Root-knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.) are widely distributed endoparasites that severely damage myriad crops and vegetables. This study aimed to evaluate the nematicidal effect of secondary metabolites (SMs) from the co-culture of Burkholderia vietnamiensis B418 and Trichoderma harzianum T11-W (B + T co-culture) against RKN. The in vitro inhibition efficiency of fermentation filtrate of B + T co-culture achieved 93.79% on nematode eggs and caused eggshell rupture within 24 h. The fermentation broth of B + T co-culture exhibited a considerable control effect of 73.45% against RKN infestation on tomato in pot experiment, outperforming B418 (51.31%) and T11-W (42.89%) mono-cultures. Additionally, B + T co-culture treatment significantly reduced root gall incidence, promoted root development, elevated antioxidative enzyme activities in leaves and roots, and increased leaves chlorophyll content. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis identified 795 and 478 metabolites in positive and negative ion modes, respectively. Metabolomic profiles revealed nematicidal and growth-promoting SMs in B + T co-culture, including 3-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-octahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione (cyclo(L-Pro-L-Tyr)), 3-(propan-2-yl)-octa-hydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione (cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val)), 3-(2-methylpropyl)-octahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyr-azine-1,4-dione (cyclo(D-Leu-L-Pro)), indole-3-acrylic acid (IAA), indole-2-carboxylic acid (ICA), bafilomycin B1, norfloxacin, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (PHBA), styrene, 4-methylphenol, and organic acids. The up-regulated accumulation of these metabolites provides a molecular basis for the enhanced RKN inhibitory efficacy, confirming that the co-culture of B. vietnamiensis and T. harzianum facilitates the biosynthesis of nematicidal SMs, which holds substantial potential for RKN management.

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne incognita) pose a significant threat to tomato crops, necessitating sustainable control methods. This study investigated the inoculation efficacy of co-cultured Burkholderia vietnamiensis B418 and Trichoderma harzianum T11W compared with single-strain treatments for RKNs suppression and their influence on the structure and function of the rhizosphere microbiome. Co-inoculation with B418 + T11W achieved a 71.42% reduction in the disease index, significantly outperforming single inoculations of B418 (54.46%) and T11W (58.93%). Co-inoculation also increased plant height by 38.51% and fresh weight by 76.02% compared to the RKNs infested plants control, promoting robust tomato growth. Metagenomic analysis reveals that co-inoculation enhanced bacterial diversity, with 378 unique bacterial species and a high Shannon index, while fungal diversity decreased with Trichoderma dominance (83.31% abundance). Actinomycetota (46.42%) and Ascomycota (97.92%) were enriched in the co-inoculated rhizosphere, showing negative correlations with RKNs severity. Functional analysis indicates enriched metabolic pathways, including streptomycin and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, enhancing microbial antagonism. Single inoculations altered pathways like steroid degradation (B418) and terpenoid biosynthesis (T11W), but co-inoculation uniquely optimized the rhizosphere microenvironment. These findings highlight co-inoculation with B418 + T11W effectively suppressing RKNs and fostering plant health by reshaping microbial communities and functions, offering a promising approach for sustainable agriculture.

Biocontrol by inoculation with beneficial microbes is a proven strategy for reducing the negative effect of soil-borne pathogens. The effects of Trichoderma harzianum LTR-2 and Arthrobacter ureafaciens DnL1-1 on reducing Fusarium crown rot (FCR) disease and influencing microbial community structure in wheat root-zone were evaluated by a plot experiment. The experimental design consisted of four treatments: (1) control, (2) Fusarium pseudograminearum Fp (FP), (3) F. pseudograminearum + LTR-2 (LFP), and (4) F. pseudograminearum + LTR-2 + DnL1-1 (HFP). The results showed that wheat seeds coated with LTR-2 spore suspension and combination of LTR-2 and DnL1-1 had relative control efficacies of 50.77% and 67.73% on FCR disease, and increased wheat yield by 58.32% and 64.19%, respectively. Illumina MiSeq sequencing revealed that bacterial and fungal abundance and diversity were significantly higher ( P < 0.05) in both treatment groups (HFP and LFP) than in FP and control groups. Principal coordinates analyses revealed that fungal and bacterial communities were distinctly separated among the treatment and control groups. Fungal community composition analysis demonstrated that the relative abundance of phytopathogenic fungi Alternaria , Fusarium , and Cladosporium decreased and that of beneficial fungi Mortierella and Gamsia was more enriched in HFP and LFP than in FP group. Bacterial community composition analysis revealed that the beneficial microbes, such as Bacillus and Streptomyces were more abundant in HFP and LFP than in FP group. LEfSe analysis indicated that the key different genera, e.g. Tetracladium (fungus), Sphingomonas and Ramlibacter (bacteria), which were significantly negatively correlated with TP in HFP treatment. It was concluded that application of LTR-2 and DnL1-1 may recruit a variety of phosphate-solubilizing microbes to promote wheat growth. Overall, these results confirm that the relative abundance of phytopathogenic fungi decreased significantly following application of LTR-2 alone and combined with DnL1-1 and beneficial microbes accumulated more easily in the wheat root-zone compared with that in FP and control groups.

Strawberry anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. has resulted in significant losses in strawberry production worldwide. Strawberry anthracnose occurs mainly at the seedling and early planting stages, and Colletotrichum siamense is the main pathogen in North China, where mycelia, anamorphic nuclei, and conidia produced in the soil are the main sources of infection. The detection of pathogens in soil is crucial for predicting the prevalence of anthracnose. In this study, a visualized loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay and a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method combined with a TaqMan probe (LAMP-TaqMan) assay were developed for the β-tubulin sequence of C. siamense. Both methods can detect Colletotrichum siamense genomic DNA at very low concentrations (104 copies/g) in soil, while both the visualized LAMP and LAMP-TaqMan assays exhibited a detection limit of 50 copies/μL, surpassing the sensitivity of conventional PCR and qPCR techniques, and both methods showed high specificity for C. siamense. The two methods were compared: LAMP-TaqMan exhibited enhanced specificity due to the incorporation of fluorescent molecular beacons, while visualized LAMP solely necessitated uncomplicated incubation at a constant temperature, with the results determined by the color change; therefore, the requirements for the instrument are relatively straightforward and user-friendly. In conclusion, both assays will help monitor populations of C. siamense in China and control strawberry anthracnose in the field.

Recently, there has been a growing interest in the biocontrol activity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by microorganisms. This study specifically focuses on the effects of VOCs produced by the co-culture of Burkholderia vietnamiensis B418 and Trichoderma harzianum T11-W for the control of two phytopathogenic fungi, Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerium Owen. The antagonistic activity of VOCs released in mono- and co-culture modes was evaluated by inhibition assays on a Petri dish and in detached fruit experiments, with the co-culture demonstrating significantly higher inhibitory effects on the phytopathogens on both the plates and fruits compared with the mono-cultures. Metabolomic profiles of VOCs were conducted using the solid-liquid microextraction technique, revealing 341 compounds with significant changes in their production during the co-culture. Among these compounds, linalool, dimethyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide, geranylacetone, 2-phenylethanol, and acetophenone were identified as having strong antagonistic activity through a standard inhibition assay. These key compounds were found to be related to the improved inhibitory effect of the B418 and T11-W co-culture. Overall, the results suggest that VOCs produced by the co-culture of B. vietnamiensis B418 and T. harzianum T11-W possess great potential in biological control.

Fusarium crown rot (FCR) caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum is a serious threat to wheat production worldwide. This study aimed to assess the effects of Talaromyces muroii strain TM28 isolated from root of Panax quinquefolius against F. pseudograminearum. The strain of TM28 inhibited mycelial growth of F. pseudograminearum by 87.8% at 72 h, its cell free fermentation filtrate had a strong antagonistic effect on mycelial growth and conidial germination of F. pseudograminearum by destroying the integrity of the cell membrane. In the greenhouse, TM28 significantly increased wheat fresh weight and height in the presence of pathogen Fp, it enhanced the antioxidant defense activity and ameliorated the negative effects of F. pseudograminearum, including disease severity and pathogen abundance in the rhizosphere soil, root and stem base of wheat. RNA-seq of F. pseudograminearum under TM28 antagonistic revealed 2,823 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Most DEGs related to cell wall and cell membrane synthesis were significantly downregulated, the culture filtrate of TM28 affected the pathways of fatty acid synthesis, steroid synthesis, glycolysis, and the citrate acid cycle. T. muroii TM28 appears to have significant potential in controlling wheat Fusarium crown rot caused by F. pseudograminearum.

This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of the secondary metabolites (SMs) produced by a co-culture of Trichoderma harzianum TW21990 and Burkholderia vietnamiensis B418 in the control of Colletotrichum siamense CM9. A fermentation filtrate of B418 + TW21990 co-culture (BT21) produced a notable increase in the inhibition rate of CM9 compared to those of TW21990 and B418 monocultures, which reached 91.40% and 80.46% on PDA plates and strawberry leaves, respectively. The BT21 fermentation broth exhibited high control efficiency on strawberry root rot of 68.95% in a pot experiment, which was higher than that in the monocultures and fluazinam treatment. In addition, BT21 treatment promoted strawberry root development, improved antioxidative enzyme activities in the leaves and roots, and enhanced the total chlorophyll content of the strawberry leaves. UHPLC-MS/MS analysis of fermentation filtrates was performed to elucidate SM variations, revealing 478 and 795 metabolites in BT21 co-culture in positive and negative ion modes, respectively. The metabolomic profiles suggested abundant SMs with antagonistic capabilities and growth-promoting effects: 3-(propan-2-yl)-octahydropyrrolo [1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione (cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val)), 3-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-octahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione (cyclo(L-Pro-L-Tyr)), 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA), 2-hydroxycinnamic acid, 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA), bafilomycin B1, and DL-indole-3-lactic acid (ILA) were significantly enhanced in the co-culture. Overall, this study demonstrates that a co-culture strategy is efficient for inducing bioactive SMs in T. harzianum and B. vietnamiensis, which could be exploited as a novel approach for developing biocontrol consortia.

Terpenoids are structurally diverse natural products that have been widely used in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Research has shown that fungi produce a variety of terpenoids, yet fungal terpene synthases remain not thoroughly explored. In this study, the tps1 gene, a crucial component of the terpene synthetic pathway, was isolated from Trichoderma atroviride HB20111 through genome mining. The function of this gene in the terpene synthetic pathway was investigated by constructing tps1-gene-deletion- and overexpression-engineered strains and evaluating the expression differences in the tps1 gene at the transcript level. HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis revealed significant variations in terpene metabolites among wild-type, tps1-deleted (Δtps1), and tps1-overexpressed (Otps1) strains; for instance, most sesquiterpene volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were notably reduced or absent in the Δtps1 strain, while nerolidol, β-acorenol, and guaiene were particularly produced by the Otps1 strain. However, both the Δtps1 and Otps1 strains produced new terpene metabolites compared to the wild-type, which indicated that the tps1 gene played an important role in terpene synthesis but was not the only gene involved in T. atroviride HB20111. The TPS1 protein encoded by the tps1 gene could function as a sesquiterpene cyclase through biological information and evolutionary tree analysis. Additionally, fungal inhibition assay and wheat growth promotion assay results suggested that the deletion or overexpression of the tps1 gene had a minimal impact on fungal inhibitory activity, plant growth promotion, and development, as well as stress response. This implies that these activities of T. atroviride HB20111 might result from a combination of multiple metabolites rather than being solely dependent on one specific metabolite. This study offers theoretical guidance for future investigations into the mechanism of terpenoid synthesis and serves as a foundation for related studies on terpenoid metabolic pathways in fungi.

As one of the major abiotic stresses, salinity can affect crop growth and plant productivity worldwide. The inoculation of rhizosphere or endophytic microorganisms can enhance plant tolerance to salt stresses, but the potential mechanism is not clear. In this study, Trichoderma harzianum ST02 was applied on sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in a field trial to investigate the effects on microbiome community and physiochemical properties in the rhizosphere soil. Compared with the non-inoculated control, Trichoderma inoculation significantly increased the stem yield, plant height, stem diameter, and total sugar content in stem by 35.52%, 32.68%, 32.09%, and 36.82%, respectively. In addition, Trichoderma inoculation improved the nutrient availability (e.g., N, P, and K) and organic matter in the rhizosphere soil and changed the bacterial community structure and function in both bulk and rhizosphere soil by particularly increasing the relative abundance of Actinobacter and N-cycling genes (nifH, archaeal and bacterial amoA). We proposed that T. harzianum ST02 could promote sweet sorghum growth under saline conditions by regulating available nutrients and the bacterial community in the rhizosphere soil.

The infection of soil-borne diseases has the potential to modify root exudation and the rhizosphere microbiome. However, the extent to which these modifications occur in various monocropping histories remains inadequately explored. This study sampled healthy and diseased American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) plants under 1-4 years of monocropping and analyzed the phenolic acids composition by HPLC, microbiome structure by high-throughput sequencing technique, and the abundance of pathogens by quantitative PCR. First, the fungal pathogens of Fusarium solani and Ilyonectria destructans in the rhizosphere soil were more abundant in the diseased plants than the healthy plants. The healthy American ginseng plants exudated more phenolic acid, especially p-coumaric acid, compared to the diseased plants after 1-2 years of monocropping, while this difference gradually diminished with the increase in monocropping years. The pathogen abundance was influenced by the exudation of phenolic acids, e.g., total phenolic acids (r = -0.455), p-coumaric acid (r = -0.465), and salicylic acid (r = -0.417), and the further in vitro test confirmed that increased concentration of p-coumaric acid inhibited the mycelial growth of the isolated pathogens for root rot. The healthy plants had a higher diversity of rhizosphere bacterial and fungal microbiome than the diseased plants only after a long period of monocropping. Our study has revealed that the cropping history of American ginseng has altered the effect of pathogens infection on rhizosphere microbiota and root exudation.

[背景]木霉菌遗传转化方法的烦琐复杂限制了对其基因克隆、基因功能的研究.[目的]建立深绿木霉HB20111便捷、高效的遗传转化体系.[方法]利用镁硅酸盐纳米粘土作为载体吸附含有荧光蛋白基因gfp的丝状真菌表达载体pCAMBIA1303-gpdA-GFP-TrpC-Hygro,形成质粒-镁硅酸盐纳米粘土复合物,在超声条件下对深绿木霉HB20111分生孢子进行遗传转化.[结果]当分生孢子浓度为106 CFU/mL、分生孢子悬液培养12 h、镁硅酸盐纳米粘土浓度100 mg/L和超声处理30 s(输出功率为100 W/cm2,发射频率为50 kHz)条件下对深绿木霉HB20111的转化效率最高,可以达到124个转化子/μg-DNA.[结论]使用镁硅酸盐纳米粘土作为载体可以实现对深绿木霉HB20111便捷、高效的遗传转化,转化子抗性基因和报告基因可以稳定遗传.

While the endosphere is a hotspot for close interactions between plants and microbes, the influence of different components of the root endosphere on microbiome composition are seldom explored. This study used the fleshy taprooted plant, American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) and the recently discovered beneficial microbe, Trichoderma atroviride strain HB20111, to provide insights into microbiome shifts across plant-soil compartment niches including the bulk soil, rhizosphere, epidermis, cortex and vascular tissue. Trichoderma impacted both plant growth and microbiome composition. The survival rate of ginseng plants significantly increased from 70.8% to 85.4%, following Trichoderma treatment while root biomass production increased by 1.2 to 1.5 times compared with the uninoculated control. Microbiome diversity gradually decreased in niches from the bulk soil outside the root toward the vascular tissue, indicating increased selection and suggesting the possibility of a Trichoderma-driven induced systemic or localized resistance. The significant reduction (P < 0.05) in relative abundance of ginseng bacterial pathogens at the cortex confirmed the biocontrol capability of strain HB20111. We conclude that application of Trichoderma can improve growth of American Ginseng and mediate endosphere microbiome composition, resulting in plant pathogen inhibition.

Burkholderia vietnamiensis B418 is a multifunctional plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strain with nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing capability which can be employed for root-knot nematode (RKN) management on various crops and vegetables. Here we investigated the control efficacy of B. vietnamiensis B418 inoculation against RKN on watermelon, applied either alone or combined with nematicides fosthiazate or avermectin, and their effects on bacterial and fungal microbiomes in rhizosphere soil. The results of field experiments showed individual application of B418 displayed the highest control efficacy against RKN by 71.15%. The combinations with fosthiazate and avermectin exhibited slight incompatibility with lower inhibitory effects of 62.71% and 67.87%, respectively, which were still notably higher than these nematicides applied separately. Analysis of microbiome assemblages revealed B418 inoculation resulted in a slight reduction for bacterial community and a significant increment for fungal community, suggesting that B418 could compete with other bacteria and stimulate fungal diversity in rhizosphere. The relative abundance of Xanthomonadales, Gemmatimonadales and Sphingomonadales increased while that of Actinomycetales reduced with B418 inoculation. The predominate Sordariomycetes of fungal community decreased dramatically in control treatment with B418 inoculation whereas there were increments in fosthiazate and avermectin treatments. Additionally, nitrogen (N) cycling by soil microbes was estimated by quantifying the abundance of microbial functional genes involved in N-transformation processes as B418 has the capability of N-fixation. The copy number of N-fixing gene nifH increased with B418 inoculation, and the highest increment reached 35.66% in control treatment. Our results demonstrate that B. vietnamiensis B418 is an effective biological nematicide for nematode management, which acts through the modulation of rhizosphere microbial community.

通过田间小区试验,研究了木霉菌拌种对冬小麦生长和根际土壤真菌群落的影响.选取小麦种植后180 d的根际土壤,通过高通量测序技术研究分析了4株木霉菌拌种对小麦根际土壤中的真菌群落组成的影响,通过荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)检测了根际土壤中真菌的绝对含量.结果表明:木霉菌拌种处理后降低了小麦根际土壤中真菌群落丰度,同时发现小麦产量与小麦根际土壤真菌群落均匀度(香农指数)和丰富度(OTUs数)呈反比,而与群落的优势度(辛普森指数)呈正比.通过田间病害调查和测产,结果显示,与未拌种处理相比木霉菌拌种降低了小麦纹枯病和茎基腐病引起的白穗率,其中哈茨木霉LTR-2和QT21990防效可达60％ 以上,增产7.42％和6.94％(P<0.05).

为了明确哈茨木霉LTR-2拌种处理冬小麦的田间效果,为木霉拌种剂的推广应用提供依据,本试验于2016年-2018年连续3年,研究了哈茨木霉LTR-2拌种对小麦出苗率、幼苗生长、小麦纹枯病和茎基腐病发生情况和产量的影响,通过高通量测序和FUNGuild预测分析了木霉拌种对小麦根际土壤中真菌群落组成的影响.结果 表明,哈茨木霉LTR-2拌种可以提高小麦的出苗率和冬前分蘖数;对小麦纹枯病的平均防效60％以上;对小麦茎基腐病的平均防效65％以上,优于6％戊唑醇悬浮种衣剂;与不拌种对照相比,哈茨木霉LTR-2拌种处理增产4.3％～6.34％,增产效果略高于6％戊唑醇悬浮种衣剂;木霉拌种可以降低小麦根际土壤中病原真菌的相对丰度,特别是土壤中镰孢属真菌的相对丰度.因此,哈茨木霉LTR-2可以作为化学拌种剂的绿色替代产品用于小麦生产.

Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) comprise a variety of mammalian viruses, plant viruses, and bacteriophages, that have been adopted as building blocks and supra-molecular templates in nanotechnology. VNPs demonstrate the dynamic, monodisperse, polyvalent, and symmetrical architectures which represent examples of such biological templates. These programmable scaffolds have been exploited for genetic and chemical manipulation for displaying of targeted moieties together with encapsulation of various payloads for diagnosis or therapeutic intervention. The drug delivery system based on VNPs offer diverse advantages over synthetic nanoparticles, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, water solubility, and high uptake capability. Here we summarize the recent progress of VNPs especially as targeted anticancer vehicles from the encapsulation and surface modification mechanisms, involved viruses and VNPs, to their application potentials.

微生物共生普遍存在于自然界中,真菌-细菌联合体能以多种方式相互作用,共同发挥各种生态功能.有些细菌驻留在真菌菌丝内部,借以调控真菌的生长、发育、分布和次级代谢过程,这些细菌被称为菌丝内生细菌(endohyphal bacteria,EHB).EHB的研究揭开了微生物生态学的一个新篇章,是真菌与细菌共生关系中最紧密的代表.在逆境条件下,EHB可以调节寄主生殖机制相关的关键成分或步骤,诱导植物激素类物质的产生,对寄主真菌具有辅助性保护作用.研究最深入的真菌-EHB共生体系是植物致病性根霉菌Rhizopus sp.与伯克霍尔德氏菌Burkholderia sp.,引起水稻幼苗枯萎病所必需的植物毒素——根霉素是由伯克霍尔德氏菌所产生的,而非寄主根霉菌本身产生的.EHB也会影响定殖于高等植物的内生真菌的生态和多样性.在某些情况下,EHB还有助于激活参与识别、转录调节和初级代谢蛋白合成过程的相关基因.目前已开发出了无菌培养分离EHB的方法,然而对真菌-EHB共生体系的研究尚不够深入.综述了菌丝内生细菌EHB及其与宿主真菌的共生体系,阐述这些伴侣之间复杂微妙的相互关系,以及EHB对宿主真菌和宿主植物生长和发育的影响,并对该领域的研究方向提出了建议.

This study aimed to investigate the elicitation effects of alginate oligosaccharides extracted from brown algae (Sargassum species) on β-glucan production in cauliflower mushroom (Sparassis latifolia). Sodium alginate was refined from Sargassum fulvellum, S. fusiforme, and S. horneri, and characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), resulting mannuronic acid to guluronic acid (M/G) rationes from 0.64 to 1.38. Three oligosaccharide fractions, ethanol fraction (EF), solid fraction (SF), and liquid fraction (LF), were prepared by acid hydrolysis and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra and high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with a pulsed amperometric detector (HPAEC-PAD). The samples of S. fusiforme resulted in the highest hydrolysate in SF and the lowest in LF, which was consistent with its highest M/G ratio. The SF of S. fusiforme and LF of S. horneri were chosen for elicitation on S. latifolia, yielding the highest β-glucan contents of 56.01 ± 3.45% and 59.74 ± 4.49% in the stalk, respectively. Total polyphenol content (TPC) and antioxidant activities (2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging and Superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity) of aqueous extracts of S. latifolia were greatly stimulated by alginate elicitation. These results demonstrate that alginate oligosaccharides extracted from brown algae may be useful as an elicitor to enhance the nutritional value of mushrooms.

Environmental MicrobiologyVolume 22, Issue 3 p. 1011-1024 Research article Large-scale Trichoderma diversity was associated with ecosystem, climate and geographic location Jindong Hu, Jindong Hu Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China Waite campus, The University of Adelaide, SA, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorYi Zhou, Corresponding Author Yi Zhou [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0002-7119-7408 China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China Waite campus, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, SA, AustraliaFor correspondence. E-mail [email protected]; Tel. +61 8 8313 7286; Fax +61 8 8313 7102.Search for more papers by this authorKai Chen, Kai Chen Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China Waite campus, The University of Adelaide, SA, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorJishun Li, Jishun Li Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China Waite campus, The University of Adelaide, SA, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorYanli Wei, Yanli Wei Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China Waite campus, The University of Adelaide, SA, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorYilian Wang, Yilian Wang Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China Waite campus, The University of Adelaide, SA, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorYuanzheng Wu, Yuanzheng Wu Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China Waite campus, The University of Adelaide, SA, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorMaarten H. Ryder, Maarten H. Ryder China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China Waite campus, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, SA, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorHetong Yang, Hetong Yang Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China Waite campus, The University of Adelaide, SA, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorMatthew D. Denton, Matthew D. Denton orcid.org/0000-0002-2804-0384 China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China Waite campus, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, SA, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this author Jindong Hu, Jindong Hu Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China Waite campus, The University of Adelaide, SA, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorYi Zhou, Corresponding Author Yi Zhou [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0002-7119-7408 China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China Waite campus, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, SA, AustraliaFor correspondence. E-mail [email protected]; Tel. +61 8 8313 7286; Fax +61 8 8313 7102.Search for more papers by this authorKai Chen, Kai Chen Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China Waite campus, The University of Adelaide, SA, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorJishun Li, Jishun Li Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China Waite campus, The University of Adelaide, SA, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorYanli Wei, Yanli Wei Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China Waite campus, The University of Adelaide, SA, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorYilian Wang, Yilian Wang Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China Waite campus, The University of Adelaide, SA, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorYuanzheng Wu, Yuanzheng Wu Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China Waite campus, The University of Adelaide, SA, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorMaarten H. Ryder, Maarten H. Ryder China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China Waite campus, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, SA, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorHetong Yang, Hetong Yang Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China Waite campus, The University of Adelaide, SA, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorMatthew D. Denton, Matthew D. Denton orcid.org/0000-0002-2804-0384 China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China Waite campus, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, SA, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 09 September 2019 https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.14798Citations: 14Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Supporting Information Filename Description emi14798-sup-0001-Figures.docxWord 2007 document , 1.7 MB Figure S1. Phylogenetic tree of unclassified Trichoderma. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP) methods to compare TEF1 sequences. The best maximum likelihood tree (lnL = −9988.481670) was shown including (a) the whole tree ignoring branch length and (b-f) different Trichoderma clades. Red branches indicate ML and/or MP bootstrap support values ≥90%. The isolates collected in the present study are labelled with the prefix ‘SDAS’. The number in brackets indicates the number of isolates with TEF1 sequence at 99% similarity. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. Volume22, Issue3Thematic Issue on Soil Microbial EcologyMarch 2020Pages 1011-1024 RelatedInformation