Lycium ruthenicum is rich in health-promoting anthocyanins and other flavonoids, however the effects of blue light (BL) and NaCl on their biosynthesis remained poorly understood. UPLC-MS/MS and chemometrics were utilized to investigate individual and combined effects of BL and NaCl treatments on flavonoids in detached L. ruthenicum leaves. BL significantly increased total anthocyanin content to 1.35 units·g-1 FW, 150 mM NaCl raised it to 2.64, and their combination further enhanced anthocyanin accumulation to 3.40. Comprehensive metabolomic profiling identified 495 flavonoids across different treatments. PCA and OPLS-DA revealed that BL and NaCl activated specific flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. BL preferentially enhanced quercetin derivatives and cyanidin 3-O-(6-p-coumaroyl)glucoside accumulation, whereas WL-NaCl markedly promoted the conversion of naringenin to eriodictyol, leading to dihydromyricetin biosynthesis. Combined treatments significantly stimulated the transformation of dihydrokaempferol into dihydromyricetin, and further boosted petunidins accumulation. These findings offered valuable strategies to enhance bioactive compounds production in L. ruthenicum for nutraceutical applications.

A novel compensating wheat-Dasypyrum villosuminterstitial translocation carrying an approximately 15-Mb alien segment harboring PmV was created and demonstrated normal inheritance powdery mildew resistance. The powdery mildew resistance gene PmV, derived from the diploid Dasypyrum villosum accession No.1026, was previously introgressed into common wheat via the T6V#4S·6DL translocation. However, severely reduced gamete transmission ratio limited its breeding utility. To address this limitation, a recombinant translocation line T6VS#4S-6V#2S·6AL with improved transmission ratio was previously created, then two smaller segmental translocations—Dv6T25 (T6VS-6AS·6AL, harboring 6VS 0–85 Mb) and Dv6T31 (T6AS-6VS·6AL, harboring 6VS 70–270 Mb), both carrying PmV—were generated using the ph1b induction system. In this study, homologous recombination within the overlapping region of Dv6T25 and Dv6T31 was utilized. A novel compensating interstitial translocation line Dv6-IT1 (T6AS-6VS-6AS·6AL) was identified, carrying an introgressed fragment of approximately 15 Mb, which exhibits normal meiotic transmission and confers no deleterious effects on plant height or spike number across different genetic backgrounds. The development of Dv6-IT1 provides a promising resistance source with minimal linkage drag for wheat powdery mildew breeding. This study not only addresses the long-standing transmission barrier associated with the original T6V#4S·6DL translocation but also significantly reduces linkage drag. Moreover, it establishes a model strategy for the precise introgression of wild species resistance genes into common wheat, paving the way for more efficient and sustainable wheat improvement against evolving pathogen threats.

Powdery mildew poses a major threat to global wheat production, highlighting the urgent need to identify resistance genes. In this study, we report the cloning of PmNCA6, a powdery mildew resistance gene originating from Triticum boeoticum. Using bulked segregant exome capture sequencing (BSE-Seq) and genetic mapping, we mapped PmNCA6 to a 17-Mb recombination-suppressed interval (680.1–697.1 Mb) on chromosome 7AL. By applying a mutant exome sequencing (MutExomeSeq) approach, we analyzed six ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced susceptible mutants and identified non-synonymous mutations in a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) gene, NLR1. Functional validation through barley stripe mosaic virus-induced gene silencing (BSMV-VIGS) and transgenic complementation confirmed that two alternatively spliced NLR1 transcripts (NLR1_V1 and NLR1_V2) confer resistance to powdery mildew. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PmNCA6 is orthologous to the stem rust resistance gene Sr22a. Domain-swapping experiments between PmNCA6 and Sr22a demonstrated that the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain of PmNCA6 is critical for powdery mildew specificity. Field trials of near-isogenic and recombinant inbred lines (RILs) indicated that PmNCA6-mediated resistance does not compromise yield performance. Screening of 553 Chinese wheat cultivars confirmed the absence of PmNCA6, emphasizing its potential for diversifying resistance sources in breeding programs. This study establishes MutExomeSeq as a robust tool for cloning genes in recombination-suppressed intervals and highlights the potential of engineering synthetic NLRs with tailored LRR domains to combat evolving pathogens.

Qingqiao (Forsythia suspensa) is a valuable traditional Chinese medicine with considerable industrial potential owing to its rich profile of nutritional and functional components. However, systematic characterization of its metabolite composition across different growing regions remains limited, constraining effective quality control and origin-based standardization for industrial applications. In this study, a comprehensive UPLC-MS/MS-based metabolomics approach combined with chemometric analysis was employed to compare Qingqiao samples from 3 distinct geographical origins: the Loess Plateau (LP), the Guanzhong Plain (GZP), and the Qinling Mountains (QM). 3,052 metabolites were identified, comprising 1,114 primary and 1,938 secondary metabolites. Distinct metabolic profiles were observed among the 3 regions: LP samples were abundant in organic acids, alkaloids, lignans, coumarins, flavonoids, quinones, amino acids, and derivatives; QM samples exhibited higher levels of lipids, steroids, terpenoids, and tannins; while GZP samples were enriched in phenolic acids, nucleotides, and their derivatives. Combined content-function analysis indicated that GZP1, GZP2, GZP3, QM3, QM4, LP1, LP2, LP5, and LP6 possessed distinctive metabolite profiles for their potential in developing functional products. Comparative analysis revealed 610, 555, and 610 differentially accumulated metabolites between GZP-vs-LP, GZP-vs-QM, and QM-vs-LP, respectively, which were significantly enriched in 8 key metabolic pathways. Furthermore, 14 differential metabolites were identified as potential origin-specific biomarkers. Under internal site‑level split validation, a newly established OPLS-DA model demonstrated high discriminative accuracy at both the replicate level (95.24

Yellow rust (YR), caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), poses a significant threat to wheat production worldwide. Breeding resistant cultivar is crucial for managing this disease. However, understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying YR resistance remains fragmented. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive analysis with variome data from 2,191 wheat accessions worldwide and over 47,000 YR response records across multiple environments and pathogen races. Through genome-wide association studies, we established a landscape for 431 YR resistance loci, providing a rich resource for resistance (R) gene deployment. Furthermore, we cloned genes corresponding to three resistance loci, namely Yr5x effective against multiple Pst races, Yr6/Pm5 that conferred resistance to two pathogen species, and YrKB (TaEDR2-B) conferring broad-spectrum rust resistance without yield penalty. These findings offer valuable insights into the genetic basis of YR resistance in wheat and lay the foundation for engineering wheat with durable disease resistance.

Yellow rust (YR), caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, poses a significant threat to wheat production worldwide. Breeding resistant cultivars is crucial for managing this disease. However, our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying YR resistance remains fragmented. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive analysis with variome data from 2,191 wheat accessions worldwide and over 47,000 YR response records across several environments and pathogen races. Through genome-wide association studies, we established a landscape of 431 YR resistance loci, providing a rich resource for resistance gene deployment. Furthermore, we cloned genes corresponding to three resistance loci, namely Yr5x (effective against several P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races), Yr6/Pm5 (conferred resistance to two pathogen species) and YrKB (TaEDR2-B; conferring broad-spectrum rust resistance without yield penalty). These findings offer valuable insights into the genetic basis of YR resistance in wheat and lay the foundation for engineering wheat with durable disease resistance.

A novel adult-plant leaf rust resistance gene LrYang16G216 on wheat chromosome 6BL was identified and mapped to a 0.59 cM genetic interval by BSA and conventional linkage method. Leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) is one of the most devastating fungal diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Discovery and identification of new resistance genes is essential to develop disease-resistant cultivars. An advanced breeding line Yang16G216 was previously identified to confer adult-plant resistance (APR) to leaf rust. In this research, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was constructed from the cross between Yang16G216 and a highly susceptible line Yang16M6393, and genotyped with exome capture sequencing and 55 K SNP array. Through bulked segregant analysis (BSA) and genetic linkage mapping, a stable APR gene, designated as LrYang16G216, was detected and mapped to the distal region of chromosome arm 6BL with a genetic interval of 2.8 cM. For further verification, another RIL population derived from the cross between Yang16G216 and a susceptible wheat variety Yangmai 29 was analyzed using the enriched markers in the target interval, and LrYang16G216 was further narrowed to a 0.59 cM genetic interval flanked by the KASP markers Ax109403980 and Ax95083494, corresponding to the physical position 712.34–713.94 Mb in the Chinese Spring reference genome, in which twenty-six disease resistance-related genes were annotated. Based on leaf rust resistance spectrum, mapping data and physical location, LrYang16G216 was identified to be a novel and effective APR gene. The LrYang16G216 with linked markers will be useful for marker-assisted selection in wheat resistance breeding.

木瓜类半胱氨酸蛋白酶(PLCPs)作为一类重要的蛋白水解酶,在植物生长发育以及胁迫应答过程中都发挥着重要作用.本研究从抗、感赤霉病小麦品种差异表达基因谱中获得 1 个注释为 RD21 Cysteine proteases的 EST(表达序列标签),以此序列检索小麦最新基因组数据库并设计引物,从小麦中克隆到 3 个基因,分别命名为TaRD21-2A、TaRD21-2B和TaRD21-2D,属于 PLCPs RD21 家族.序列分析表明,3 个基因的开放阅读框长度分别为 1410、1428 和 1419 bp,分别编码 469、475 和 472 个氨基酸.序列比对发现,3 个基因的序列相似性为 89.3%,所编码蛋白的氨基酸序列相似性为 95.6%.系统进化分析表明,TaRD21-2A、TaRD21-2B和TaRD21-2D蛋白的同源性较高,且与乌拉尔图小麦TuRD21 A蛋白聚为一类.qRT-PCR分析表明,3 个TaRD21基因均受水杨酸(SA)、乙烯利(ETH)以及赤霉病菌诱导表达;感病品种中,TaRD21-2A对SA和赤霉病菌的响应更迅速,且表达量较高;抗病品种中,TaRD21-2B和TaRD21-2D基因对 ETH 的响应更迅速.

Twenty-two compensating wheat-Dasypyrum villosum translocations carrying the powdery mildew resistance gene PmV were developed using a triple marker selection strategy in a large homozygous ph1bph1b population. Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a destructive wheat disease in China. Currently, nearly all resistant varieties grown in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River carry Pm21 which is present in a wheat-Dasypyrum villosum T6V#2S·6AL translocation. Its widespread use poses a strong risk of loss of effectiveness if the pathogen were to change. PmV, a Pm21 homolog carried by a wheat-D. villosum T6V#4S·6DL translocation, is also resistant to powdery mildew but is less transmittable and exploited in cultivars. To utilize PmV more effectively, a new recombinant translocation T6V#4S-6V#2S·6AL carrying PmV with a higher transmission rate was used as a basic material for inducing smaller alien translocations. A locally adapted ph1b-carrying line, Yangmai 23-ph1b, was crossed with T6V#4S-6V#2S·6AL to generate a homozygous ph1bph1b population of 6300 F3 individuals. A modified triple marker strategy based on three co-dominant markers including the functional marker MBH1 for PmV in combination with distal and proximal markers 6VS-GX4 and 6VS-GX17, respectively, was used to screen for new recombinants efficiently. Forty-eight compensating translocations were identified, 22 of which carried PmV. Two translocation lines, Dv6T25 with the shortest distal segment carrying PmV and Dv6T31 with the shortest proximal segment carrying PmV were identified, both expressed normal transmission and therefore could promote PmV in wheat breeding. This work exemplifies a model for rapid development of wheat-alien compensating translocations.

Abstract Wheat powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. Tritici (Bgt), is one of the most destructive diseases in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, China. Currently, nearly all the resistant varieties released in this area are carrying Pm21 conveyed by the wheat-Dasypyrum villosum T6V#2S.6AL translocation, which brings a potential risk of resistance loss. PmV, a homologue of Pm21, carried by the wheat-D. villosum T6V#4S.6DL translocation, is more stably resistant to Bgt but less transmittable and exploited in breeding. To utilize PmV more effectively, a new recombinant translocation T6V#4S-6V#2S.6AL carrying PmV with higher transmission rate was used as a basic material for inducing smaller alien translocations. A localized ph1b-carried line “Yangmai 23-ph1b” conferring semi dwarf and high yield was developed with the ph1b locus in the genetic background of the commercial variety Yangmai 23. A large ph1b-induced F3 population was created based on the cross between Yangmai 23-ph1b and T6V#4S-6V#2S.6AL. A modified tri-marker strategy using three co-dominant markers, the distal marker 6VS-GX4 and paracentric marker 6VS-GX17 of 6VS as well as the functional marker MBH1 of PmV, was conducted for screening new recombinants. Forty-eight recombinants including 22 PmV-carried translocations were identified from 6,300 F3 individuals. Two translocation lines, Dv6T25 with the shortest distal segment carrying PmV and Dv6T31 with the shortest proximal segment carrying PmV were identified with high powdery mildew resistance and normal transmission rate. This work is significant for promoting PmV in wheat breeding and gives a model for rapid development of wheat-alien compensating translocations.

长江中下游麦区是中国弱筋小麦优势产业带,小麦赤霉病、白粉病和条锈病是该麦区主要病害,当前弱筋小麦主导品种综合抗性较弱,影响其生产安全.为培育多抗优质弱筋小麦品种,以高产中筋小麦品种扬麦16为轮回亲本,以兼抗白粉病、条锈病的软质小麦92R137为供体亲本,构建了BC1群体,利用分子标记在BC1F2代基础农艺性状较优良的株行中筛选抗白粉病基因Pm21、抗条锈病基因Yr26和软质麦相关基因Pinb-D1a均纯合的单株,并鉴定BC1F6代对赤霉病、白粉病和条锈病的抗性,同时检测籽粒硬度、湿面筋含量、面团形成时间、稳定时间等重要品质指标以及小区产量,最终育成高抗赤霉病、免疫白粉病和高抗条锈病的弱筋小麦新品种扬麦38,于2022年通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定.

Abstract Leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) is one of the most devastating fungal diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Discovery and identification of new resistance genes is essential to develop disease-resistant cultivars. An advanced breeding line Yang16G216 was previously identified to confer adult plant resistance (APR) to leaf rust. In this research, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was constructed from the cross between Yang16G216 and a highly susceptible line Yang16M6393, and genotyped with exome capture sequencing and 55K SNP array. Through bulked-segregant analysis (BSA) and genetic linkage mapping, a stable APR gene, designated as Lr16G216, was primarily detected and mapped to the distal region of chromosome arm 6BL with a genetic interval of 2.8-cM. For further verification, another RIL population derived from the cross between Yang16G216 and a susceptible wheat variety Yangmai 29 were analyzed using the enriched markers in the target interval, and Lr16G216 was further narrowed to a 0.59-cM genetic interval flanked by the KASP markers Ax109403980 and Ax95083494, corresponding to the physical position 712.34–713.94 Mb in the Chinese Spring reference genome, in which twenty-six disease resistance-related genes were annotated. Based on leaf rust resistance spectrum, mapping data and physical location, Lr16G216 is identified to be a novel and effective APR gene. The Lr16G216 with linked markers will be useful for marker-assisted selection in wheat resistance breeding.

小麦赤霉病、白粉病和黄花叶病毒病是长江中下游麦区的主要病害,因此培育多抗品种是小麦绿色生产的基础.扬麦18是多抗高产小麦品种,具有抗赤霉病基因Fhb1、抗白粉病基因Pm21和抗黄花叶病毒病数量性状位点(QTL)QYm.njau-5A,其不足是株高较高、抗倒性差.扬麦22是抗白粉病的高产品种,携带抗白粉病基因PmV,但中感赤霉病,高感黄花叶病毒病.为了培育矮秆抗倒、兼抗3种病害的小麦新品系,以扬麦18/扬麦22重组自交系群体(RIL)为材料,研究Fhb1、QYm.njau-5A在群体中的分布及其对株高、粒质量的遗传效应,并对多基因聚合效率进行评估.结果表明,在RIL群体中,Fhb1、QYm.njau-5A的分布频率分别为49.0％、50.5％,符合Hardy-Weinberg定律,说明二者可在亲子代自由传递;Fhb1阳性RIL组群的平均病小穗数显著低于Fhb1阴性RIL组群,Pm21、PmV阳性RIL家系均表现为高抗白粉病;单个QYm.njau-5A能够满足抗小麦黄花叶病毒病的育种需求;Fhb1对株高、粒质量没有显著影响;QYm.njau-5A对株高有显著的增效作用,对粒质量没有显著影响;育成兼抗3种病害的矮秆高产新品系(组合)扬17J103、扬杂麦1号进入区域试验.研究结果为利用分子标记辅助选择技术培育矮秆多抗小麦新品种提供了优异的育种材料和理论依据.

Wheat-Dasypyrum villosum translocations T6V#2S center dot 6AL and T6V#4S center dot 6DL, carriers of Pm21 and PmV, respectively, confer high resistance to wheat powdery mildew. For better understanding of the difference in genetic effect between them, a RIL population was constructed based on the cross between "Yangmai 18" carrying T6V#2S center dot 6AL and "Yangmai 22" carrying T6V#4S center dot 6DL. Analysis of distribution of the translocations showed that T6V#2S center dot 6AL is much more transmittable than T6V#4S center dot 6DL. By comparing their effects on main agronomic traits, we firstly found that T6V#2S center dot 6AL contributes greatly to top spikelet fecundity, but causes a decrease of 6.7%-10.5% of spike number. No stable effects of T6V#4S center dot 6DL on agronomic traits were found, except for positive effect on plant height. Excitingly, a new recombinant, T6V#4S-6V#2S center dot 6AL carrying PmV, was screened and proved to have a higher transmission rate than the original translocation T6V#4S center dot 6DL, which will greatly promote the utilization of PmV. The above conclusions of this research will provide important guidance for utilization of Pm21 and PmV more effectively, in wheat powdery mildew resistance breeding.

以弱筋小麦扬麦22为研究对象,采取田间裂区试验,研究播期、密度和施氮量对其产量、品质及氮肥农学利用率的影响.结果表明:播期和密度对产量均有显著影响,11月4日播种和225万苗·hm-2密度处理产量最高,施氮量对产量无显著影响,千粒重是扬麦22产量形成的关键因子;籽粒蛋白质含量和氮肥农学利用率受播期和施氮量影响,11月19日播种的籽粒蛋白质含量和氮肥农学利用率最高,施氮量增加,籽粒蛋白质含量显著升高,氮肥农学利用率降低.11月4日播种、225万苗·hm2密度、180 kg·hm-2施氮量处理,弱筋小麦扬麦22产量和品质较为协调,产量可达7 343 kg·hm-2,籽粒蛋白质含量达12.37％,氮肥农学利用率达12.43 kg·kg-1.

Both Pm21 and PmV,located on the chromosome 6VS from different Haynaldia villosa germplasms,confer high resistance to all current Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici (Bgt) races.NAU421,a terminal translocation line carrying Wss1,is highly resistant to wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV).To develop wheat lines pyramiding resistant to WYMV and powdery mildew,in this study,NAU421 was crossed with Y16-Pm,an advanced wheat line carrying Pm21,and Yangmai 22 carrying PmV,respectively.Two co-dominant markers CINAU301 linked with Wss1 and MBH1 linked with Pm21/PmV were used to detect the two F2 populations.In the NAU421/Y16-Pm F2 population containing 286 plants,18 individuals pyramiding homozygous Wss1 andPm21 were identified,which took up 6.38％ of the whole F2 population.Meanwhile,5 individuals pyramiding homozygous Wss1 and PmV were identified in the NAU421/Yangmai 22 F2 population containing 232 plants,resulting in a rate of 2.16％.The results of cytogenetic analysis on these pyramiding lines were consistent with molecular marker identification,indicating that the tightly linked markers CINAU301 and MBH1 were powerful tools for the identification of Wss1 andPm21/PmV in breeding program.By resistance test,all the 23 pyramiding lines were highly resistant to powdery mildew and WYMV.In general,these lines pyramiding resistance genes developed in this study could be used as intergraded breeding parents for resistance development.

小麦近缘物种簇毛麦是普通小麦遗传改良的重要基因资源.为发掘簇毛麦潜在的优良农艺基因,以推广品种扬麦23为背景亲本,与硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体(硬簇麦)进行杂交并回交多次,构建一套扬麦23遗传背景的小麦-簇毛麦1V～7V单染色体置换系,以探明簇毛麦不同染色体的农艺效应.利用簇毛麦1V-7V染色体长短臂特异分子标记对46株BC1F1代材料进行分子标记鉴定,分析材料中的外源染色体组成.在37株材料中均检测到簇毛麦的染色体.除完整簇毛麦染色体外,部分单株中还检测到涉及簇毛麦某条或某几条染色体臂的端着丝粒染色体或整臂易位.各染色体在BC1F1代的传递的大致趋势为1V=6V＞4V＞7V＞2V=5V＞3V.本研究材料为进一步发掘和利用簇毛麦基因资源奠定了基础.

Wheat-Haynaldia villosa translocations T6V#2S.6AL and T6V#4S.6DL, carriers of Pm21 and PmV, respectively, continue to contribute powdery mildew resistance in wheat varieties in China. Based on colinearity between Brachypodium distachyon and Triticeae species, genomic sequences from gene intervals of B. distachyon physically linked to a homolog of Stpk-V, a key part of Pm21, were used to design primers and screen for codominant and stable markers. An anonymous marker, MBH1, tagging both Pm21 in 6V#2S and PmV in 6V#4S was identified. It also distinguished wheat 6AS- and 6DS-derived homoeoalleles of MBH1. Sequence length comparisons showed a decreasing order of 6AS > 6DS > 6V#2S > 6V#4S. F-2 segregation analyses were conducted on crosses Yangmai 18 (T6V#2S.6AL)/Yangmai 19 and Yangmai 16/Yangmai 22 (T6V#4S.6DL). MBH1 detected homozygosity of both Pm21 and PmV in segregating populations. The results also showed that T6V#2S.6AL is more transmittable than T6V#4S.6DL. Using MBH1, we reconfirmed the identities of powdery mildew resistance genes in Yangmai 21, Zhenmai 9, and Yangmai 97G59. The resistance donor to all three was T6V#2S.6AL, indicating that the published pedigrees were not correct. Pm21 in NAU419-Y15, an intercalary translocation carrying Pm21, was also tagged by MBH1. MBH1 is a broadly applicable marker for selecting and distinguishing the translocation chromosomes carrying Pm21 and PmV, which continue to be effective in China.

In order to elucidate the genetic effects of wheat?Haynaldia villosa chromosome T6VS.6AL translocation for its application in wheat breeding, advanced sib?lines derived from the primitive seeds of Yangmai18 for variety regional test, were grouped according to powdery mildew resistance. Comparison between the resistant and susceptible groups was performed on major agronomic and quality traits. The results showed that T6VS.6AL has significantly positive effects on kernel weight, plant height, and spike length at the 0?01 level. It has significantly positive effect on spikelet number per spike and negative effect on spikelet density, at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively. It has no significant effect on kernel number per plant, kernel number per spike, tiller number per plant, and yield. Furthermore, T6VS.6AL has no effect on wheat quality general?ly. Based on the above results, it is concluded that sib line groups are valuable materials for precisely evaluating genetic effects of a certain chromosomal segment. Dwanf or medium?height stem, high?yielding and widely adaptable wheat varieties carrying translocated chromosome T6VS. 6AL are suggested to be used as the last recurrent parent during roll?ing convergent backcross.