Mulberry fruit sclerotiniose is a prevalent disease caused by the fungal species Ciboria shiraiana, C. carunculoides, and Scleromitrula shiraiana of the order Helotiales, and severely affects the production of mulberry. However, these species have only been identified using morphological and rDNA-ITS sequence analyses, and their genetic variation is unclear. To address this, morphological and two-locus (ITS and RPB2) phylogenetic analyses were conducted using culture-dependent and independent methods for 49 samples from 31 orchards across four provinces in China. Illumina MiSeq sequencing was used to assess the fungal communities obtained from fruits varying in disease severity and color from an orchard in Wuhan. Conidial suspensions of C. shiraiana and C. carunculoides isolated from diseased fruits, diseased fruits affected with hypertrophy and pellet sorosis sclerotiniose, and mycelia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were determined to be pathogenic to the mulberry cultivar YSD10. However, fruits inoculated with S. sclerotiorum mycelia exhibited nontypical disease symptoms, and mycelia and conidia obtained from C. carunculoides and S. shiraiana strains were not pathogenic. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses using the sequences of the assessed loci indicated species variability with no evidence of geographic specialization. Metagenomic analysis revealed that the diversity of fungal communities was reduced with disease progression. Furthermore, within a single fruit, the presence of two Ciboria spp. was detected. These results provide novel insights into Ciboria spp., revealing the secondary infections caused by conidia in diseased fruits, genetic variations of the pathogens, and the occurrence of coinfection. This improved understanding of fungal pathogens will aid in developing effective disease control strategies.

[目的]桑椹肥大型菌核病是由桑实杯盘菌(Ciboria shiraiana)引起的果桑毁灭性病害,通过研究拟采取化学或生物防治措施安全有效控制该病害.[方法]测定了 13种不同药剂对桑实杯盘菌菌丝生长的抑制作用,选择抑菌效果较好的药剂进行了 2年田间防治试验,研究了不同药剂和不同防治时期对防治效果的影响,并进行农药残留检测;同时比较了哈茨木霉和枯草芽孢杆菌2种常用生防菌剂对病害的防治效果.[结果]50％咪鲜胺锰和42.4％唑咪·氟酰胺抑菌效果最好,EC50均为0.01 μg·mL-1;其次是50％多菌灵、50％异菌脲、30％戊唑·多菌灵、50％腐霉利;72％霜脲·锰锌抑菌效果最差,EC50为15.10μg·mL-1.多菌灵、咪鲜胺锰盐和唑醚·氟酰胺2年田间校正防效较好,均在95％以上,腐霉利校正防效较差,为88.11％.多菌灵农药残留超标,咪鲜胺锰盐、唑醚·氟酰胺和腐霉利在安全范围内.鹊口期、开叶期和花穗形成期后开始喷药校正防效分别为96.98％、97.65％和96.39％,初花期开始施药的校正防效为91.40％,与前3个时期存在显著差异.哈茨木霉和枯草芽孢杆菌校正防效分别为61.74％和54.74％.[结论]为防止病菌产生抗药性,在果桑花穗形成期开始可交替使用咪鲜胺锰盐和唑醚·氟酰胺,7～10d喷施1次,采摘前25～30 d可停止用药,该方法可安全有效控制病害,并满足食品安全需求.生物防治效果不理想,还需进一步探索和优化.

[目的]探讨不同砧木对果桑品种紫晶(Morus multicaulis'Zijing')树体长势及果实品质的影响,以期为生产中果桑砧木的选择提供参考依据.[方法]通过测定植株砧木粗度、接穗粗度、枝条长度和粗度、枝条数量、果实单果质量、纵横径、果形指数、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、糖酸比、可溶性蛋白含量、维生素C含量、花青苷含量、可溶性糖含量和还原糖含量等指标,研究了8种桑树砧木(桑特优2号、8632实生苗、桂桑优62、鲁杂1号、浙杂1号、浙杂3号、丰驰桑和秦桑1号)对紫晶植株生长和果实品质性状的影响,并通过主成分分析对各砧穗组合性状进行综合评价.[结果]不同砧木的紫晶植株生长及果实品质均存在显著性差异.其中,紫晶/浙杂3号的砧木粗度最大,紫晶/秦桑1号的接穗粗度、枝条长度及枝条粗度均最大,紫晶/桑特优2号的砧木粗度、接穗粗度、枝条长度和枝条粗度则最小,紫晶/桂桑优62的穗砧粗度比值为最接近于1,表明其嫁接亲和性较好,而每棵树的枝条总数无显著性差异.以8632实生苗为砧木的植株长势较强,果实单果质量、大小、可溶性固形物含量、还原糖含量及糖酸比(可溶性糖含量/可滴定酸含量)、花青苷含量均较高,且可滴定酸含量较低.以桂桑优62为砧木的果实可溶性糖含量最高,以桑特优2号为砧木的果实可溶性蛋白含量最高,以8632实生苗为砧木的维生素C含量最高.利用主成分分析对8种砧穗组合植株生长和果实品质性状进行综合评价,共提取出5个主成分,累计方差贡献率为94.286％.综合性状得分最高的是8632实生苗,其次是浙杂3号,得分最低的是桑特优2号.[结论]以8632实生苗为砧木的紫晶综合性状最好,是紫晶较为理想的砧木.

[目的]研究淹水胁迫下不同繁育方式桑树的叶片光合生理参数、渗透调节物质和保护酶系统的动态变化,揭示不同繁育方式桑树对水淹逆境的响应策略及差异,为桑树在消落带逆境的生态修复应用提供理论基础.[方法]选择嫁接、扦插繁殖的蜀果(SG)和澳玉(AY)桑苗,通过套盆模拟水淹胁迫(ys),在0、3、7、12、18天测定桑树叶片的光合参数、叶绿素含量、渗透调节物质含量(可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、脯氨酸、丙二醛)及叶片保护酶活性(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化酶)的动态变化,探讨不同繁育方式桑树对水淹逆境的响应差异.[结果]1)叶绿素含量随水淹天数增加而下降,但不同品种桑苗之间有差异(P>0.05);2)CK处理叶片的净光合速率(Pn)日变化呈双峰曲线,而ys处理的桑苗呈单峰曲线,且扦插繁育的值大于嫁接繁育(P>0.05),桑树叶片光合参数动态变化结果显示,各处理桑树叶片、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)随水淹胁迫时间的延长呈先下降后上升趋势,且扦插繁育值大于嫁接繁育(P>0.05);3)随着水淹时间延长,各处理桑树叶片渗透调节物质含量变化整体呈下降趋势;4)各处理桑树能在整个水淹胁迫期间通过增加超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性来清除活性氧,维持生理生长,但过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化酶(APX)的活性呈下降趋势.[结论]水淹胁迫降低了桑树的光合作用,但QC繁育桑树的光合作用能力大于嫁接繁育的.随水淹时间延长,2个品种桑树均不能通过积累渗透条件物质来降低渗透势.SOD为桑树应答水淹胁迫的主要防御酶.对不同品种的水淹胁迫响应速度,扦插繁育的SG快于嫁接繁育的,而嫁接繁育的AY快于扦插繁育的;在本试验水淹逆境下,SG适宜扦插繁育而AY适宜嫁接繁育.

为了研究不同基因型果桑果实(桑椹,又称桑果)的糖酸积累及相关酶活代谢特征,选择桑椹甜度差异较大的大10(DS)和白玉王(BY)2个果桑品种,分别于不同发育时期测定鲜桑椹的可溶性糖含量、有机酸含量及蔗糖代谢相关酶活性.结果 显示,2个果桑品种桑椹不同发育时期的糖分含量存在差异,可溶性糖含量从红果期开始至初熟期呈直线上升的趋势,初熟期至成熟期有不同程度的下降.糖分含量中果糖和葡萄糖含量高于其他糖分,糖分积累均以果糖和葡萄糖为主,但2个果桑品种桑椹在成熟期蔗糖含量均上升至较高水平.成熟期BY桑椹的有机酸含量均低于或与DS桑椹相仿,但差异不大.DS桑椹中蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性与蔗糖合成作用呈正相关,BY桑椹中蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性与蔗糖积累正相关.对DS和BY 2个果桑品种鲜桑椹糖组分的主成分分析结果表明,在第1主成分(PC1)中,葡萄糖和麦芽糖的载荷系数比较大,共同构成其方差变异的主要因素;而在第2主成分(PC2)中,构成其方差变异的主要因素是蔗糖.果糖和葡萄糖可以作为评价不同栽培措施对BY和DS桑椹糖风味的主要评价参数.

桑椹菌核病是主要由桑实杯盘菌Ciboria shiraiana、桑椹核地杖菌Scleromitrula shiraiana和肉阜状杯盘菌Ciboria carunculoides引起的果桑毁灭性病害.采用组织分离法从健康桑椹中分离纯化获得内生细菌Wh-1,对其进行抑菌谱测定和种类鉴定;以桑实杯盘菌为靶标菌株研究Wh-1发酵滤液拮抗活性,分析拮抗机理.结果表明:Wh-1对分离自发病桑椹上的真菌具有显著拮抗作用,对桑椹核地杖菌,肉阜状杯盘菌,桑实杯盘菌的抑菌率分别为100％,100％,63.15％;基于形态学、Biolog鉴定及16 S rDNA序列分析结果,将该菌株鉴定为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Bacillus velezens,其在PDB中振荡培养48 h,发酵滤液具有较强拮抗活性;PDA平板中发酵滤液的体积分数为5％时可完全抑制菌丝的生长;且发酵滤液热稳定性好.发酵滤液对桑实杯盘菌菌丝有致畸作用,Wh-1菌株具有脂肽基因(srfAA)、芽孢菌霉素基因(bmyB)、杆菌溶素基因(bacA)、丰原素基因(fenD)和生物素基因(bioA)脂肽类化合物合成相关功能基因.菌株Wh-1可作为开发桑椹菌核病生防制剂较为理想的候选菌株.

The photosynthesis characteristics and photosynthetic related gene expression of high-yield mulberry varieties Esang 1 (E1) and control mulberry variety Husang 32(H32) were studied to provide a theoretical basis for high-efficiency breeding of mulberry trees and screening of germplasm resources. Using LI-6400XT mulberry leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluo-rescence parameters, chlorophyll content and ribulose carboxylase(RUBP) activity were measured simultaneously, transcriptome sequencing was performed on the peaks and valleys of mulberry photosynthesis curves, and the differences in photosynthetic related gene expression among different mulberry varieties were compared. The results of photosynthetic variation of E1 and H32 showed that the Pn peak of E1 leaves was significantly larger than that of H32 (P﹤0.05), and the peak of Tr of H32 leaves was significantly larger than that of E1 (P﹤0.05). In the Pn-PAR and Pn-Ci responses of different mulberry leaves, CE and CSP were E1﹥H32, AQY , LCP, LSP and CCP were H32﹥E1. The ability of E1 to achieve photosynthetic product accu-mulation under weaker light intensity is stronger than that of H32, and the utilization efficiency of E1 to low concentration CO2 is better than that of H32; among the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of different mulberry varieties, φPS Ⅱand qP of E1 leaves were significantly higher than H32 (P﹤0.05), and NPQ of H32 was significantly larger than E1 (P﹤0.05), indi-cating that the light energy absorbed by H32 leaves was mainly dissipated in the form of heat energy; the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and chlorophyll content of H32 were significantly lower than E1 (P﹤0.05), and the RUBP activity of E1 was higher than that of H32(P﹥0.05), indicating that the photosynthetic capacity of E1 was better than that of H32. 3 356 DEGs were found in different varieties and different time periods. The metabolic pathway analysis showed that there were 1 136 DEGs annotated to the KEEG database. The photosynthesis-related metabolic pathways significantly enriched by DEGs were mainly photosynthetic carbon sequestration, carbon metabolism, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism. Photosynthetically relat-ed metabolic pathways. A total of 10 new genes related to photosynthesis were screened for highly differentially expressed genes with FC≥2 and FDR﹤0.01. The four DEGs, Mulberry_newGene_3646, Mulberry_newGene_ 14O5, Mulberry_new-Gene_2419 and Mulberry _newGene_32O, may be the key genes causing the difference in net photosynthetic rate and yield between H32 and E1, which can be studied intensively.

为研究不同繁育方式对果桑光合特性和糖积累及相关酶活代谢特征的影响,选择扦插(QC)和嫁接(JJ)2种繁育方式盆栽果桑大10,测定叶片气体交换参数的日变化、动态变化及桑椹不同发育时期的可溶性糖含量、蔗糖代谢相关酶活性变化.结果显示,2种繁育方式果桑净光合速率(Pn)日变化曲线均呈双峰曲线,有明显光合"午休"现象,但QC果桑第二个峰值高于JJ果桑,蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化曲线中均为双峰曲线,Tr最大峰值QC>JJ;表观光能利用效率(LUE)和瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)均为QC>JJ,表观CO2利用效率(CUE)为JJ>QC.2种繁育方式桑椹不同发育时期糖分含量存在差异,可溶性糖(Tss)含量从红果期呈上升趋势,糖分积累以果糖(Fru)和葡萄糖(Glc)为主,桑椹为蔗糖(Can)和己糖共同积累型果实.SS和SPS活性随发育过程的变化类似.不同繁育方式桑椹NI活性在果实发育后期较前期活跃,光合生理参数与桑椹糖积累及蔗糖代谢相关酶活相关性分析表明,Tss、Fru、Glc均与Pn、LUE、CUE、WUE呈正相关,QC和JJ桑椹糖含量差异表明,不同繁育方式对桑椹光合同化物运输与分配有影响.

针对湖北省桑园立地务件差,肥料使用不科学,造成土壤营养元素缺乏和不平衡等问题,开展测土配方优化施肥试验示范.通过对郧西县六郎乡罗坡垭村桑园土壤肥力的分析发现,土壤养分含量中等,表现为极缺碱解氮,进而制订了不施肥、习惯施肥(全年尿素750 kg/hm2)和增量施肥(全年尿素1 500 kg/hm2)3个施肥处理方案.结果 表明,增量施肥明显提高了桑树(Morus alba L.)的抽枝能力,促进了桑树枝条的伸长生长,单株产叶量、公顷产叶量及桑叶品质明显提高,桑树的抗旱能力得到改善.得出了气候条件(降雨量)是影响桑树养分吸收量及桑园养分利用率的重要因子结论.

总结了夏季高温条件下6份果桑资源成年大树的移栽技术.研究了不同果桑资源大树移栽后桑芽(潜伏芽)的萌发时间、萌发力和抽梢能力(即耐剪伐能力),移栽成活率,以及株行间撒播不同草种生草对果桑植株生长发育的影响,重点介绍了成年果桑大树移栽前的准备、起树、栽植的操作及定植后的管理技术要领.试验结果表明,不同果桑资源植株移栽成活率与其桑芽萌发时间、萌发力及抽梢能力呈正相关;“紫晶”和“大10”移栽成活率最高,分别为100％和97.1％,其次是“台湾72C002”和“台湾46C019”,移栽成活率分别为84.6％和73.7％,而“新疆白桑”和“红果2号”移栽成活率相对较低,分别为50.0％和46.2％;株行间人工间作黑麦草会对桑树根系造成干旱胁迫,导致桑树植株缺水,叶片黄化,而株行间人工间作箭舌豌豆和光叶苕子的果桑植株叶片绿亮,未表现出干旱胁迫症状.

为明确引起桑椹腐烂病的病原菌种类,2017年从湖北省采集病果,采用常规组织分离法进行分离,用分离纯化的菌株进行菌丝块针刺和孢子液注射接种健康果均可致病,形态学鉴定发现其形态学特征与灰霉菌(Botrytis cinerea)一致.在GenBank进行Blast比对,该菌株的rDNA-ITS序列与Botrytis cinerea和Botrytis fabae相似率最高为99％,用区分Botrytis cinerea和Botrytis fabae的特异性引物进行检测,同时构建分子系统进化树进行分子生物学鉴定,进一步表明该菌为Botrytis cinerea.致病性测定、形态学及分子生物学鉴定结果表明,引起湖北省桑椹腐烂病的病原菌为Botrytis cinerea.

The degenerate primers were designed according to the mitogen-activated protein kinases Smk1 from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Using the degenerate primers to carry out RT-PCR, length of 856 bp cDNA fragments of mitogen-activated protein kinases Mmk1 of S. shiraiana were cloned. Sequencing results were queried for similarity against the GenBank using Blastx, and found that the amino acids sequences encoded by cloned fragments had high homology with MAPK amino acid sequences of other fungi. Real time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that expression of the gene decreased with the growth of the strain. Molecular characterization of Mmk1 will be useful for the further functional determination of the gene involving in the development of sclerotium.

本文通过测定澄清型桑椹汁的澄清度、褐变指数、总酚含量和可溶性蛋白含量,探讨了储藏温度和氧气对其后浑浊的影响.结果表明,随着储藏时间延长,储藏温度越高,包装中氧气存留越多,则酚类物质和可溶性蛋白质的损失程度越大.褐变程度越大,果汁浑浊形成越多,所以低温储藏和真空灌装能较好的降低澄清型桑椹汁的后浑浊程度.

In four consecutive years,the test mulberry gardens were applied with 3 000 kg mulberry-special organic-inorganic compound fertilizer per hectare(TA),3 750 kg mulberry-special organic-inorganic compound fertilizer per hectare(TB),urea with nitrogen content equivalent to TA treatment(TC),and compound fertilizer with nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium contents equivalent to TA treatment(TD).In the third and fourth years,an LI-6400 potable photosynthesis system was used to measure photosynthetic physiological parameters of mulberry leaves under the above four fertilization schemes.The net photosynthetic rate(Pn) of mulberry leaves in TA and TB treatments were significantly higher than that in TC and TD treatments(P<0.05).The transpiration rate(E) of mulberry leaves in TB treatment was significantly lower than that in other treatments(P<0.05).But the photosynthetic capacity(Pm),apparent quantum yield of carbon assimilation(AQY),carboxylation efficiency(CE),maximum regeneration velocity of ribulose bisphosphate(RUBPmax) and chlorophyll content in TB treatment were all higher than those in other treatments.Moreover,the differences in CE and RUBPmax reached significant level(P<0.05),and leaf yield per plant in TB treatment was significantly higher than that in other treatments(P<0.05).These results showed that application of 3 750 kg organic-inorganic compound fertilizer per hectare in mulberry garden can improve the photosynthetic capability and leaf yield of mulberry.

桑园套作是提高蚕桑生产效益的途径之一.为了对桑树与红薯套作桑园进行合理的栽培管理,在自然条件下测定分析单作、套作模式桑树与红薯叶片的气体交换参数以及净光合速率(Pn)对光和CO2的响应特性.结果表明,单作模式的桑树或红薯均有明显的光合“午休”现象,而套作模式的桑树与红薯则无光抑制现象;套作模式的桑树与红薯的表观量子效率(AQY)和羧化效率(CE)大于单作模式,单作模式的桑树或红薯的Pn、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、表观光能利用效率(LUE)季节变化均值显著大于套作模式(P＜0.05);影响2种套作植物的Pn最主要的环境因子是光合有效辐射(PAR),同时Gs和Tr都受空气相对湿度的影响.综合上述试验结果认为,桑树与红薯套作可提高群体的表观量子效率和羧化效率及对水分的利用效率,但降低了表观光能利用效率和CO2利用效率,所以需要优化套作模式下桑树的冠层结构及桑园套作红薯的配置比例,最终使桑树、红薯丰产,达到使桑园产值最大化的目的.

Based on the analysis of climate conditions in Western Hubei,soil fertility investigation of silkworm mulberry plantations,and comparison of situation of variety,density,tree type planted in mulberry plantations,combined with the local mulberry field management habits of mulberry farmers,improvement measures for good quality,high yield and high efficiency production in mulberry plantations in Western Hubei were proposed according to the problems existed in the cultivation management and the good quality,high yield and high efficiency production management requirements.

In order to improve the solar energy utilization efficiency in intercropping mulberry-sweetpotato community,and optimize the spatial management,diurnal and dynamic variation of photosynthetic characteristics of mulberry and sweetpotato was investigated.The results showed that an obvious midday photosynthelic depression of mulberry and sweetpotato in monoculture appeared at 12∶00 pm;but the photoinhibition of sweetpotato in intercropping was not obvious.The light use efficiency,water use efficiency,CO2 water use efficiency of mulberry in intercropping mode was increased by 48.13 percentage point,49.87 percentage point,and 44.18 percentage point than that of mulberry in monoculture,respectively.The active photosynthetical radiation was the main influencing factor of mulberry photosynthetic.The dynamic variation of net photosynthetic rate of mulberry in both monoculture and intercropping mode was 'W' type curve.There was interspecific interaction between intercropping mulberry and sweetpotato,and the photosynthetic capacity of sweetpotato in intercropping was influenced by the shade of mulberry.

Ten mulberry species were taken as materials to detect contents of DNJ,polysaccharide and flavonoid.The results indicated that the three active components differed significantly upon species.Hongguo 2 and Shushen 1,which are of high contents of active components,were selected as materials to measure contents change of active components in fresh fruits during ripening process after full-bloom stage.The research suggested that DNJ mass fractions of Hongguo 2 and Shushen 1 on the 3rd d in full-bloom stage were 0.074 1% and 0.072 5%;DNJ declined gradually with growth of the fruit and DNJ contents in the two cultivars decreased by 49.80% and 58.90% on the 31st d in full-bloom stage,compared with the 3rd d.As mulberry grew,polysaccharide contents in Hongguo 2 and Shushen 1 were increasing and achieved peaks on the 27th d in full-bloom stage at 9.570% and 10.276%,respectively.For total flavonoids,the contents in Hongguo 2 and Shushen 1 were both of two peaks on 11th d and 27th d.The mass fractions were 0.313%,0.444%,and 0.264%,0.326%,accordingly.In addition,DNJ contents in ripe seeds of Hongguo 2 and Shushen 1 were significantly higher than those in fruit,but total flavonoid contents were lower.Polysaccharide was not detected.It can be concluded that mulberry fruits growing for 27 d can be either as excellent food or for medicine.

Polyploid mulberry varieties have strong growth vigor,big and thick leaves,excellent leaf quality and other valuable traits.In present study,LI-6400 portable photosynthesis system was employed to measure various photosynthetic physiological parameters and their variation regularities in Esang 2,a tetroploid mulberry variety obtained from artificial mutation and cultivation,and in Husang 32,a diploid mulberry,to analyze the photosynthetic physiological mechanism of high yield and quality of polyploid mulberry.The results indicated that the diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate(Pn) of both tetraploid and diploid mulberry leaves was in double-curve form,but the peak value appeared at different hours.Light compensation point(LCP) of Esang 2[55.89 mol/(m2·s)] was higher than that of Husang 32[39.90 mol/(m2·s)],and light saturation point(LSP) of Esang 2[1 332.44 mol/(m2·s)] was lower than that of Husang 32[1 572.06 mol/(m2·s)].The net photosynthetic rate,apparent quantum yield(AQY),carboxylation efficiency(CE),volume of stoma restriction(Ls) had no significant difference between Esang 2 and Husang 32.The photosynthetic capacity(Pm) and max regeneration velocity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate(RuBP) had significant difference(P<0.05),both of which were lower in Esang 2 than in Husang 32.Pn seasonal variation of Esang 2 was in order of October 8th>August 12th>September 22nd>September 13th>August 30th,while that of Husang 32 was in order of October 8th>September 13th>September 22nd>August 12th>August 30th.Besides,Pn value of Husang 32 was higher than that of Esang 2 on each survey date.Pn of different leaf position in Esang 2 and Husang 32 had no significant difference(P>0.05).However,both leaf area and chlorophyll content of Esang 2 were higher than Husang 32,being significantly different in the 5th,7th,9th and 11th leaf position(P<0.05).It was found that the photosynthetic performance of Esang 2 was lower than Husang 32,but its chlorophyll content and leaf area were significantly higher than Husang 32,which is probably one of the important reasons leading to high yield of Esang 2.

This paper summarized the theoretical basis,meanings and actualities of mulberry stereo planting.When executing the stereo planting,the factors such as the proper crops,the coordinated growth between the main crop and the subsidiary crop,the reasonable mixture ratio should be taken into account.Moreover,the investment should be enhanced,aiming at achieving the green production.