Climate change and human disturbance are critical factors affecting the habitat distribution of wild animals, with implications for management strategies such as protecting migration corridors, habitat restoration, and species conservation. In the Hupingshan National Nature Reserve (NNR), Reeve’s muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) is a key prey species for the South China tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis), which is extinct in the wild and targeted for reintroduction by the Chinese government. Thus, understanding the habitat distribution and abundance of Reeve’s muntjac is essential to ensure the survival and sustainability of reintroduced tiger populations. Despite significant conservation efforts, the impacts of climate change and human disturbance on Reeve’s muntjac habitat distribution in Hupingshan NNR remain unclear, though these factors could necessitate adaptive tiger management strategies due to shifts in prey abundance. In this study, we employed an optimized MaxEnt model to assess current habitat distribution and identify key environmental variables influencing the habitat distribution of Reeve’s muntjac. Assuming non-climatic environmental factors will remain constant over the next century, we projected future habitat distribution under two shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP126 and SSP585) for the mid-century (2050s) and the late-century (2090s). Comparative analyses of current and projected habitat areas revealed potential impacts of climate change on this species. MaxEnt outputs classified habitat suitability into high, medium, and low levels. Results showed that climatic and human disturbance factors contributed 35.2% and 49.4% to habitat suitability, respectively. Under the SSP126 scenario, habitats with decreased suitability covered 0 km2 in the 2050s, expanding slightly to 4.2 km2 in the 2090s, while those with increased suitability spanned 491.1 km2 (2050s) and 463.2 km2 (2090s). Under the SSP585 scenario, habitats with decreased suitability covered 10.2 km2 in the 2050s and 431.8 km2 in the 2090s. Habitats with increased suitability were comparatively smaller under SSP585, covering 162.0 km2 (2050s) and 1.1 km2 (2090s). These findings suggest that while mid-century climate projections (SSP126 and SSP585) may support Reeve’s muntjac’s survival, habitat loss is projected by 2090s (SSP126). Thus, future climate change may lead to decreased habitat suitability and increased fragmentation, raising extinction risks for Reeves’s muntjac. Mitigating these effects could involve establishing migration corridors, minimizing human disturbances, and potentially supplementing prey populations with captive-bred prey. Such measures are essential to support the South China tiger reintroduction plan and help ensure that prey availability remains sufficient for sustaining reintroduced tiger populations.

Aims:At present,few studies have been conducted on the behavior of wild forest musk deer(Moschus berezovskii).Therefore,we aim to construct an ethogram and posture-act-environment(PAE)coding system for M.berezovskii to improve our fundamental understanding of this species'behavior. Methods:Infrared camera monitoring data collected at Hupingshan National Nature Reserve in Hunan Province from April 2019 to June 2023 were classified and summarized.Referring to commonly used animal behavior coding methods in China,the behavior spectrum and PAE coding system of M.berezovskii were established with'posture-act-environment'.These behavioral data were statistically analyzed and the behavioral diversity index was calculated to analyze differences in behavior across seasons,genders,age groups,and habitats. Results:A total of 845 valid photos and 133 videos of wild M.berezovskii were identified,and 7 postures,65 acts and 32 behaviors of M.berezovskii were distinguished and recorded from this video data.These records cover all common daily behaviors of M.berezovskii.We found differences in the behavioral diversity index in different seasons,with the highest diversity indice in spring(Hspring=0.8922,rspring=0.3850),followed by summer(Hsummer=0.7954,rsummer=0.3432),autumn(Hautumn=0.7775,rautumn=0.3355),and lastly,winter(Hwinter=0.5094,rwinter=0.2198).The behaviors of males,females and juvenile were significantly different.Three types of behaviors were not recorded in juvenile(tagging behavior,elimination behavior,and self-directed).Females performed more self-directed behaviors,and males displayed unique marking behaviors.The behavioral diversity index of females(Hfemales=0.6338)was greater than males(Hmales=0.5814),and lowest for juvenile(Hjuvenile=0.3816).Among habitat types,the behavioral diversity index of M.berezovskii in mixed broadleaf-conifer forest was the highest,and the ingestive behavior is the predominant behavior displayed,regardless of habitat type. Conclusion:This study provides the behavioral spectrum and a behavior spectrum and PAE coding system of wild M.berezovskii for the first time.Our results provide vital foundational data paving the way to further research on behavioral ecology and conservation management of M.berezovskii.

湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区(以下简称壶瓶山保护区)被选为华南虎野外放归的主要备选地之一.野猪是壶瓶山保护区内满足华南虎对猎物数量和质量要求的主要猎物之一.本文以壶瓶山保护区内的野猪为研究对象,从社会经济和自然环境两个方面选取 9 个环境因子,结合野猪红外相机监测数据,采用MaxEnt模型评价壶瓶山保护区内野猪的适生区及其分布,并探究环境因子对野猪生境选择的影响机制.结果表明:最适生区、适生区、不适生区的面积分别为 138.5、311.9、216.4 km2,分别占保护区总面积的20.78%、46.78%、32.45%;核心区、缓冲区、试验区分别有 89.61%、82.78%、35.53%的面积属于最适生区和适生区;道路是影响野猪生境选择的主要环境因子.研究结果为壶瓶山保护区内野猪种群管理以及华南虎野化放归项目的成功实施提供了重要理论依据.

2017年1月至2022年5月,在湖南省张家界市慈利县和常德市石门县湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区内观察并拍摄到:苍头燕雀(Fringilla coelebs)、日本鹰鸮(Ninox japonica)和短趾雕(Circaetus gallicus),经查阅相关文献资料,确认这3种鸟类均为湖南省鸟类分布新记录种.

指出了野外巡护是自然保护区管理中最基本的工作,不仅是保护野生动植物资源和自然环境的重要手段,还能对动物资源的动态变化进行持续监测.为了推动湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区野外巡护科学有效管理,分析了当前保护区野外巡护管理现状和存在的问题,从巡护队伍建设、巡护管理机制和信息化建设等方面提出了管理对策,为今后湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区野外巡护管理工作提供参考.

为掌握湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区两栖爬行动物的资源现状,促进自然保护区的有效管理,2013年4月-2019年10月采用样线(点)法对区内的两栖爬行动物资源进行了较为系统的调查与研究.结果 表明,区内记录两栖爬行类共有4目21科91种,对比2004年调查数据,其中两栖纲的宽脊瑶螈Yaotriton broadoridgus、桑植角蟾Megophrys sangzhiensis、红点齿蟾Oreolalax rhodostigmatus等11种和爬行纲的峨眉草蜥Takydromus intermedius、双全链蛇Lycodon fasciatus、刘氏链蛇Lycodon liuchengchaoi等8种为保护区新纪录.保护动物中,大鲵Andrias davidianus为国家二级重点保护野生动物,有75种为湖南省重点保护野生动物.同时,区内两栖爬行动物有1种被评为极危(CR),9种为濒危(EN),15种为易危等级(VU).鉴于壶瓶山保护区两栖爬行动物资源的多样性与受胁现状,应进一步加强研究和保护.

了解珍稀濒危物种的种群数量和栖息地特征,是实施物种保护与种群恢复的基础.分别于2017年1月、2018年1月和2019年1月,对石门县中华秋沙鸭(Mergus squamatus)越冬种群数量及其栖息地进行了调查和观测.研究期间,共记录中华秋沙鸭268只,其中,有雄性中华秋沙鸭145只,雌性中华秋沙鸭123只,雌雄比为1∶1.179;2017年1月、2018年1月和2019年1月,分别记录了76只(占当年在湖南省内越冬的中华秋沙鸭种群总数量的42％)、92只(占60％)和100只(占51％)中华秋沙鸭.研究结果表明,在石门县越冬的中华秋沙鸭偏向选择低海拔、水体清澈、石质水底、缓流、水面相对较窄、水较浅和人类活动干扰少的河流作为栖息地,大多数河流沿岸紧临山林地或悬崖峭壁.目前,在石门县,干扰中华秋沙鸭越冬种群和栖息地的人类活动主要为河道采砂、捕鱼、水电站、公路建设和捕鸟等.在石门县越冬的中华秋沙鸭种群数量逐年呈增加趋势,石门县已经成为湖南省该物种越冬种群数量最多的一处重要越冬地.最后,建议加强多部门合作与执法力度,关停河道上的采砂场,禁止非法捕鱼,调节水电站冬季蓄水,营造中华秋沙鸭越冬适宜栖息地景观格局;同时,建议县政府和野生动物保护主管部门提高对越冬中华秋沙鸭的保护意识,加大保护科普宣教工作,持续开展对越冬中华秋沙鸭的科研与监测工作.

2020年8月7日,在湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区进行兰科植物调查时发现5株野生兰花,经仔细观察和形态比较,鉴定为天府虾脊兰,隶属于兰科虾脊兰属,为湖南省新记录种.

2018年5月5日,在湖南石门县壶瓶山国家级自然保护区中部的神水溪先后观察到6只峨眉柳莺(Phylloscopus emeiensis),拍摄到照片(图1),并录制了鸣唱声(图2).同年5和6月,又先后在壶瓶山自然保护区内的平洞、望月湖、剩头、渫水、油榨湾和壶瓶山主峰共观察到41只峨眉柳莺(表1).经查阅相关资料(郑作新等2010,邓学建等2013,郑光美2017),确认该鸟种为湖南鸟类分布新记录种.观察发现,该柳莺中等体型,上体橄榄绿色,腰、尾上覆羽暗绿色,似冠纹柳莺(P.claudiae),眉纹淡黄色,顶冠纹灰色不明显,侧冠纹淡灰绿色,翅上两道翼斑呈淡黄色,下体偏白,两胁沾黄.

本研究利用2013至2016年湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区巡护监测数据,评估壶瓶山保护区两栖爬行动物多样性水平.壶瓶山保护区在8个监测站点布设了25条两栖爬行动物调查样线,进行常规监测,其中,日间样线14条,夜间样线11条,日间样线平均长度4km,夜间样线平均长度0.75 km.每个月,每条样线平均调查3次.4年共调查到62种两栖爬行动物,占湖南省两栖爬行动物总种数的38.04％.逐月计算各监测站点的alpha多样性指数和整个保护区的beta多样性指数,按季节比较不同站点间物种组成的Hellinger距离.结果 显示,保护区不同位置间、不同的监测站点间以及年际间的两栖爬行动物多样性没有显著差异,提示保护区环境具有相对稳定性.但是,个别位于实验区或邻近实验区的站点,物种组成有着剧烈的波动,表明人为活动影响了两栖爬行动物的分布.另外,保护区两栖爬行动物的物种组成与多样性有着显著的季节差异,这与两栖爬行动物的生物学特性有关.以上结果说明,壶瓶山保护区两栖爬行动物的多样性结构具有稳定性和敏感性的特点,可以考虑用作保护区生物多样性水平的监测指标.

作为人类大规模的周期性迁徙活动之一,春运承载着人们一年的辛劳、归乡的期盼和旅途的艰辛.2018年2月1日,一年一度的春运在拥挤的人潮中拉开帷幕,中国青年志愿者服务春运"暖冬行动"同步启动,首日统一行动在昆明站举行.为服务2018年春运,全国铁路系统各级团组织严格执行《铁路志愿服务管理暂行办法》,招募志愿者2万余人,系统培训、规范上岗,在全国400余个车站的2400多个志愿服务岗点,以旅客取票、进站、候车、检票、上车、乘车、出站、换乘等环节为重点,做好信息咨询、客流引导、设备协助、重点旅客服务、乘降秩序维护等服务.