Mulberry fruit sclerotiniosis is a common soil-borne disease. We hypothesize that there is a relationship between the incidence of mulberry fruit sclerotiniosis and the soil fungal community. Therefore four mulberry genotypes with different resistance to sclerotiniosis were selected to study their soil fungal community under the same condition. A total of 6 phyla and 93 genera were identified from all mulberry samples. Genera affected by genotype, cover, and genotype by cover interactions, were 23, 20, and 11, respectively. There were 10 genera that differed between the resistant cultivars and the susceptible cultivars. In addition, the relative abundances of Humicola and Mortierella in the resistant mulberry cultivars with the cover treatments were significantly higher than that of in the susceptible cultivars. However, the relative abundance of Sclerotiniaceae and Scleromitrula that may cause sclerotiniosis in the uncover treatments were significantly higher compared with the cover treatments. The results suggested that the genotype of mulberry has a significant impact on the soil microbial community that may result in differences in resistance to sclerotiniosis, and covering could reduce the relative abundance of Sclerotiniaceae or Scleromitrula.

采用常规稀释平板法和Biolog Eco微平板技术,研究湖北省蚕区3种土壤类型桑园获取3种土壤类型桑园的桑树根际和非根际土壤微生物数量、种群结构与代谢功能多样性,为改善桑园土壤质量及改进桑园肥培管理提供依据.7个采样点获取3种土壤类型桑园的桑树根际细菌数量(黄棕壤土样2-2除外)、种群结构、微生物代谢活性(AWCD)、多样性指数等指标均高于非根际土壤,并且桑树根际和非根际土壤微生物均是对糖类的利用能力最强,而对胺类和其他混合物类碳源的利用能力较低.黄棕壤土样2-1检测到的桑树根际细菌数量、多样性指数、AWCD值及对氨基酸类、糖类、羧酸类碳源的利用能力高于其他桑园土壤样品,而石灰岩土样1-2检测到的桑树根际和非根际土壤的细菌与真菌数量、AWCD值最低,碳源利用主成分分析亦表明该土样采集桑园与其他土壤类型桑园间的差异较大.石灰岩土样1-1和黄棕壤土样2-1、2-2、2-3检测到的桑树根际优势菌属中均有Rhizobium,且桑树根际土壤的速效氮含量均高于其他采样点桑园土壤.相关分析表明,土壤的细菌数量与AWCD值和多样性指数两两之间达到了极显著相关(P＜0.01)或显著相关水平(P＜0.05),而真菌数量除与AWCD值呈正相关外,与其他各指标间均呈负相关关系.综上认为,黄棕壤土样2-1采集桑园的土壤能够为桑树的生长发育创造良好的微生态环境;石灰岩土样1-2采集桑园则应通过耕作、施肥措施为桑树创造良好的生长发育环境.

利用稀释平板法与Biolog-Eco技术对桑树单作、桑树-大豆间作的桑园土壤微生物数量、种群结构以及微生物碳代谢多样性进行研究,为桑树合理间作其它作物改良桑园土壤提供理论依据.桑树间作大豆的桑园,桑树根际(IMR)土壤中的细菌和放线菌数量、可培养细菌种群结构、微生物碳代谢活性的平均单孔颜色变化率(AWCD)及多样性指数(H)均显著高于单作桑园,而真菌数量低于单作桑园.争论贪噬菌(Variovorax paradoxus)和沙福芽孢杆菌(Bacillus safensis)是间作桑园的桑树根际土壤中特有的优势菌属.土壤微生物对不同碳源的利用及主成分分析表明,糖类、氨基酸、聚合物和混合物是间作桑园桑树根际土壤微生物利用的主要碳源类型,利用强度均显著高于单作桑园的桑树根际土壤微生物.间作桑园土壤的有机质、速效磷和速效钾含量亦显著高于单作桑园.以上研究结果表明,桑树间作大豆改变了桑树根际土壤微生物群落结构组成,增强了根际土壤微生物群落的碳代谢多样性,改善了土壤养分条件.

为探求桑树高效施肥技术,研究了每667 m2桑园全年施用有机—无机桑树专用复混肥200 kg时,4种施肥方式,即1次双侧沟施、2次单侧沟施、1次穴施、2次穴施对桑树叶片光合参数、产叶量、品质等的影响.结果显示,1次双侧沟施的施肥方式,桑树叶片净光合速率(Pn)、1,5-二磷酸核酮糖(RUBP)最大再生速率、产叶量、相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)、全糖含量等均显著高于2次单侧沟施、2次穴施和1次穴施的施肥方式,但光合能力、羧化效率、表观量子效率、蛋白质含量与其它施肥方式相比差异不明显(P＜0.05),表明全年1次双侧沟施有机—无机桑树专用复混肥,可提高桑树光合效率和产叶量,并能达到省工、省时的效果.

Sulfite and Fluoride content in leaves of Morus alba L. cv. Nongsang 14, Lagerstroemia indica L, L. indica L. f. alba (Nichols.) Rehd., Quercus acutissima Carruth., and Osmanthus fragrans(Thunb.)Lour. var. aurantiacus Makino in the test point of different pollution level were tested. The result showed that fluoride in M. alba cv. Nongsang 14 is significantly high-er than in others; and with the increasing of atmospheric fluoride pollution, more fluoride was fixed. While the absorption of M. alba cv. Nongsang 14 to SO2 is similar to other plants. SEM result shows leaf surface of M. alba cv. Nongsang 14 is rich of deep wrinkles where particles gathered together, indicating strong adsorptivity to pollution such as dust in atmosphere.

针对家蚕微孢子人工检测的传统作业方式,设计并实现了一种以PC机为控制核心的微孢子显微成像自动聚焦系统.以普通光学显微镜为基础,对载物台三维运动平台进行了高精度的设计改造;优化了针对微孢子显微图像的清晰度评价函数,为平衡调焦范围和调焦速度的矛盾,设计了“二步法”调焦策略.结果表明,该系统自动聚焦的准确度和实时性基本上满足使用需要.

利用选择性培养基,对不同施肥桑树根际解有机磷细菌进行分离、筛选,并采用Biolog自动微生物系统进行鉴定,分析不同施肥桑树根际解有机磷细菌的数量和多样性及土壤养分含量的变化.各施肥处理分离到的菌属主要包括贪噬菌属、气单胞菌属、芽胞杆菌属、假单胞菌属和伯克氏菌属等.施用3 000kg/hm2桑树专用有机-无机复混肥(TA)处理的土壤中解有机磷细菌数量、种群结构、Shannon-Wiene多样性指数(H)和丰富度(S)均高于其他施肥处理.TA处理可提高土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量.相关性分析表明,TA处理土壤中解有机磷细菌数量与土壤速效磷含量呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.66;空白(CK)处理的土壤中解有机磷细菌数量与速效钾含量呈显著负相关,相关系数为-0.62.

Oxysterol-binding protein(OSBP) and its homologues constitute a protein family in many eukaryotes, which is highly conservative, with a high-affinity receptor protein for oxysterols(oxygenated cholesterols), involving in cellular lipid metabolism, vesicle transport and signal transduction. A full-lenth c DNA sequence encoding ORP(Oxysterol binding proteinrelated proteins) was cloned with RT-PCR and rapid amplification of c DNA ends from the mulberry(Morus L.) variety M.multicaulis Perr. cv. Yu 71-1. The sequence was 1 974 bp and contained a 220 bp 5'-UTR and a 383 bp 3'-UTR, had an ORF of 1 371 bp encoding for 456 amino acids with predicted molecular weight of 51.97 k D and theoretical p I of 5.143. Online forecasting protein structural and functional sites and motif with PROSITE and Pfam showed that the protein was belonged to ORP family, having only ORD domain(OSBP-related ligand-binding domain) and containing the highly conserved fingerprint motif EQVSHHPP. Multiple sequence alignment showed that the protein was highly conserved. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the muberry had a closer genetic relationship with Fragaria vesca subsp. vesca L. and Prunus persica Batsch. var. duplex Rehd. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression level was higher in flower, young fruit, and ripe fruit than that in roots, stems and buds. Under salt stress, the expression of gene ORP increased first and then began to decline. It is indicated that the gene may be involved in some physiological responses to stress.

在桑树/马铃薯套种群体系统内,研究不同田间配置条件下,桑园环境因子变化、桑叶气体交换参数特征、桑树冠层对光强度吸收效果及对桑叶产量的影响.结果表明,M2模式可显著提高桑园环境CO2浓度(Ca),M1模式中桑园环境温度(T)最高;3种处理桑树叶片的净光合速率(Pn)日变化均呈双峰曲线,不同处理桑树叶片Pn最大值有差异,M2模式中桑树叶片LUE、WUE、CUE最低.桑树冠层透光率(LTR)及其相应叶面积指数(LAI)测量结果呈极显著相关,LTR随LAI的增加而呈递减的趋势.M1模式的土地生产率最低,M2模式桑树产量指标单株产叶量和公斤叶片数最低,M3模式马铃薯的成本收益率和资金产投比最优.综合分析,桑树密度为1 000株/667m2(株行距170 cm×40 cm)的桑园,套种马铃薯的最佳田间配置为两行桑树间种植2行马铃薯(株行距30 cm×50 cm)与两行桑树间种植1行马铃薯(株距30cm)隔行种植模式.

The various photosynthetic physiological parameters and its changing regularities of Morus alba L.cv. E-sang No.1and M. alba L. var. multicaulis(Perrott.) Loud. cv. Husang No.32 after spring cutting were measured and analyzed. The results showed that the diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate(Pn) of both mulberry leaves was in double-curve form.There were obvious midday photosynthetic depression. The stomatal limitation was the main cause for the decline of photosynthetic capacity. The light use efficiency(LUE) of M. alba cv. E-sang No.1 was lower than that of M. alba var.multicaulis cv. Husang No.32. The intrinsic water use efficiency(WUEi) of M. alba cv. E-sang No.1 was higher than that of M. alba var. multicaulis cv. Husang No.32. The potential water use efficiency(WUEp) of M. alba var. multicaulis cv. Husang No.32 was higher than that of M. alba cv. E-sang No.1. The light saturation point(LSP) of M. alba var. multicaulis cv.Husang No.32 [1 412.46 μmol(m2·s)] was higher than that of M. alba cv. E-sang No.1 [1 201.63 μmol/(m2·s)]. The light compensation point(LCP) of M. alba cv. Husang No.32[26.99 μmol/(m2·s)] was lower than that of M. alba cv. E-sang No.1[31.02 μmol/(m2·s)]. The apparent quantum yield(AQY), carboxylation efficiency(CE), photosynthetic capacity(Pm) and max regeneration velocity of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate(Ru BPmax) of M. alba var. multicaulis cv. Husang No.32 were higher than those of M. alba cv. E-sang No.1. The Pmand Ru BPmaxhad significant difference(P0.05).The Pnseasonal variation of M. alba var. multicaulis cv. Husang No.32 was higher than that of M. alba cv. E-sang No.1 in May 11 thand May 16 th. The Pnseasonal variation of M. alba var. multicaulis cv. Husang No. 32 was lower than that of M. alba cv. E-sang No.1 in July30 thand August 30 th. The Pnall had significant difference(P 0.05). Photosynthetic active radiation(PAR) was the major ecological factor for the Pn. The relative humidity affected the stomatal conductance(Gs) and transpiration rate(Tr).

In four consecutive years,the test mulberry gardens were applied with 3 000 kg mulberry-special organic-inorganic compound fertilizer per hectare(TA),3 750 kg mulberry-special organic-inorganic compound fertilizer per hectare(TB),urea with nitrogen content equivalent to TA treatment(TC),and compound fertilizer with nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium contents equivalent to TA treatment(TD).In the third and fourth years,an LI-6400 potable photosynthesis system was used to measure photosynthetic physiological parameters of mulberry leaves under the above four fertilization schemes.The net photosynthetic rate(Pn) of mulberry leaves in TA and TB treatments were significantly higher than that in TC and TD treatments(P<0.05).The transpiration rate(E) of mulberry leaves in TB treatment was significantly lower than that in other treatments(P<0.05).But the photosynthetic capacity(Pm),apparent quantum yield of carbon assimilation(AQY),carboxylation efficiency(CE),maximum regeneration velocity of ribulose bisphosphate(RUBPmax) and chlorophyll content in TB treatment were all higher than those in other treatments.Moreover,the differences in CE and RUBPmax reached significant level(P<0.05),and leaf yield per plant in TB treatment was significantly higher than that in other treatments(P<0.05).These results showed that application of 3 750 kg organic-inorganic compound fertilizer per hectare in mulberry garden can improve the photosynthetic capability and leaf yield of mulberry.

Based on ITS sequence marker,the genetic relationship between 17 mulberry germplasm resources including 5 wild mulberry species,1 mulberry cultivar and 1 variant collected in Hubei province and 6 mulberry germplasm resources collected in other provinces was investigated at molecular level so as to provide references for exploration and utilization of unique mulberry germplasm resources in this region.The results show that the consequences of genealogical tree based on ITS sequence marker and of classical sorting method are close.4 Morus cathayana germplasms of Hubei Province have a close genetic relationship with Morus notabili of Sichuan Province,all of which formed a monophyletic clade.3 Morus mongolica,1 Morus mongolica var.diabolica,1 Morus australis,5 Morus alba and 1 Morus bombycis of Hubei Province have a close genetic relationship with Morus atropurpurea,Morus mizuho of Zhejiang and Morus yunnanensis of Yunnan.They clusted into one clade with 2 Morus wittiorm of Hubei Province and Morus laevigate of Qinzhou,Guangxi.DnaSP software was employed to analyze nucleotide diversity of ITS sequences of the tested mulberry germplasm resources,which was found to be correspondent with the concerted evolutionary pattern of angiosperm ITS.And nucleotide variation mainly happened in ITS1 sequence.AMOVA analysis revealed that variation of the tested mulberry germplasm resources mainly exists between species.The interspecific variation rate is 79.49% while the intraspecific genetic variation rate is 20.51%(P<0.001).Mulberry germplasm resources distributed in Hubei Province are within the protective range of cold resistance.They are the species formed after mulberry plants migrated into this area.

桑园套作是提高蚕桑生产效益的途径之一.为了对桑树与红薯套作桑园进行合理的栽培管理,在自然条件下测定分析单作、套作模式桑树与红薯叶片的气体交换参数以及净光合速率(Pn)对光和CO2的响应特性.结果表明,单作模式的桑树或红薯均有明显的光合“午休”现象,而套作模式的桑树与红薯则无光抑制现象;套作模式的桑树与红薯的表观量子效率(AQY)和羧化效率(CE)大于单作模式,单作模式的桑树或红薯的Pn、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、表观光能利用效率(LUE)季节变化均值显著大于套作模式(P＜0.05);影响2种套作植物的Pn最主要的环境因子是光合有效辐射(PAR),同时Gs和Tr都受空气相对湿度的影响.综合上述试验结果认为,桑树与红薯套作可提高群体的表观量子效率和羧化效率及对水分的利用效率,但降低了表观光能利用效率和CO2利用效率,所以需要优化套作模式下桑树的冠层结构及桑园套作红薯的配置比例,最终使桑树、红薯丰产,达到使桑园产值最大化的目的.

Photosynthesis, chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence, and antioxidant enzymes were measured in the mulberry (Morus spp.) cultivars Da 10, Hongguo 2, Anza 1, and Taiwan 72C002, which were subjected to salinity and high-temperature stress (STS; 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% NaCl concentrations, 34.5°C–40.5°C/27.8°C–29.2°C day/night temperatures). Control plants were watered with 1 L of full-strength Hoagland’s nutrient solution with no added NaCl. Net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), and effective quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry (ΦPSII) increased in Anza 1 and Taiwan 72C002 under 0.1% STS but decreased in Da 10 and Hongguo 2 compared with the control. However, all the above parameters, including Chl content, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry (Fv/Fm), nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ), and maximum carboxylation velocity of Rubisco (Vcmax, decreased in Taiwan 72C002, Honggua 2, and Da 10 under 0.3% and 0.5% STS, suggesting that photoinhibition occurred under severe STS. Under STS, there were no significant changes in PN, Fv/Fm, ΦPSII, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase activity, superoxide anion radical (O2−) content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, soluble sugar content (SSC), and leaf biomass in Anza 1 even at 0.5% STS, showing that Anza 1 displays high resistance to STS. In addition, peroxidase activity was significantly higher in Anza 1 than in the other mulberry cultivars. Significant adverse effects of severe salinity on photosynthesis and Chl fluorescence parameters were observed in Da 10. Additionally, SOD, peroxidase, and APX activities were lower in Da 10, whereas O2− and MDA contents were higher in comparison with the other mulberry cultivars under 0.3% and 0.5% STS, suggesting that Da 10 had low resistance to STS. These results show that 0.1% STS had a positive effect on photosynthesis and Chl fluorescence parameters in Anza 1 and Taiwan 72C002, and higher peroxidase activity can to a certain extent explain the higher STS tolerance in Anza 1. Damages to DSM photosystems might be related to lower SOD, POD, and APX activities, which resulted in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species.

<正>果桑是由叶桑选育的果用型品种,以采摘桑椹为主。其主要产品桑椹除鲜食外,还可用于加工成药材和保健食品,具有较高营养和保健功能,很受消费者喜爱,鲜果售价远高于常规水果,果桑种植在各地得到

Based on the analysis of climate conditions in Western Hubei,soil fertility investigation of silkworm mulberry plantations,and comparison of situation of variety,density,tree type planted in mulberry plantations,combined with the local mulberry field management habits of mulberry farmers,improvement measures for good quality,high yield and high efficiency production in mulberry plantations in Western Hubei were proposed according to the problems existed in the cultivation management and the good quality,high yield and high efficiency production management requirements.

In order to provide reference for exploring the response mechanism of fruit mulberry seedlings to salt stress and for evaluating salt tolerance of fruit mulberry varieties planted in the western salinization region of China,4 fruit mulberry varieties namely Da 10,Hongguo 2,Anza 1 and Taiwan 72C002 were used to investigate the impact of various salt stress on physiological characteristics of fruit mulberry seedlings.The results indicated that,under low salt stress(0.1% NaCl),the net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),maximal quantum yield of PS Ⅱ photochemistry(Fv/Fm),chlorophyll content and leaf biomass were all increased in seedling leaves of Anza 1 and Taiwan 72C002.Nevertheless,even under high salt stress(0.5% NaCl),Pn,Gs,malonaldehyde(MDA) and soluble sugar content only declined slightly in seedling leaves of Anza 1.The difference did not reach significant level compared to the control(P>0.05),which showed that Anza 1 has good resistance to high salt stress.Under high salt stress(0.5% NaCl),Pn,Gs,Fv/Fm,chlorophyll content and leaf biomass in Da 10 were significantly lower than those of the control(P<0.05),indicating that this variety has poor resistance to high salt stress.Under salt stress,the peroxidase(POD) activity in seedling leaves of different fruit mulberry varieties was different,among which Anza 1 had a POD activity remarkably higher than the other varieties,and showed significant difference compared to Da 10(P<0.05).These results suggest that,in response to salt stress,high POD activity in mulberry leaves have certain osmotic regulatory functions,and the difference of POD activity in different varieties is related with their tolerance to salt stress.

In order to improve the solar energy utilization efficiency in intercropping mulberry-sweetpotato community,and optimize the spatial management,diurnal and dynamic variation of photosynthetic characteristics of mulberry and sweetpotato was investigated.The results showed that an obvious midday photosynthelic depression of mulberry and sweetpotato in monoculture appeared at 12∶00 pm;but the photoinhibition of sweetpotato in intercropping was not obvious.The light use efficiency,water use efficiency,CO2 water use efficiency of mulberry in intercropping mode was increased by 48.13 percentage point,49.87 percentage point,and 44.18 percentage point than that of mulberry in monoculture,respectively.The active photosynthetical radiation was the main influencing factor of mulberry photosynthetic.The dynamic variation of net photosynthetic rate of mulberry in both monoculture and intercropping mode was 'W' type curve.There was interspecific interaction between intercropping mulberry and sweetpotato,and the photosynthetic capacity of sweetpotato in intercropping was influenced by the shade of mulberry.

比较了12种桑园套种模式的桑叶产量构成因子和农作物经济效益,分析了桑叶产量构成因子之间的相关性,并采用AHP方法对桑园套种模式综合经济效益各指标权重作了统计计算。结果表明,套种桑园单位面积平均总条数(x)对平均总条长(y)有显著影响,其拟合多项式方程为y=0.172 7x2-3.289 3x+38.897 0(x>0);桑园套种模式综合经济效益指标权重方面:桑叶产量>农作物净产值>成本收益率>资金产投比>成本投入>农作物产量>土地生产率;桑园套种模式综合经济效益:桑树—生姜>桑树—百合>桑树—白萝卜>桑树—小白菜>桑树—绿豆>桑树—花生>桑树—大豆>桑树—马铃薯>桑树—番茄>桑树—红薯>桑树—玉米>桑树—油菜。

Morus multicaulis Perr.×M.atropurpurea Roxb.cv.Yu71-1 was a mulberry variety with high quality,high yield,strong resistance and wide adaptability selected from the crossing of M.multicaulis cv.Yu No.54 and M.multicaulis×atropurpurea cv.Yu No.2 whom was with rich genetic background.The photosynthesis physiology parameters of Yu71-1 and M.multicaulis cv.Husang No.32 were studied using LI-6400 portable photosynthesis system to analyze the photosynthetic physiology mechanism of high yield and quality of Yu71-1.The results indicated that the diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate(Pn) was double-curve and both appeared photosynthesis nap phenomenon.Light compensation point(LCP) was Yu71-1 [52.05 μmol/(m2·s)]Husang No.32 [39.92 μmol/(m2·s))];and light saturation point(LSP) was Yu71-1 [1 285.18 μmol/(m2·s)] Husang No.32 [1 593.99 μmol/(m2·s)].There was no significant difference(P0.05) in carboxylation efficiency(CE) and apparent quantum yield(AQY) of Yu71-1 and Husang No.32;while the maximum photosynthetic capacity(Pm) and max regeneration velocity of ribulose bisphosphate(RuBP) differed significantly(P0.05),as Yu71-1Husang No.32.Pn seasonal variation of Yu71-1 ranked as October 8th,August 12th,September 22th,September 13th,August 30th,while of Husang No.32 ranked as October 8th,September 13th,September 22th,August 12th,August 30th.Pn of Husang No.32 was higher than that of Yu71-1 in each detection date.However,the fluctuation range of Pn of Yu71-1 was less than that of Husang No.32 in five detection date.The value of SPAD in different leaf position of Yu71-1 was significant higher than Husang No.32(P0.05).The results showed that the photosynthetic performance of Yu71-1 was lower than that of Husang No.32,but Yu71-1 could accumulate photosynthetic products steadily in a long-term;and the chlorophyll content was significant higher than Husang No.32,which might be one of the important factors for good quality and high yield of Yu71-1.