrics Feedback Feedback to SSRN Feedback (required) Email (required) Submit If you need immediate assistance, call 877-SSRNHelp (877 777 6435) in the United States, or +1 212 448 2500 outside of the United States, 8:30AM to 6:00PM U.S. Eastern, Monday - Friday.

White-spotted flower chafer adult (Protaetia brevitarsis, Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), a serious omnivorous pest in regions with multiple fruits and crops, was studied to gain a deeper understanding of its damage patterns. DNA molecular tracking technology was used to identify host plant residues in adult P. brevitarsis midgut, and plant species with the most availability were determined during their growing season. Combining the 2019 and 2021 results, it was found that adults in the multi-cropped area fed on 32 plant species from 23 families, with grape (Vitis vinifera, 40%), peach (Prunus perisica, 23%) and mulberry (Morus alba, 14%) making up the majority of their diet. Some adults fed on multiple plant hosts, with four species detected in one adult and two to three species detected in one-third of adults. Adults shifted among host species during the season, moving from mulberry or grape to peach and then back to grape. These results provide a scientific basis for in-depth research to develop green integrated control technologies against P. brevitarsis adults.

Phyllosphere microbes play a crucial role in plant health and productivity. However, the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on these communities is poorly understood. Here, we used amplicon sequencing to investigate the microbiome variations across eight grape cultivars and three distinct leaf ages. The diversity and richness of phyllosphere microbiomes were significantly affected by cultivars and leaf age. Young leaves of most grape cultivars had a higher diversity. Beta-diversity analyses revealed notable differences in microbial communities across leaf ages, with bacterial communities varying substantially between cultivars. The main bacterial genera included Staphylococcus, Exiguobacterium, Acinetobacter, Enterococcus, and Erwinia; the principal fungal genera were Cladosporium, Moesziomyces, Alternaria, Didymella, and Coprinellus across all samples. LEfSe analysis revealed significant differences in bacterial and fungal biomarkers at different leaf ages, with no biomarkers identified among different cultivars. Fungal biomarkers were more abundant than bacterial at three leaf ages, and older leaves had more fungal biomarkers. Notably, beneficial microbial taxa with biocontrol potential were present on the phyllosphere at 45 d, whereas certain fungal groups associated with increased disease risk were first detected at 100 d. The bacterial network was more complex than the fungal network, and young leaves had a more complex network in most cultivars. Our study elucidated the dynamics of early grape phyllosphere microbes, providing valuable insights for early detection and prediction of grape diseases and a foundation for leveraging the grape leaf microbiome for agricultural purposes.

Color vision, which varies among species, plays an important role in foraging, mating, and habitat selection among insects. Protaetia brevitarsis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Lewis) is an omnivorous beetle that damages both crops and fruit. Here, to understand the effect of vision and olfaction in host selection, experiments were conducted on the spectral wavelength preference, color preference, and associative learning ability of adult P. brevitarsis using LED lights and grapes. In our experiments, adults showed the strongest spontaneous preference toward the red spectrum, particularly 730 nm. Non-preferred lights were used to train adults with a food reward (grapes). Green-trained adults had an increasing tendency to prefer green light, and blue-trained adults had a clear preference for blue light. Furthermore, adults significantly preferred red grapes in the absence of olfactory cues, but their selectivity for grapes differed in the presence of olfactory cues, indicating that vision was not the only factor in foraging decisions, but that olfactory cues also influenced their decision making. The results lay the groundwork for revealing their host localization mechanism and provide promising avenues for biological control in the field.

Fertilizers generally influence the nutritional quality or defense ability of the plants, which can indirectly cause an increase in populations of herbivorous insect pests such as grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae, Fitch). The effects of nutrient solutions on grape-grape phylloxera interactions were analyzed using five concentrations (nitrogen content: 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 mg/L) of Hoagland's nutrient solution to irrigate Vitis vinifera L. x Vitis labrusca L. (Kyoho). Life table variables and life history variables showed a hump-shaped or an inverted hump-shaped curve as nutrient input level increased. Sixty microgram per liter treatment resulted in the greatest longevity and egg incubation, shortened the nymph duration and significantly increased the adult lifespan. Overall, both excessive and insufficient nutrient inputs curbed growth and multiplication of D. vitifoliae. These results provide a theoretical basis for vineyards for amending fertilizer inputs to prioritize the prevention and control of this pest. Graphical Abstract

White-spotted flower chafer adult (Protaetia brevitarsis), a serious omnivorous pest in regions with multiple fruits and crops, to gain a deeper understanding of its harmful patterns, we used DNA molecular tracking technology to identify host plant residues in the midgut of adult and determined their preferred plant species during the growing season. The combined results for 2019 and 2021 show that adults fed on 32 plant species among 23 families in multi-cropped regions, with a preference for grapes (Vitis vinifera; 40%), peach (Prunus perisica; 23%), and mulberry (Morus alba; 14%). Some adults fed on multiple plant hosts, with four species detected in one adult and two to three species detected in one-third of adults. Adults shifted among host species during the season, from mulberry or grape to peach and then back to grape. These results provide a scientific basis for in-depth research to develop green integrated control technologies against P. brevitarsis adults.

Grape downy mildew caused by Plasmopara viticola is one of the most devastating diseases of grapevine worldwide. Quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides are commonly used for the control of the pathogen in grape fields across China. However, their recurrent use could lead to the emergence of resistance against these compounds. Based on the most common mutation in resistant isolates, a glycine to alanine substitution at amino acid position 143 (G143A) in the cytochrome b protein, a TaqMan-MGB PCR was developed for the rapid detection of resistance to the QoI fungicide azoxystrobin in P. viticola. Specificity and sensitivity of this method showed it could specifically detect the point mutations linked with QoI resistance in P. viticola, and the detection limit was 0.2 pg. It could also quantify the resistance allele even in isolate mixtures containing as little as 5% QoI-resistant P. viticola strains. With this method, a large P. viticola population (n = 2,373) was screened, and QoI-resistant isolates were identified for the first time in China. The average frequencies of the resistant genotype from eight major-grapevine regions were up to 66%. Taken together, the results not only provide a novel tool for the rapid distinction and quantification of the QoI-resistant allele in P. viticola but also provide important references for fungicide selection and application, which will facilitate resistance management of grape downy mildew and improve grape production systems in Chinese vineyards.

Understanding plant-insect interactions requires the uncovering of the host plant use of insect herbivores, but such information is scarce for most taxa, including nocturnal moth species, despite their vital role as herbivores and pollinators. In this study, we determined the plant species visited by an important moth species, Spodoptera exigua, by analyzing attached pollen on migratory individuals in Northeast China. Pollen grains were dislodged from 2334 S. exigua long-distance migrants captured between 2019 and 2021 on a small island in the center of the Bohai Strait, which serves as a seasonal migration pathway for this pest species, and 16.1% of the tested moths exhibited pollen contamination, primarily on the proboscis. Subsequently, 33 taxa from at least 23 plant families and 29 genera were identified using a combination of DNA barcoding and pollen morphology, primarily from the Angiosperm, Dicotyledoneae. Moreover, the sex, inter-annual, and seasonal differences in pollen adherence ratio and pollen taxa were revealed. Notably, compared to previously reported pollen types found on several other nocturnal moths, we found that almost all of the above 33 pollen taxa can be found in multiple nocturnal moth species, providing another important example of conspecific attraction. Additionally, we also discussed the indicative significance of the pollen present on the bodies of migratory individuals for determining their migratory route. Overall, by delineating the adult feeding and pollination behavior of S. exigua, we advanced our understanding of the interactions of the moths with their host plants, and its migration pattern, as well as facilitated the design of (area-wide) management strategies to preserve and optimize ecosystem services that they provide.

Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides are the most commonly and effectively used class of fungicides for controlling gray mold. Among them, only boscalid has been registered in China for controlling grape gray mold, whereas isofetamid and pydiflumetofen are two new SDHI fungicides that have demonstrated high efficacy against various fungal diseases. However, the sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea isolates from vineyards in China to these three fungicides is currently unknown. In this study, the sensitivity of 55 B. cinerea isolates from vineyards to boscalid, isofetamid, and pydiflumetofen was determined, with the effective concentrations for inhibiting 50% of spore germination (EC50) values ranging from 1.10 to 393, 0.0300 to 42.0, and 0.0990 to 25.5 μg ml−1, respectively. The resistance frequencies for boscalid, isofetamid, and pydiflumetofen were 60.0, 7.2, and 12.8%, respectively. Three mutations (H272R, H272Y, and P225F) were detected in the SdhB subunit, with H272R being the most prevalent (75.7%), followed by H272Y (16.2%) and P225F (8.1%). All three mutations are associated with resistance to boscalid, and of them, H272R mutants exhibited high resistance. Only P225F and H272Y mutants exhibited resistance to isofetamid and pydiflumetofen, respectively. A weakly positive cross-resistance relationship was observed between boscalid and pydiflumetofen ( r = 0.38, P < 0.05). Additionally, the H272R mutants showed no significant fitness costs, whereas the remaining mutants exhibited reduced mycelial growth (P225F) and sporulation (H272Y and P225F). These results suggest that isofetamid and pydiflumetofen are effective fungicides against B. cinerea in vineyards, but appropriate rotation strategies must be implemented to reduce the selection of existing SDHI-resistant isolates.

Nocturnal moths (Lepidoptera) are important pollinators of a wide range of plant species. Understanding the foraging preferences of these insects is essential for their scientific management. However, this information is lacking for most moth species. The present study was therefore conducted to delineate the host plant feeding and pollination ranges of an agriculturally important nocturnal moth species Athetis lepigone by identifying the pollen species adhering to their bodies during long-distance migration. Pollen grains were dislodged from 1871 A. lepigone migrants captured on Beihuang Island in the Bohai Strait between 2020 and 2021. This region is a key seasonal migration pathway for A. lepigone in northern China. Almost 20% of all moths sampled harbored pollens, providing direct evidences that this moth species may serve as pollinators. Moreover, at least 39 pollen taxa spanning 21 plant families and 31 genera were identified, with a preference for Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, and Pinaceae. Additionally, the pollen adherence ratios and taxa varied with moth sex, inter-annual changes, and seasonal fluctuations. Most importantly, the pollen taxa were correlated with insect migration stages and indicated that A. lepigone bidirectionally migrates between central China (Shandong, Hebei, and Henan Provinces) and northeastern China (Liaoning Province). Overall, the findings of the present work provide valuable information on the pollination behavior, geographical origins, and pollination regions of A. lepigone moths and could facilitate the design and optimization of efficacious local and regional management strategies for this important insect.