For grid-level energy storage, the practical implementation of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) is critically impeded by persistent issues related to zinc anode instability. These issues include the rampant formation of dendritic structures and continuous interfacial side reactions. Herein, we propose a facile interface regulation strategy that employs a low-concentration (0.8 wt%) diimidazolium-based bromide ionic liquid (DIDBr) as an electrolyte additive. Structurally, DIDBr features four symmetrically distributed nitrogen atoms within its imidazolium rings, which act as zincophilic sites enabling robust adsorption onto the zinc anode. Combined theoretical calculations with experimental results reveal that the preferential adsorption of DIDBr on Zn facilitates homogeneous Zn plating/stripping while curtailing detrimental side reactions. Operating via this mechanism, the DIDBr additive extends the Zn anode lifetime to 1000 h at 1 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2, a marked improvement over the approximately 30 h observed without the additive. Furthermore, full cells incorporating representative cathodes, NVO and MnO2, exhibit significantly enhanced cycling stability. This work therefore establishes a promising and scalable additive-based route to overcome interfacial instability in aqueous zinc metal batteries, thereby facilitating their practical application.

患者女，51岁，因双小腿反复水疱红斑1年于2021年9月就诊。患者1年前无明显诱因双小腿反复出现水疱，伴红斑及瘙痒，气温高时瘙痒加重，自行挑破水疱后可结痂愈合，疱液呈黄色，较清。既往体健，否认糖尿病等慢性病史，否认用药史、局部接触史，家中无类似患者。

Although a deep electron trap of rutile TiO2 has been proven recently, studies on how to reduce its influences have not been reported. To inhibit the deep electron trap and long-living hole of rutile TiO2, a remarkable nanorod photocatalyst, TiO2(R)-NiCu, with an electron-capturing center and plasma center, is developed. Using the remarkable nanorod photocatalyst, the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate can reach 24.4 mmolg-1h-1, which is 61 times that of the reference catalyst. The experimental and theoretical simulation shows that Ni, as the electron-capturing center, can transfer the electrons in the electron trap, while Cu, as the plasma center, can supply hot electrons to the conduction band and stimulate them to recombine with holes. The synergistic effect of Ni and Cu inhibits the deep electron trap and long-living hole of rutile TiO2 and enhances the charge transfer efficiency, resulting in significantly improved photocatalytic activity.

Zeolite membranes are considered ideal inorganic membrane materials for separating mixtures with molecular-level differences. However, their complex preparation process with excessive synthesis solutions for traditional hydrothermal heating methods leads to various drawbacks. Here, we describe a membrane preparation strategy involving an in situ interfacial transformation of the protomembrane without solvents. Inexpensive clay powder forms the protomembrane, and the active ingredients subsequently migrate from the interior of this protomembrane to its surface and transform into a zeolite layer. Ultimately, the protomembrane is calcined to obtain the support-layer integrated zeolite membrane. Systematic research shows that clay not only serves as a raw material for the support but also provides active ingredients for the growth of zeolite crystals; thus, zeolite membranes with zeolite particles inserted into the support are formed. The zeolite membrane calcined at 800 °C possesses a p-xylene/o-xylene separation factor approaching 6263 with a permeation flux of 1.21×10 −7  mol ⋅  m −2  ⋅  s −1  ⋅  Pa −1 . This interfacial transformation method can be applied to other membranes and promote the development of membrane separation technology.

In industry, it is highly desired to prepare Al-rich hierarchical zeolites by conventional alkali treatment without the use of costly chemical and special process. Here we provide an alternative strategy in which crystal defects are employed as mesopore directing agents. The effective elimination of the intracrystalline defects induces the generation of mesoporous structure in the alkali treatment process. Thus, the limitation originating from the framework Si/Al ratio of parent zeolite is circumvented. This strategy holds all merits of the conventional alkali treatment approach, which is industrially unfavorable. As an example, the Al-rich hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolites with very low Si/Al ratios were successfully prepared. The obtained Al-rich hierarchical zeolites were characterized by XRD, XRF, SEM, TEM, N2 adsorption-desorption, in-situ IR, MAS NMR and NH3-TPD. The results showed that Si/Al ratios of the prepared hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolites were around 10 and the increases of external surface area and mesoporous volume were up to 2.6 and 3.7 times respectively in comparison with parent zeolite. Moreover, the constructed mesopores were interconnected open channels. In the catalytic cracking of 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene, the Al-rich hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolites exhibited an excellent performance because of the improved diffusion of reactant and product.

Introduction of mesopore system into zeolite crystals is always deemed to be an effective strategy to improve diffusion and acidic accessibility. In this work, a hierarchically structured ZSM-5 with an ultra-small intracrystalline mesopore structure was prepared by using lysine as a pore-forming agent via a hydrothermal crystallization procedure. The structured and textured properties of the as-synthesized samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, TEM, NH3-TPD, FT-IR and N2 adsorption–desorption isothermals. The results showed that a purely-phased hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite with a size of 2–6 nm mesopore can be obtained under the condition of lysine/Al2O3 = 2–8. The addition of lysine in the precursor not only generated an ultra-small mesopore system, but also had a significant effect on the acidity of the synthesized sample: With the increased amount of added lysine, the acid density and acid strength of the as-prepared zeolite catalyst were gradually weakened. The effects of the introduced hierarchical pore structure and the tailored acid sites on the catalytic performance of the catalysts were investigated during methanol dehydration to hydrocarbons reaction. The introduced hierarchical pores and the weakened strong acids significantly improved the stability of the catalyst. Meanwhile, the reduced acid density strongly inhibited hydrogen transfer of light olefins intermediate and then increased the selectivity toward light olefins on the hierarchical zeolite catalysts.

Combined strategy of alkali treatment and chromium modification was used to synergistically regulate the pore structure and acidic property of the high-silica ZSM-5 zeolite. During the alkaline treatment, the abundant intergrowth boundaries constructed by adjusting the composition of the synthesis gel induced the formation of mesopores. Thereby, the limitation of the conventional alkali treatment method coming from the framework Si/Al ratio of parent zeolite was circumvented. In the process of chromium modification, the unique hierarchical pore structure promoted the dispersion of chromium species in the catalyst. Thus, a deep modification of the acidic property was realized. As a result, a high-silica hierarchical zeolite catalyst with suitable acidities was obtained. During the catalytic conversion of methanol to propylene, the variation of the pore structure and acidic property caused obvious changes in the coke deposition behavior of the catalyst and the mass transfer of products. Consequently, the prepared catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic stability and a high selectivity towards propylene and total light olefins.

High-silica hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite is an attractive catalyst for the methanol to propylene (MTP) process because of its enhanced diffusion properties. However, its practical application is restricted by the disadvantages of the present preparation methods, such as high cost and complicated operation. Here we prepare a high-silica hierarchical ZSM-5 by the conventional alkali treatment method without using any expensive raw material and special operation. The limitation of the conventional alkali treatment method coming from the framework Si/Al ratio of parent zeolite is circumvented by introducing plentiful intergrowth boundaries into zeolite particle. More interestingly, these intergrowth boundaries are constructed only via controlling the content of NaOH in the synthesis gel. This approach retains all of the advantages of the conventional alkali treatment method and can be easily extended to industry scale. The resulting high-silica hierarchical ZSM-5 exhibits an abundant interconnected intracrystalline mesoporous structure with slight loss of microporosity. In the MTP reaction, the unique hierarchical pore structure causes a significant alteration in the rate and the location of coke deposition. As a result, the prepared high-silica hierarchical ZSM-5 catalyst shows an extremely long catalytic lifetime, which is 20.6 times that of the microporous counterpart.

A series of binary In2O3/S (S = Al2O3, SiO2, and MgO) catalysts were fabricated by an incipient-wetness impregnation method, which were firstly applied in the ethylbenzene dehydrogenation under the presence of CO2 (EBDH-CO2). The synthesized catalysts were systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm, temperature-programmed desorption of NH3 and CO2 (NH3/CO2-TPD), temperature-programmed reduction of H2 (H2-TPR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It is found that the support can strongly impact on the crystalline phase, the dispersity, and the reduction properties of In2O3. The catalytic tests during the EBDH-CO2 show that as compared to In2O3/MgO and In2O3/SiO2 with the merely existence of bulk In2O3 particles, the In2O3/Al2O3 catalyst gives the highest catalytic activity and good stability, which can be principally ascribed to the synergistic effect of the bulk In2O3 and in situ metallic In formed by the reduction of the well-dispersed In2O3 on the Al2O3 surface. It therefore affirms that attaining an appropriate support to disperse the active phase In2O3 becomes the decisive factor to achieve both superior catalytic activity and satisfied selectivity towards styrene.

It is well known that low-silica SAPO-34, with an extra porosity (meso- and/or macropores) system, affords excellent catalytic performance in the methanol-to-olefins (MTO) reaction, while the direct synthesis of low-silica SAPO-34 with a hierarchical structure is difficult to achieve, principally because the crystal impurities are usually formed under a low silica content in a gel precursor. Herein, low-silica SAPO-34 nanocrystals were successfully fabricated for the first time by constructing an isomorphous core-shell structure in an epitaxial growth manner. In which, low-silica, ultrasmall nanosquare-shaped SAPO-34 crystals with the same growth orientation along the (100) crystal plane compactly grow on the monocrystal SAPO-34 cores. Crucially, the external surface acid properties of the core SAPO-34 with the Si-rich outer layer are effectively modified by the low-silica SAPO-34 shell. Furthermore, the growth process and Si-substitution mechanism of the shell zeolite were comprehensively investigated. It was found that with the prolonged crystallization time, more and more coordinated Si(4Al) and Si(3Al) structures via two substitution mechanisms (SM2 and SM3) are generated in the nanocrystalline SAPO-34 shell, which endow moderate acidity of the core-shell SAPO-34. Compared to the uncoated SAPO-34, the core-shell SAPO-34 performs a longer lifespan and a higher average selectivity of light olefins (ethylene plus propylene) when applied to the MTO reaction, which is attributed to the positive effects of the luxuriant interstitial pores offering a fast diffusion channel and the moderate acid density depressing the hydrogen transfer reaction of light olefins. This work provides new insights into the fabrication of low-silica SAPO-34 nanocrystals, which are based on the rational design of the isomorphous core-shell zeolite.

Two dimension (2D) carbon-based materials are intriguing platforms with outstanding charge transmission channel and high effective mass-transfer interface for the gas-liquid-solid three-phase electrocatalytic system. However, the development of 2D carbon-based materials still remains at the complicated exfoliation and template method. Herein, a 2D nanocarbon material (10 nm) is constructed easily by a novel sodium ion-capping strategy. Moreover, the abundant unsaturated oxygen-containing groups (UOCGSs) are also grafted on the surface of 2D carbon via defect-carbonylation method. By the aid of 2D structure and affluent UOCGSs, the final OSC-C product exhibits a superior practical H2O2 production rate of up to 1700 mmol g(catalys-t)(-1) h(-1) in H-cell. This improved performance arises from the excellent charge transferring and rapid reactant diffusing at the UOCGSs/2D interface. This work not only exhibits a new stagey for the design of 2D carbon-based structure but also sheds lights on the applications of UOCGSs/2D carbon in the gas-liquid-solid three-phase electrocatalytic system with required high charge-transmission and fast reaction-diffusion.

Two-dimensional (2D) carbon-based materials are high-quality electrocatalytic materials with high mass transfer interfaces. However, the intrinsic 2D surfaces often lack of abundant active sites and outstanding electron transport channels. Herein, a 0D@2D nanocarbon material with affluent unsaturated oxygen-containing groups (UOCGSs) active sites and excellent electron channels are constructed via a novel sodium ion-capping and light illuminating strategy. With the aid of the light illuminating, the final 0D@2D product exhibits a superior practical H 2 O 2 production rate of up to 1109 mmol & sdot;g catalyst- 1 h-1 with a high level of onset potential 0.78V and 94 % H 2 O 2 selectivity in H-cell. This improved performance arises from the introduction of UOCGSs and excellent charge transfer on the 0D@2D interface. Obviously, this work exhibits a new green stagey for the design of 0D@2D carbon-based structure via light illuminating.

Hierarchical ZSM-5 was successfully prepared using L-carnitine and L-lysine as mesoporous templates, and the influence of the dosage of "secondary template" represented by L-carnitine on the formation of hierarchical zeolite was investigated in detail. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen adsorption-desorption, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermogravimetric-derivative thermogravimetry (TG-DTG), pyridine infrared and temperature programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD) were used to characterize the structural and textural properties of the asprepared samples. The results showed that the hydrophilic property of the amino acid template overcame the phase separation and constructed a mesoporous system with an ultra-small size of 2-10 nm in the as-synthesized zeolite crystals. Not only the morphology and grain size, but also the Si/Al ratio and then the acidity of zeolite were affected by the "secondary template". Catalytic cracking of triisopropylbenzene was chosen as a probe reaction so as to investigate the effect of the fabricated hierarchical porous system on the catalytic performances of the catalysts. The results showed that the introduction of hierarchical pores elevated the external surfaces of the catalyst and therefore significantly improved the catalytic cracking performance of the catalyst for the heavy molecules triisopropylbenzene. At the same time, the introduced mesopore structure also gave the macromolecule reactant a hierarchically cracking process because of the acid active sites located in the different spaces.

Photocatalytic H-2 evolution from water splitting in liquid-solid two-phase requires an efficient photocatalyst with excellent ability of charge separation and reactant molecular diffusion. In this study, the super hydrophilicelectrons acceptor with abundant -C=O and -OH functional groups were evenly grafted onto rutile TiO2 nanorods surface to speed up the charge separation and water molecular diffusion, respectively. The photocatalytic results showed that the TiO2-CA grafted by citric acid (with three -C=O, three carboxy-(-OH) and one alcohol-(-OH)) presented a 1.48. contact angle and a distinct increased H-2-production activity (48.5 mmol center dot h(-1)center dot g(-1)), whereas the TiO2-PA grafted by propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid (Just lack of one alcohol-(-OH) compared with TiO2-CA) showed a 30.95 degrees contact angle and a decreased H-2-production activity (19.3 mmol center dot h(-1)center dot g(-1)) compared to the unmodified TiO2 (25.8 mmol center dot h(-1)center dot g(-1)), indicating that the super hydrophilicelectrons acceptor is vitally important to the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. Based on the present results, the carbonyl group (-C=O) possess a stronger reducing capability and act as "electrons acceptor", while the only alcohol-hydroxyl group (-OH) in TiO2-CA can decrease the mass transfer resistance and serve as "super hydrophilic absorber". Considering its mild preparation, inexpensive cost, and admirable efficiency, the super hydrophilic-electrons acceptor with dual functional groups regulated TiO2 can become a promising way for potential application in photocatalytic field.

Zeolite membranes are emerging asattractive candidatesfor theseparation of methanol/methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)mixtures, while the random deposition of silicon aluminum componentson the surface of the support can lead to the poor quality of zeolitemembranes, restricting the use of zeolite membranes in separationand purification applications. In this study, the deposition processof the silicon aluminum components was controlled, and compact NaXzeolite membranes with great pervaporation performance for methanol/MTBEmixtures were synthesized using water-organic solvent synthesissolutions. Systematic research showed the existence of a stable "liquidfilm" on the surface of the support controlling the formationenvironment of zeolite membranes during their synthesis; organic solventsthat partly replaced water in the synthesis solution improved thequality of the zeolite membranes. The water-organic solventsystem could not only decrease the nucleation and crystallizationrate of zeolite particles in the main body of the synthesis solutionand reduce the consumption of silicon aluminum components in the mainbody of the synthesis solution but also promote the migration of siliconaluminum components to the "liquid film" on the surfaceof the support from the main body of the synthesis solution, thuspromoting the growth of zeolite membranes. The zeolite membrane synthesizedin the 20(v) % 1,3-propanediol synthesis solution exhibited a MeOH/MTBEseparation factor greater than 10,000 with a permeation flux of 1.6kg & BULL;m(-2)& BULL;h(-1), indicatingthat a compact zeolite membrane was grown on the support. In thiswork, the formation of zeolite membranes was controlled by addingan organic solvent to the synthesis solution to adjust the depositionprocess of silicon aluminum components to the support and a new methodfor the preparation of compact membranes was developed.

The extending of electronic transmission channel is very beneficial to accelerating the electronic transmission efficiency. Herein, the two-dimensional C/TiO2 composites with an extended electron transmission space were constructed by boric acid-induced hydrothermal method with Ti3C2 as template. The electron microscope shows that the C layer in C/TiO2 retains the original layered structure of Ti3C2. Heterogeneous interface formed be-tween the titanium dioxide particles and the C layer, which is confirmed by HRTEM and XRD. The EPR proves that massive oxygen vacancies formed on the appearance of the heterogeneous. The results of PL spectrum, EIS and I-t transient photocurrent show that the C layer acted as electron transport path to improve the transmission efficiency of electrons. The cooperative effect of the conductive layer (C layer) and the electron trap (oxygen vacancy) accelerated the migration of photo-generated electrons, boosting an enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production performance with about 3622.7 ( & PLUSMN; 108.2) & mu;mol & BULL;g- 1 & BULL;h-1 on the BCT sample. As a result, the designed structure showed an enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production performance with about 3622.7 ( & PLUSMN; 108.2) & mu;mol & BULL;g- 1 & BULL;h-1 on the BCT sample compared with 0 & mu;mol g- 1 h-1 on the Ti3C2 sample. The BCT sample displayed a stable photocatalytic performance during the experimental process. It is wish that this research can supply a valuable idea for the application of the two-dimensional substances in photocatalysis.

Hierarchically core-shell-structured SAPO-34@ZSM-5 composite zeolite was successfully achieved by an in situ solid-solid transformation of a pre-coating MCM-41 shell layer with the help of ZSM-5 seeds under a traditional hydrothermal crystallization route. As a result, a uniform nano-sized polycrystalline ZSM-5 shell closely grows on the core SAPO-34 microsphere, thus forming a desirable core-shell structured zeolite composite. Besides, the SAPO-34 core and the polycrystalline ZSM-5 shell are intimately connected through mesosilica substrates as a “bridge” which guarantees the integrity of the core-shell structure very well, even under harsh ultrasonic treatment at a high frequency. More crucially, this innovative method effectively overcomes the chemical and structural incompatibility between the core crystals and the shell zeolite during synthesis, and simultaneously avoids the collapse and dissolution of SAPO-34 crystals mainly derived from the shielding effect of MCM-41 shell layer under a highly alkaline gel precursor yielding ZSM-5. Furthermore, the methanol-to-olefins (MTO) was selected as a probe reaction so as to investigate the catalytic performance of the core-shell SAPO-34@ZSM-5. It is found that besides obtaining high light olefins yield (12.3% more than that on the reference catalyst), the catalytic lifetime over core-shell SAPO-34@ZSM-5 catalyst is greatly improved, about 3 times as long as that over the pristine SAPO-34 and 2.6 times as long as that on the corresponding physically-blended SAPO-34+ZSM-5. The superior catalytic performances on the core-shell SAPO-34@ZSM-5 can be attributed to the synergetic effects between SAPO-34 (core) and ZSM-5 (shell) including different framework structures, moderate acidic properties, and well-defined hierarchical architectures.

The combination of introducing mesopores and minimizing framework defects in zeolite catalysts has been proved to be highly effective in improving their catalytic lifetime in the MTH reaction. However, there is currently a lack of simple method to realize these two purposes at the same time. In this work, we report a simple one-step approach which not only completed the introduction of abundant mesopores into zeolite catalyst but also simultaneously realized the reduction of framework defects. Secondary template, fluoride media and post-treatment technology were not used during the synthetic process. As an example, a hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst with low defect density was successfully synthesized. In the MTH reaction, the synergy effect of the hierarchical pore structure and the less framework defects endowed the prepared zeolite catalyst with a very long lifetime, which is 7.1 times that of the reference catalyst.

Hierarchical ZSM-5 with loose nanocrystallites was synthesized by a traditional hydrothermal procedure. Factors controlling the formation of hierarchical zeolite were investigated in detail. Despite having comparable acid properties, the increased external surfaces offer the hierarchical ZSM-5n an excellent catalytic performance. After reaction for 414 h, the hierarchical ZSM-5n catalyst still keeps a 88.5% conversion of isopropylbenzene, while the ZSM-5 mu and ZSM-5m catalysts only show 37.5% (25.8 h), 28.2% (11 h) conversions, respectively; the initial conversion of n-octane over ZSM-5n is 94.3 wt %, obviously higher than 82.8 wt % on ZSM-5 mu, the half-life period related to the catalytic activity on ZSM-5n and ZSM-5 mu are 271 h, and 22 h, respectively. The prolonged catalysis life for hierarchical ZSM-5n during the catalytic cracking of n-octane is ascribed to the shortened diffusion path length and an "excretory system", carbon nanotubes (CNTs) self-generating during the cracking processing. The shortened microporous channels attribute to weakening adsorption energy barrier and promoting the coke precursors rapid diffusing toward the pore windows. Moreover, the autogenetic CNTs help the carbon precursors escaping from the pore windows and keep them far away from the zeolite crystals in the catalysts. That avoids the carbon deposit in the micropores as well as in the pore windows and on the external surface of the catalyst.

The integration of the professional knowledge and the ideological content is the key and difficulty of course ideology and politics in the specialized courses of science and engineering.Based on the teaching practices of chemical engineering thermodynamics, this article proposes four unique teaching methods of course ideology and politics and makes a detailed explanation through examples.With using these teaching methods, the ideological and political elements were successfully integrated into the professional course to produce the synergy effects.As a result, some outstanding teaching achievements have been made.