[目的]评价97％氰氟草酯原药对斑马鱼的急性毒性和生物富集效应.[方法]参考《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》,测定97％氰氟草酯原药对斑马鱼的急性毒性和生物富集效应,计算半效应浓度LC50和生物富集系数BCF.[结果]97％氰氟草酯原药对斑马鱼急性毒性为中毒,生物富集等级属于中等富集性.[结论]在实际应用过程中,氰氟草酯应严格控制其用量,尽可能减少对斑马鱼和水生生态系统的危害.

为明确近年来安徽省麦田杂草种类组成及群落结构变化情况,本研究采用倒置“W”取样法对安徽省麦田杂草进行了连续两年的跟踪调查,结果发现麦田杂草有19科72种,其中禾本科、菊科、蓼科种类最多.优势杂草有节节麦Aegilops tauschii、野燕麦Avena atua、日本看麦娘Alopecurus ja ponicus、看麦娘A.aequalis、菵草Beckmannia syzigachne、猪殃殃Galium spurium等6种,区域性优势杂草有5种,常见杂草有8种,一般杂草有53种.此外,不同地区优势杂草存在差异,淮北草害区是以猪殃殃+节节麦+野燕麦为主的杂草群落;江淮丘陵草害区为日本看麦娘+看麦娘+猪殃殃+菵草;江南草害区为日本看麦娘+看麦娘+菵草.从杂草的分布来看,江淮丘陵草害区的杂草群落物种丰富度、多样性最高,杂草有56种,香农指数最高,为2.34;江南草害区杂草群落物种丰富度最低,有17种杂草,辛普森指数最高,为0.037,均匀度指数也较低,为0.29,优势杂草突出;从相似性指数来看,安徽省三大草害区之间的相似性指数都小于等于0.5,差异性较大.同时,安徽省麦田杂草入侵问题严重,节节麦甚至已经成为某些地区的优势杂草之一,而大穗看麦娘A.myosuroides在安徽省局部地区也多有发生.

[目的]评价19种大田农药对家蚕的急性毒性作用,并根据田间推荐使用浓度进行初级风险性评价.[方法]参照《农化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》,开展急性毒性试验.[结果]26％烟嘧·莠去津可分散油悬浮剂对家蚕表现为低毒,但属于高风险性;其余18种药剂对家蚕表现为低毒和中低风险性.[结论]26％烟嘧·莠去津可分散油悬浮剂、40％麦畏·草甘膦水剂和960 g/L精异丙甲草胺乳油使用时多注意风向和喷药高度等因素,避免对附近桑园造成影响.

[目的]评价5种稻田除草剂(37.5％二甲四氯钠·灭草松水剂、20％嘧啶肟草醚·氰氟草酯可分散油悬浮剂、30％五氟磺草胺·吡嘧磺隆·丙草胺可分散油悬浮剂、5％丙炔噁草酮乳油、80％丙炔噁草酮可湿性粉剂)对羊角月芽藻生长的抑制作用.[方法]参照《农化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》,分别测定5种供试药剂对羊角月芽藻生物量增长的抑制率和生长率的抑制率,计算半效应浓度EyC50和ErC50.[结果]37.5％二甲四氯钠·灭草松水剂对羊角月芽藻表现为低毒;20％嘧啶肟草醚·氰氟草酯、30％五·吡·丙草胺可分散油悬浮剂、5％丙炔噁草酮乳油、80％丙炔噁草酮可湿性粉剂对羊角月芽藻均表现中高毒性,对绿藻存在较大风险.[结论]稻田高毒除草剂在实际生产应用中应严格控制用量,尽量减小其对绿藻及水生态系统造成危害.

[目的]评价13种大田农药对松毛虫赤眼蜂的急性毒性作用,并参考各农药的田间推荐使用浓度进行安全性评价.[方法]参照《农化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》,开展急性毒性试验.[结果]50％氟环唑悬浮剂对赤眼蜂表现为高风险性,其余12种农药对赤眼蜂表现为中低风险性.[结论]50％氟环唑悬浮剂使用中应严格控制其用量和用药次数,避免对赤眼蜂造成区域性毁灭.

The objectives of the study is to verifythe sensitivities of Rhizoctonia cerealis in Henan province to thifluzamide and to screen the fungicide used to control wheat sharp eyespot. The sensitivities of R. cerealis to thifluzamide was determined by measuring the mycelial growth on the fungicide-amended media using 98 isolates collected from 15 cities of Henan province in 2016.50％ effective concentration (EC50) values of all isolates to thifluzamide ranged from 0.0091 to 0.405 μg·mL-1, respectively. The results of the frequency analysis revealed that subpopulation, which was less sensitive to thifluzamide, were discovered in the tested isolates. The mean EC50 values of (0.043±0.019) μg·mL-1 for most isolates showed a unimodal curve distribution, which was treated as the sensitive baseline of R. cerealis to thifluzamide. The results of both variance analysis by LSD test and hierarchical cluster analysis by SPSS indicated that the isolates from the same region demonstrated different sensitivities, which implied that the ratio of maximum and minimum of EC50values of isolates from the same region ranged from 1.78 to 34.89.However, there was no significant difference in the sensitivity to thifluzamide among the isolates from most of the regions, which showed that the average EC50value of the isolates from all the regions ranged from 0.035 to 0.155 μg·mL-1 and the ratio ofmaximum tominimum of average EC50 value was 4.41. The isolates collected from different regions demonstrated different sensitivities. Especially, the correlation efficiencyexisted between thifluzamide and propiconazole, tebuconazole, difenoconazole, jinggangmycin and tolclofos-methyl was low. Most of the isolates of R. cerealis from Henan province were sensitive to thifluzamide and the fungicide canbe used to control wheat sharp eyespot as a replacement.In the field, tebuconazole, difenoconazole, jinggangmycin and tolclofos-methyl could be used alternatively with thifluzamide to prolong the lifetime.

为明确河南省小麦赤霉病菌对戊唑醇的敏感性,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了戊唑醇对2016年自该省11个县(市)分离的113株病菌菌丝生长的毒力.结果表明,戊唑醇对小麦赤霉病菌菌丝生长最低抑制浓度为4 ug·mL-1,对供试菌株的EC50值变化范围为0.010～0.237 μg·mL-1,平均EC50为0.057±0.041 μg·mL-1;敏感性频率分布图显示,病菌群体中虽然出现了对戊唑醇敏感性下降的亚群体,但仍有81.4％的菌株的敏感性频率呈正态分布,可将此部分菌株的平均EC50值(0.041±0.016 μg·mL-1)作为小麦赤霉病菌对戊唑醇的敏感性基线;方差分析(LSD法)及SPSS聚类结果均显示,同一县(市)内的菌株对戊唑醇的敏感性差异较大,EC50最大值和最小值之比变化范围为1.10～14.23,而除周口沈丘及洛阳孟津菌株外,其余地区菌株对戊唑醇敏感性差异不明显,对戊唑醇的EC50平均值变化范围为0.038～0.101 μg·mL-1,相差2.66倍;小麦赤霉病菌对戊唑醇与其对多菌灵、咯菌腈的敏感性之间无明显相关性.戊唑醇依然可以应用到河南省小麦赤霉病的化学防治上,但生产中应持续监测病菌对药剂的敏感性变化.

测定了新奥霉素(xinaomycin)母药对5种非靶标生物——斑马鱼Brachydanio rerio、大型溞Daphnia magna Straus、羊角月芽藻Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata、意大利工蜂Apis mellifera L.和家蚕Bombyx mori的急性毒性.结果显示:新奥霉素母药对斑马鱼96 h-LC50值大于100 mg/L;对大型溞48 h-EC50值为1.48 mg/L;对羊角月芽藻72 h-EyC50值为8.74 mg/L,72 h-ErC50值为29.2 mg/L;对意大利工蜂急性经口96 h-LD50值为31.3μg/蜂,急性接触96 h-LD50值为39.9μg/蜂;对家蚕96 h-LC50值大于2.00×103 mg/L.研究表明,新奥霉素母药对斑马鱼、羊角月芽藻、蜜蜂、家蚕均为低毒,对大型溞是中等毒性.

[Aims] The aims were to evaluate the safety of xinaomycin on Coturnix japonica.[Methods] The acute oral toxicity and feeding toxicity of xinaomycin on C.japonica were determined reference to'test guidelines on environmental safety assessment for chemical pesticides'.[Results] The acute oral LD50 of xinaomycin on C.japonica was above 1718.660 mg/kg b.w.,the acute feeding LC50 of xinaomycin on C.japonica was 3113.182 mg/kg feed.[Conclusions] The toxicity of xinaomycin on C.japonica is low.

[目的]评价24％噻呋酰胺悬浮剂对斑马鱼、大型溞、羊角月牙藻的急性毒性及安全性.[方法]参照《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》,测定24％噻呋酰胺悬浮剂对斑马鱼、大型溞、羊角月牙藻的LC50或EC50值,并对试验中噻呋酰胺药液的真实浓度进行检测,判断其急性毒性并做出安全性评价.[结果]24％噻呋酰胺悬浮剂对斑马鱼急性毒性为低毒,95％噻呋酰胺原药对斑马鱼急性毒性为中毒;24％噻呋酰胺悬浮剂对大型潘急性毒性为中毒,对羊角月牙藻为低毒.[结论]生产应用中仍应注意控制噻呋酰胺的用量,尽量减小其对环境的危害.

[目的]评价三唑类杀菌剂对蜜蜂的急性毒性及风险性.[方法]参照《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》,测定4种三唑类杀菌剂对蜜蜂的急性经口和急性接触毒性,并利用计算危害商值的方法对其做出风险性评价.[结果]三唑酮、三环唑和丙环唑对蜜蜂急性毒性为低毒,风险等级为低风险;氟环唑对蜜蜂急性毒性为高毒,风险等级为中等风险.[结论]生产应用中选择对蜜蜂风险性低的品种,并尽量避开蜜源区及流蜜期使用.

为建立空心莲子草致病菌假隔链格孢菌Nimbya alternantherae的原生质体提取体系,以其强致病性野生型菌株N.alternantherae 11-2为供试菌株,研究了不同菌龄、酶系统、酶解时间及稳渗剂等对假隔链格孢菌原生质体制备及再生的影响,并采用聚乙二醇PEG介导转化法,构建了随机插入突变体库.结果表明,在酵母浸出粉胨葡萄糖液体培养基中培养2d的假隔链格孢菌丝体,以0.7M山梨醇为稳渗剂,同时使用2％裂解酶、2％崩溃酶和2％蜗牛酶3种酶的混合液,在30℃下酶解3h能获得足量的原生质体,且其再生率也可满足后继转化试验的要求.

[Objective] The aim was to study effects of nutriment on biological characteristics of anthracnose pathogen of Colletotrichum capsici.[Method] Two strains of Colletotrichum capsici were isolated and identified.Effects of nutriment like carbon sources and nitrogen sources on biological characteristics of mycelium like the mycelial growth,conidial production and dry weight were studied by means of decussating method and hemocytometer measurement method.[Result] The optimum carbon sources for mycelium growth and sporulation of C.nigrum were maltose and starch,respectively;fructose and glucose were the optimum carbon sources for mycelium growth of C.piperatum,and sorbose was suitable for sporulation.The optimum nitrogen sources for mycelium growth were beef extract and protein peptone,and the optimal nitrogen source for spore production was yeast.[Conclusion] The research provides theoretical basis for the effective control of pepper anthracnose.

[Objective] The research aimed to provide the theoretical basis for the application of berberine.[Method] The toxicity of the new botanical pesticide berberine,to Colletotrichum capsici and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and the field control effectiveness on the pepper anthracnose were investigated.[Result] EC50 of berberine to Colletotrichum capsici and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were 44.505 8 and 39.247 5 μg/ml,respectively.Field efficacy trials showed that 95% berberine had a good control effect on pepper anthracnose.[Conclusion] 95% berberine had a broad prospect for the prevention of the pepper anthracnose,which could be applied in the production.

Comparative tests of herbicide effectiveness between 7.5% pyroxsulam and 6.9% fenoxaprop-p-ethyl were carried out in Dabaidian and Yangdian simultaneously at the wheat seeding stage and 2~4 leaves stage of Alopecurus japonicas.The results show that the weed controlling efficiency of 7.5% pyroxsulam WG + adjuvants(2 250 g/hm2) is the best,weight defend can get 99% after freatment for 60 days.Nevertheless,the weight defend of 6.9% fenoxaprop-p-ethyl ME 207 g/hm2 is lower than 90% after freatment for 60 days in Dabaidian,and is lower than 50% after freatment for 90 days in Yangdian.These reveal that the weed Alopecurus japonicas in two trial sites might have resistant to acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase(ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides,especially in Yangdian country.

[Objective]The research aimed to study the residue dynamics of chlorpyrifos in peanut and soil.[Method] Chlorpyrifos in the samples was extracted with organic solvent,purified with colum chromatography of florisil and detected by capillary gas chromatography with electron capture delector.[Result] The average recoveries in plant,peanut kernel,peanut shell and soil were ranged from 80.83% to 96.09%.The standard deviations were from 2.68% to 6.07%,and the coefficients of variation were from 3.05% to 6.90%.The minimum detectable amount of chlorpyrifos standard was 2.0×10-12 g.And the minimum detectable concentrations in plant,peanut kernel,peanut shell and soil were 0.006,0.006,0.006 and 0.003mg/kg,respectively.The test in Anhui and Guangdong Province indicated that the half-lives of chlorpyrifos were from 2.64 to 4.63 days in plant,while in soil were from 6.59 to 7.15 days.The maximum final residues of chlorpyrifos in peanut kernel,shell and plant were 0.02,0.82 and 0.43 mg/kg.[Conclusion] 15% GR of chlorpyrifos could be applied to control soil-insect of peanut with the dosage less than 3 600 ai g/hm2 and used one time,and the safety interval was 28 days.

Residue decline dynamics of fluroxypyr in rice plant,rice and rice hull,paddy soil and water was reported.Fluroxypyr in the samples was extracted with NaOH-methanol,purified with liquid-liquid extraction and detected by capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detector after methyl esterification.The results showed that the average recoveries in paddy plant,soil,water,rice and rice hull ranged from 85.5% to 103.2%,the RSD was from 1.9% to 9.9%,the limit of detection of fluroxypyr standard was 2.0×10-12g,and the limit of quantification in paddy plants,rice,rice hull,soil and water were 0.005,0.02,0.005,0.002 mg/kg and 0.001 mg/L,respectively.The test in Anhui and Guangdong Province in 2007 and 2008 indicated that the half-life of fluroxypyr were from 4.9 d to 6.0 d in plant,while in soil were from 5.5 d to 8.6 d,in water were from 11.0 d to 13.8 d.The final residues of fluroxypyr in rice were lower than Chinese MRL of 0.2 mg/kg.It was suggested that 5% WP of fluroxypyr should be applied to control weeds in rice field with the dosage less than 168.8 a.i.g/ha at period of seedling establishment.

The occurrence of Deoxynivalenol(DON) toxins was quantified via gas chromatography with electron capture detection in different kinds of wheat-based foods(instant noodles,biscuits,bread and cakes) in Nanjing,China.A total of 74 commercially available samples were collected from the supermarkets from December 2008 to May 2009.The incidence of DON was 73.0%,and the content range was 0.00~11.3 mg·kg-1 among the tested samples,with the average of 1.80 mg·kg-1.The average DON contents in instant noodles,biscuits,bread and cakes were 1.95,2.25,0.62 and 0.31 mg·kg-1,respectively.Among the 74 samples,37 contained exessive DON titers compared with the state standard(1 mg·kg-1).The present investigation revealed that DON toxins are the frequent contaminants in wheat-based foods.

The fungicides from Chinese medicine plant origin were summarized in.The resource,the active ingredient and the reaction mechanism.Their problems and prospects were also expounded.

Abamectin belongs to the family of macrocyclic lactones,which had been found wide usage in crop and livestock against a board spectrum of pesticides and arthropods. As a poison substance,the abamectin residue in plant and animal tissue should be considered. Some determination methods of abamectin residue have been analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector(HPLC-FLD),HPLC-MS,immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC),ELISA method and in different matrices,such as grain,vegetable,fruit,soil,blood,bovine muscle.