Crepidotus subg. Dochmiopus contributes to more than half of Crepidotus species and exhibits highly hidden diversity. However, C. subg. Dochmiopus is challenging to study because the basidiomata of C. subg. Dochmiopus species are usually small and white, inconspicuous interspecific distinctions, and possess a familiar complex. In this study, we utilized a variety of characteristics for species identification, including habitat, presence or absence of a stipe in mature specimens, pileipellis and cheilocystidia patterns, whether the lamellae edges are fimbriated, and other characteristics. Above all, cheilocystidia and pileipellis patterns will be important in C. subg. Dochmiopus research. Based on the present specimens, we constructed a multigene phylogenetic tree (ITS + LSU) and recognized four new species: C. lamellomaculatus sp. nov., C. capitatocystidiatus sp. nov., C. succineus sp. nov., C. clavocystidiatustustus sp. nov. Detailed morphological descriptions, photographs, line drawings and comparisons with closely related taxa for the new species are provided. The current phylogenetic analysis does not support the previously classifications, indicating that the classification of Crepidotus requires re-evaluation. But the existing molecular datasets and species’ descriptions are insufficient to fully resolve the classification. Further integration of new gene segments and a comprehensive review of morphological characteristics will reveal a natural classification for Crepidotus.

Previous assessments of the effectiveness of protected areas (PAs) focused primarily on changes in human pressure over time and did not consider the different human-pressure baselines of PAs, thereby potentially over- or underestimating PA effectiveness. We developed a framework that considers both human-pressure baseline and change in human pressure over time and assessed the effectiveness of 338 PAs in China from 2010 to 2020. The initial state of human pressure on PAs was taken as the baseline, and changes in human pressure index (HPI) were further analyzed under different baselines. We used the random forest models to identify the management measures that most improved effectiveness in resisting human pressure for the PAs with different baselines. Finally, the relationships between the changes in the HPI and the changes in natural ecosystems in PAs were analyzed with different baselines. Of PAs with low HPI baselines, medium HPI baselines, and high HPI baselines, 76.92% (n=150), 11.11% (n=12), and 22.86% (n=8) , respectively, showed positive effects in resisting human pressure. Overall, ignoring human-pressure baselines somewhat underestimated the positive effects of PAs, especially for those with low initial human pressure. For PAs with different initial human pressures, different management measures should be taken to improve effectiveness and reduce threats to natural ecosystems. We believe our framework is useful for assessing the effectiveness of PAs globally, and we recommend it be included in the Convention on Biological Diversity Post-2020 Strategy.

Protected areas (PAs) have been established worldwide to conserve biodiversity. However, the conservation effectiveness of different PA functional zones remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated National Nature Reserves (NNRs) in China to explore and quantify the conservation in their core, buffer, and experimental zones. We compared the area and proportion of forest loss for these functional zones during the period from 2001 to 2018. The results showed that the forest loss in NNRs showed a decreasing trend since 2011, indicating that NNRs reduced the forest loss. There was no significant difference of forest loss proportion (p = 0.42) between the core zones (0.60 +/- 1.32%) and buffer zones (0.55 +/- 0.88%), implying that their performance in forest conservation was similar. There was a significant difference between experimental and core zones as well as between experimental and buffer zones both in forest loss area and proportion (p < 0.05). We confirmed that the proportion of functional zones significantly affects the conservation effectiveness, i.e., an improper proportion of core zones or buffer zones may lead to forest loss. Therefore, we suggest an optimal proportion of core and buffer zones at 30%-50% and 10%-40%, respectively. Overall, the effectiveness of functional zones in forest nature reserves was assessed on a national scale. The results of this study support the recent adjustment in the PA functional zoning system in China.

Aims: In recent years, wind power generation has been developing rapidly in China, and studies have found that wind power projects have varifying degrees of impact on bird diversity.However, previous studies primarily adopted traditional survey methods of birds in the region, without conducting long-term systematic monitoring of birds killed by wind turbines.Little is known about the possible causes of wind turbine mortality.Thus, it is difficult to propose targeted mitigation measures based on the actual causes of birds being killed by wind turbines.Methods: In this paper, our study area was the wind turbines factory in the coastal area of Yancheng, Jiangsu Province.The carcass search method was applied to investigate the wind turbine mortality of birds in the study area.We conducted a total of 22 consecutive surveys from October 2020 to September 2021 to explored bird mortality from wind turbines. Results:(1) There were 12 species in 8 orders and 10 families that were found dead under the wind turbines.The dead birds were primarily native birds or species that breed in the region, accounting for 66.7% of the dead bird species.(2) A total of 41 dead birds were found under the wind turbines.The most common were ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) at 19 individuals, which were generally found in farmland or agricultural protection forest.Dead night herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) and egrets (Egretta garzetta) were also common, with 6 and 5 individuals found,respectively, and were generally found in near fishponds.(3) Based on the injuries of the dead birds, it was concluded that the bases of the wind turbines caused more collisions resulting in death than the fan blades.Conclusion: According to our study, we proposed the following suggestions to mitigate the impact of wind turbines on birds.These suggestions include continuous bird monitoring, controlling habitats under wind turbines, and strengthening the research and development of bird-related repellent technology and equipment.We hope this study can provide a reference for the coordinated development between wind power and ecological environmental protection in China.

Protected areas (PAs) are considered essential for biodiversity conservation, and concerns about the effectiveness of PAs in terms of reducing deforestation are growing. However, few studies have identified the management measures that best reduce deforestation within existing PAs. Here, we carried out 10-year (from 2007 to 2016) field surveys and obtained a database of 10 management measures of 227 PAs mainly protecting forest ecosystems in China. We examined the contributions of the above 10 management measures in relation to the effectiveness of 227 PAs in reducing deforestation. Our results indicated that 52.68% of PAs had positive effects related to reducing deforestation (E > 0, P < 0.05), while 16.52% of PAs had negative effects (E < 0, P < 0.05). The most important management measures affecting the effectiveness of PAs in reducing deforestation were funding, infrastructure, and scientific research and monitoring. Thus, our study provides evidence indicating that improved funding and scientific research benefit the effectiveness of PAs. The findings have global implications for guiding PAs to take explicit measures to improve the outcomes of biodiversity conservation.

“极目山川无尽头,风烟不断水长流.如何造物开天地,到此令人放马牛.”我国北方民族地区比较典型的传统生产方式有游牧、轮牧、畜禽养殖等牧业生产,也有狩猎、采集等经济生产活动.有研究者认为,游牧是蒙古族在遵循自然规律、保护生态平衡条件下进行的生产方式和生活方式;游牧生活的“轮牧制”生产方式对草原的生态平衡十分有益.

为切实做好长江经济带生态环境保护工作,基于HJ 913-2017《自然保护区管理评估规范》对长江经济带120处国家级自然保护区的管理状况进行评分.以评估结果为基础,评价了自然保护区管理状况的影响因素,并提出了提升自然保护区管理质量的建议.结果表明:①长江经济带国家级自然保护区的管理状况总体较好,平均得分为81.41分.从分布地区来看,经济较发达的地区,国家级自然保护区的管理状况相对较好;从建立时间看,评估总得分与国家级自然保护区的建立时长呈正相关;从规模看,评估总得分与国家级自然保护区的面积大小呈负相关;从自然保护区类型看,野生植物类型保护区的管理状况要优于野生动物类型.②从管理基础、管理措施、管理保障、管理成效、负面影响5项评估内容来看,管理基础得分相对较高,管理保障得分相对较低.③从全部指标的评分情况来看,保护对象变化和资源调查2项指标的得分相对较高;开发建设活动影响、专业技术能力、机构设置与人员配置、动态监测4项指标的得分相对较低.④Spearman相关分析表明,与评估总得分显著相关的指标为巡护执法、日常管护、专业技术能力、管护设施.研究显示,当前国家级自然保护区的机构设置、专业人才队伍建设、监测体系和开发建设活动影响是制约其管理质量提升的主要因素.

自然保护地具有重大的生态效益和经济效益,近年来自然保护地生态系统服务价值评估已成为当前生态学和环境经济学的研究热点,通过系统地回顾自然保护地生态系统服务价值评估的历史沿革,从空间尺度、研究对象、评估方法、评估指标等方面综述了相关的研究进展.总体来看,国内外相关案例已基本覆盖了国家、行政区域、自然地理单元和单个自然保护地等不同空间尺度;分别以森林、湿地、草地和荒漠等代表性生态系统类型自然保护地开展了研究;多采用价值系数与物质量评估两种方法;同时,不同自然保护地在供给、支持、调节、文化等四大类服务的指标选择上各有不同.自然保护地生态系统服务价值评估工作仍存在标准体系不完善、时空动态研究不足、未充分考虑利益相关方等问题,建议未来我国自然保护地生态系统服务价值评估从以下几个方面加强研究:①加强基础性研究,探索自然保护地生态系统服务的生态学机制;②开展各指标的长期动态监测,建立健全不同类型自然保护地生态系统服务价值评估指标体系和技术方法;③加强时空动态分析及影响因素分析,运用动态模拟模型预测价值的变化;④充分考虑不同利益相关方之间的权衡,使其在生态补偿研究中发挥重要作用;⑤加强评估结果在自然保护地规划、建设、管理、保护等各方面的应用研究.

以大兴安岭根河地区驼鹿分布数据为例,综合考虑样本选择偏差、独立训练集与验证集划分、模型复杂度,模拟了冬季驼鹿适宜栖息地分布.结果 表明:最大熵模型默认设置下模型存在严重的过拟合,通过小样本赤池信息准则(AICc)选择的最优特征类型与正则化乘数组合,训练集受试者操作曲线下面积(AUC)虽有下降,但测试集AUC显著提高,模型过拟合情况得到显著改善;使用AICc最小模型拟合驼鹿分布发现,冬季驼鹿主要分布在远离人为干扰(城镇)、坡度低、靠近河流、林间道路、沼泽灌丛的地方;根河林业局驼鹿冬季适宜栖息地面积为1371 hm2,真实统计技能(TSS)值为0.54.最大熵模型的应用,应根据不同的物种出现数据特点及研究目的,选择合适的参数设置.

2013～2015年冬季,综合运用动物生态调查、种群生态学和行为生态学等技术,在内蒙古根河林业局共布设71条长约2～4 km样线、调查313个10 m×10 m样方、1489个2 m×2 m样方、共收集117份粪便,373个驼鹿出现点数据.利用驼鹿出现数据作为分布点数据,选取地形、植被类型等22种因子作为生境变量,利用MAXENT生态位模型分析了深冬时期根河地区驼鹿冬季生境适宜性分布特征和主要生境因子对驼鹿分布的影响.结果表明:模型预测结果准确性较高,平均AUC(area under the curve,受试工作者曲线下面值)值为0.92,Jackknife检验结果显示:驼鹿生境选择的主要影响因子为距道路距离、距火烧迹地距离、距农田距离、海拔、柳、距沼泽距离、距人为活动点距离、距灌丛距离.驼鹿的适宜生境在根河地区呈现连续性分布,主要分布在东部和东北部,从植被类型上看,适宜生境大部分分布于针叶林,且适宜生境的面积为1155.8 km2,约占根河研究区总面积的25.6％.

自然保护地(protected areas)保护成效是指自然保护地对主要保护对象的保护效果,及其在维持生物多样性和保障生态系统服务功能等方面的综合成效.近年来自然保护地保护成效评估逐渐成为国内外的研究热点之一.本文分别从不同空间尺度、评估对象、评估方法以及评估指标等方面综述了相关的研究进展.总体来看,近年来的研究已基本覆盖了全球、区域、国家和单个自然保护地等不同尺度,针对森林、湿地、草地和荒漠等代表性生态系统以及野生动植物等主要保护对象进行了评估,发展了“matching”技术等更为有效的分析方法,探索了系统的自然保护地保护成效评估指标体系,并应用一些指标进行了保护成效的案例研究.自然保护区(nature reserve)是我国自然保护地的主体,近年来我国自然保护区相关管理部门也相继开展了保护成效评估工作,建议未来进一步加强自然保护区网络尺度和各类型自然保护区的保护成效评估研究,将自然保护区保护成效评估与管理评估相结合,研究自然保护区保护成效面临的新问题和潜在影响,为提升我国自然保护区管理质量提供科学依据.