Further development and improvement of the efficiency of ciphers largely depend on the success of solving the problem of synthesizing cryptographic primitives that correspond to the quality criteria both when they are represented by Boolean functions and many- valued logic functions. Among these most significant cryptographic quality criteria are algebraic nonlinearity, distance nonlinearity, error propagation criterion, and correlation immunity criterion. To solve the problem of synthesizing high-quality cryptographic structures, it is important to research the relationship between the level of cryptographic quality of the resulting functions of many-valued logic and their component Boolean functions. In this paper, we represent the results of the research on the algebraic nonlinearity of 4-functions of two variables when they are constructed based on two Boolean functions with given cryptographic quality parameters. The results obtained can be considered as a theoretical basis for improving existing and developing new methods for synthesizing cryptographic primitives, which are characterized by the high cryptographic quality of both component Boolean functions and component many-valued logic functions.

Тепловая и ядерная энергетика играет значительную роль в энергетическом комплексе России. Страна обладает мощным ядерным потенциалом, который успешно используется для обеспечения собственных энергетических потребностей и повышения экономического развития. В этой статье мы рассмотрим эти отрасли поподробнее, а также поговорим о перспективах развития тепловой и ядерной энергетики России.

Представлены результаты измерения основных параметров кремниевых кантилеверов производства АО «Ангстрем», предназначенных для работы в полуконтактном и контактном режимах атомно-­силовой микроскопии (АСМ), а также АСМ-изображения различных образцов, полученные при помощи этих кантилеверов.

Аннотация.Пленочные пироэлектрические приемники излучения чувствительны в широком спектральном диапазоне, обладают высокой чувствительностью и могут работать без охлаждения.Пленочные пироприемники являются песпективными ввиду их малых размеров и высокой чувствительности.Последняя, в частности, обусловлена тем, что пленка при поглощении излучения нагревается исключительно сильно ввиду ее малой общей теплоемкости.В работе исследовались пленки Strontium-Barium Niobate -SrxBa1-xNb2O6 (SBN), выращенные плазменным напылением на слое оксида индия-олова (indium-tin-oxide -ITO) на кремниевой подложке.Эти структуры используются в

Сучасна медицина зробила великий крок вперед, але, незважаючи на всі досягнення, проблема пошуку вірогідних критеріїв, понять, визначень сепсису залишається актуальною. Сепсис потенційно смертельний за своєю природою. Значна біологічна і клінічна гетерогенність пацієнтів із сепсисом: вік, преморбідний фон, прийняті препарати, різні джерела інфекції — створюють високу варіабельність початку і перебігу патологічного процесу. Нові визначення сепсису перестроїли фокус на переосмислення клінічних проявів септичного процесу і підкреслили важливість органної дисфункції як ключової діагностичної ознаки. Незрозуміла органна недостатність у пацієнта повинна насторожити лікаря щодо можливості розвитку сепсису. І від того, наскільки швидко ми зможемо зреагувати на зміни, раціонально й адресно призначити терапію, буде залежати кінцевий результат.

The development of modern cryptography, steganography, and communication systems with noise-like signals often requires the use of non-binary generators of pseudorandom key sequences. The main requirements for such a cryptographic construct are the compliance of gamma generated by them with the criteria of NIST stochastic tests and the implementation of the concepts of diffusion and confusion with respect to the generated gamma and the cryptographic key. In this paper, we empirically confirm the prospects of combining the advantages of quaternary bent-sequences, which are characterized by the highest nonlinearity value, with the advantages of the linear feedback shift registers, which are characterized by a high stochastic quality of the generated sequences. We present the scheme of a pseudorandom key sequences generator based on binary linear feedback shift registers and the IV-sets of quaternary bent-sequences. It has been established that the presented scheme generates pseudorandom key sequences corresponding to all the NIST stochastic tests, while the maximum values of the nonlinearity of quaternary bent-sequences provide a high level of implementation of the concept of confusion. At the same time, construction of IV-sets of quaternary bent-sequences was found, which provides the best stochastic properties of the generated gamma. The developed generator is characterized by high values of the number of protection levels and the simplicity of the algorithmic implementation. Compared to combining two binary generators of pseudorandom key sequences based on dual sets of binary bent-sequences, 40% fewer linear feedback shift registers are required to ensure the operation of the developed generator. The practical application of the developed generator is justified in systems that require many-valued logic pseudorandom key sequences.

In view of the high compatibility of the Walsh-Hadamard transform to the architecture of modern computing facilities, it is sensible to use it in methods of steganography and steganalysis. Now, there are some efficient steganographic methods that use the Walsh-Hadamard transform domain for information embedding presented in the literature. It is known that to ensure the reliability of the steganographic message perception, information should be embedded in its high-frequency components; nevertheless, the issues of the correspondence of the Walsh-Hadamard transformants to the frequency components of the original matrix of the cover image are poorly researched. The purpose of this paper is to develop a formal sufficient condition for ensuring the reliability of perception of steganographic messages in the Walsh-Hadamard transform domain. This purpose was achieved by establishing the relationship between the Walsh-Hadamard transformants and the discrete cosine transform transformants, which was theoretically substantiated in two ways, and also experimentally confirmed. Based on the established relationship between the Walsh-Hadamard transform and the discrete cosine transform, as well as the components of the singular value decomposition of the corresponding matrices, a sufficient condition has been developed to ensure the reliability of the perception of steganographic messages in the Walsh-Hadamard transform domain. The sufficient condition consists in the fact that after embedding of additional information using any steganographic method, those WalshHadamard transformants that correspond to the singular triples of the matrix corresponding to small (smallest) in value singular numbers, should change.

One of the most important cryptographic structures, which is the basis of modern information protection systems, is cryptographically protected generators of pseudorandom key sequences, which are used in a wide variety of tasks, starting from the creation of initialization vectors, key information, and formation of the steganographic path, ending with their operation as the most important basic component of full-fledged stream cryptographic algorithms.Many of the available today algorithms of pseudo-random key sequences generators are characterized either by a quite complex software implementation structure or by insufficient cryptographic security, which makes urgent the task of developing effective cryptographically protected pseudo-random key sequences generators with a high level of stochastic quality.This paper proposes a scheme for an efficient pseudo-random key sequences generator based on a cellular automaton, as well as on such many-valued logic perfect algebraic constructions as IV-sets of quaternary bent-sequences with the maximum level of nonlinearity distance.The proposed generator is characterized by a significant complexity of the relationship between the output bits of the pseudo-random sequence and the elements of the short key on the basis of which they are generated, which determines the high level of its cryptographic security, while the number of protection levels of the proposed generator is easily scalable if necessary.Having only two binary linear feedback shift registers in the proposed scheme makes it adaptable to software implementation.The research performed made it possible to establish that the pseudorandom sequences generated by the proposed generator correspond to all stochastic tests from the NIST set, which makes it possible to recommend it for use in practice.

The solution to some practical tasks with the help of steganography requires the organization of multiple access to a steganographic information transmission channel.At the same time, existing developments imply the use of MC-CDMA technology to solve these tasks, which has a strictly predetermined number of shared channels, requires the simultaneous embedding of additional information delivered from all users and is disintegrated with the applied steganographic algorithm.In this paper, a full-fledged steganographic method, with multiple access based on the use of frequency-spatial matrices has been developed.In the developed method, two code attributes are allocated to each user: frequency and spatial, on the basis of which codewords that are used to transmit information are generated.The total number of registered users operating in the system based on the proposed steganographic method can reach the value of J=4800, while the total number of users simultaneously transmitting information can reach the value of N=100 while supporting the practically acceptable system parameters.At the same time, the embedding of additional information by the users occurs independently of each other at any time convenient to them.To ensure the largest number of simultaneously operating users and minimize the level of intra-system interference, an S-code of spatial arrangements, as well as an F-code of frequency arrangements based on the Reed-Solomon code, are proposed.The proposed steganographic method with multiple access is characterized by flexibility in the allocation of resources of the steganographic channel: if necessary, the throughput of the steganographic channel can be increased with a decrease in PSNR values, or, conversely, the reliability of perception of the steganographic message can be increased by reducing the number of users simultaneously operating in the system.

The operation of modern information protection systems is largely based on asymmetric cryptographic algorithms that allow encrypted information to be transmitted over an open communication channel without the need for prior key exchange.Modern asymmetric cryptographic algorithms are based on the use of such one-sided functions as factorization of large prime numbers and discrete logarithms, which require significant computational costs for their use, and are not resistant to promising quantum cryptanalysis attacks.Existing modifications of these cryptographic algorithms based on elliptic curves are also characterized by some significant drawbacks: many robust elliptic curves are currently patented, and algorithms on elliptic curves often require the use of powerful physical generators of truly random numbers.The solution to these problems is the use of the McEliece cryptographic system, which is based on the problem of decoding complete linear codes.Despite the prevailing performance of this system and its resistance to promising quantum cryptanalysis attacks, such a shortcoming as the large length of its public key has led to the fact that it is not often used in practice.In this paper, new families of Hamming (n,k)-codes in extensions of extended Galois fields are proposed and it is shown that on the basis of these codes a McEliece cryptosystem can be built, which is characterized by a much smaller size of the public key while providing a comparable number of generator matrices of the code so providing the comparable value of the protection levels number.The possibility of applying cascade Hamming codes on the extensions of extended Galois fields is shown, which makes it possible to obtain protection against the Sidelnikov attack.The proposed cryptosystem can be recommended for practical use in applications that require high speed (for example, mobile devices, IoT devices, and embedded systems), as well as significant cryptographic strength, including protection against promising quantum attacks.

The development of modern cryptography methods is related in many respects to the research of perfect algebraic constructions which are characterized by the highest level of cryptographic strength indicators. The most important among these structures are bent-sequences, which have a maximum level of nonlinearity. This paper is devoted to the actual issue of research of such perfect algebraic constructions as quaternary bent-sequences. It is shown that in the quaternary case the complete class of affine functions and Vilenkin-Chrestenson functions are different algebraic constructions. The degeneracy of the full class of quaternary bent-functions of one variable is established, and the algorithm for the synthesis of the full class of quaternary bent-functions of two variables is proposed. The structural properties of the full class of quaternary bent-sequences were discovered, on the basis of which the 4428 different IV-sets were found that can be used to construct pseudorandom key sequence generators. The algebraic degrees of nonlinearity of all existing quaternary bent-functions of two variables are determined.

Block symmetric cryptographic algorithms are the essential and inalienable element of any information security system. The main component of block symmetric cryptographic algorithms is the S-box, which largely determines the speed and cryptographic quality of the entire cryptographic transformation. The rapid development of cryptanalysis methods, including the development of quantum computers, requires a more careful research of all possible representations of nonlinear elements of block symmetric cryptographic algorithms. In view of the fact that in addition to the mathematical apparatus of Boolean functions used today to estimate the cryptographic quality of S-boxes, a cryptanalyst can apply the mathematical apparatus of functions of many-valued logic, which makes relevant the task of researching and comparing the cryptographic quality of S-boxes of modern cryptographic algorithms, represented by functions of many-valued logic. This paper presents a research and comparative analysis of nonlinear transformations of the cryptographic algorithms AES, Kalyna, BelT, and Kuznechik when represented by functions of many-valued logic. It was found that only the nonlinear transformation of the BelT cryptographic algorithm is characterized by growth when represented by many-valued logic functions, while the Kalyna cryptographic algorithm demonstrates the greatest decrease in nonlinearity when represented by 16-functions among the cryptographic algorithms researched. The results obtained in the paper indicate a significant unused reserve of cryptographic quality, which can be used in the design of new cryptographic algorithms and their structural elements.

The S-box is the main component of modern block cryptographic algorithms and hash functions. One of the main criteria for the cryptographic quality of an S-boxes is the criterion of a high nonlinearity distance, as well as a propagation criterion of order m. One of the effective methods for constructing S-boxes is the method of their construction on the basis of a set of Boolean functions with a given level of cryptographic quality. This paper discusses the spectral classes (obtained on the basis of the classification of the Walsh-Hadamard transform coefficient vectors) of Boolean functions of 1 horizontal ellipsis 5 variables, for each of which the numbers of Boolean functions that satisfy the propagation criterion of order m were found. Using the constructive method among the full set of Boolean functions of 5 variables, a subclass of 12 balanced maximally nonlinear Boolean functions satisfying the propagation criterion PC(4) were found. It is shown that on the basis of this set of Boolean functions, bijective cryptographic S-boxes can be synthesized, which are the best among the entire set of S-boxes of length N = 32, from the point of view of the criterion of maximum nonlinearity distance and propagation criterion.

У статті досліджено кращі практики інвестицій бізнесу у проєкти сталого розвитку. Завдання дослідження: оцінити стан та тенденції інвестування у проєкти за напрямами сталого розвитку на прикладі компанії Метінвест та підтвердити/спростувати гіпотези щодо залежності обсягів таких інвестицій від величини доходів і фінансових результатів компанії. Аналіз обсягів інвестування Метінвесту у проєкти сталого розвитку за 2008—2019 роки встановив, що динаміка інвестицій демонструє мінливу тенденцію, яка укладається у певні цикли розвитку компанії. Для тестування гіпотез щодо впливу на обсяги інвестицій у проєкти сталого розвитку таких чинників, як величина чистих доходів та чистих фінансових результатів компанії використано методи кореляційного аналізу та дескриптивної статистики. За результатами тестування встановлено, що між обсягами інвестицій у проєкти захисту довкілля і безпеки праці та величиною чистої виручки (гіпотеза1) є позитивний і значний зв'язок. Для соціальних інвестицій такого зв'язку не встановлено. Гіпотезу щодо зв'язку між обсягами інвестицій у сталий розвиток та величиною чистого прибутку не було підтверджено.

The development, as well as the wider practical application of modern steganography, leads to the need to create steganographic methods with multiple access, which would be able to ensure the simultaneous transmission and division of information from several users in a steganographic channel.The currently known multiple-access steganographic methods are based on MC-CDMA technology and do not show how exactly the embedding and extraction of additional information should be performed.The purpose of this paper is to develop a multiple-access steganographic method based on code control and frequency arrangements.This purpose was achieved through the development of a steganographic method with code control and the use of frequency arrangements based on double-cyclic Reed-Solomon codes over Galois fields GF(q), which provides separate embedding of information by each user at any time which is convenient for him using a personal frequency arrangement.It was proposed to construct the frequency arrangements on the basis of Reed-Solomon codes over the Galois fields GF(5) and GF(13).The characteristics of the developed method are researched, within which it is shown that the PSNR of the resulting steganographic message depends on the number of users simultaneously transmitting information through the steganographic channel.With the number of simultaneously operating users N8, the PSNR values remain at an acceptable level.During the operation of the proposed steganographic method, the occurrence of intra-system interference in the steganographic channel was detected with the number of users simultaneously transmitting information N>q, however, when using frequency arrangements based on the Reed-Solomon code over the GF(13), their effect is insignificant with a practically justified number of divided channels.The developed steganographic method is a rational solution if it is necessary to organize a steganographic channel with multiple access and can provide flexible resource allocation: the operation of the required number of users with a given bandwidth and the required perception reliability.

Парентеральний кардіоселективний бета-блокатор есмолол через свої унікальні фармакокінетичні та фармакологічні властивості стає привабливим на етапі екстреного надання медичної допомоги. Ультракоротка дія поряд з антигіпертензивним ефектом, що супроводжується вираженою антиішемічною, кардіопротекторною і антиаритмічною дією, дозволяють вважати його «ідеальним» бета-адреноблокатором догоспітального і раннього госпітального етапів для лікування гострого коронарного синдрому, надшлуночкової тахікардії різного генезу, гіпертонічних кризів. Практичними перевагами есмололу є можливість тривалого багатогодинного введення, індивідуального титрування доз, а також швидка (протягом 30 хвилин) оборотність ефекту та, відповідно, безпечність препарату.