BACKGROUND:Since the autumn of 2023, there has been a notable increase in the incidence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection among children. This study aimed to demonstrate epidemiology characteristics of RSV during and after the implementation of NPIs and to characterize the seasonal patterns of RSV following the implementation of NPIs. METHODS:This hospital-based retrospective observational study was conducted at Henan Children's Hospital. Demographic information (including gender, age, address), RSV laboratory test results, clinical severity of inpatients and outpatients enrolled during 2021-2024 were extracted from electronic medical records of the hospital. The Chi-square test was used to compare the characteristics of RSV infection. RESULTS:A total of 133156 patients included in the study and 7585 of them were positive in RSV test, Throughout the whole study years, the differences in the distribution of positive rates among different years were statistically significant (χ2= 1860.490, p < 0.001). The positive rate in 2023 was the highest (9.09%), and that in 2021 was the lowest (2.17%). From January 2021 to March 2023, the positivity rate showed a downward trend, and it began to rise in April 2023, sharply increasing in November and reaching its peak in December. From April 2024 until December, the infection rate remained at a low level. However, it increased again in December. There were differences in the positivity rates among different seasons, and these differences were statistically significant (χ2 = 4112.179,p < 0.001). During the period from 2021 to 2024, the positive rate in winter was higher than that in other seasons. The positive rates for males were higher than that for females, and the differences were statistically significant (χ2= 49.678, p < 0.001). There were differences in the distribution of RSV positive rates among different age groups, and these differences were statistically significant (χ2= 863.334, p < 0.001). In 2021 and 2022, the positive rate of RSV was the highest in the 3-6 years old group, which was 3.24% and 3.49% respectively; in 2023 and 2024, the positive rate of RSV was the highest in the 0-1 years old group, which was 15.29% and 14.05% respectively. CONCLUSION:No change in the infection patterns was observed, the RSV positive rate still peaks in winter. since 2023, there has been a trend of RSV infections shifting toward younger children. It is essential for clinicians to prioritize the prevention of RSV infection in infants.

IntroductionAvian influenza viruses (AIVs) continue to circulate in live poultry markets (LPMs), posing potential risks for zoonotic exposure. This study investigated the environmental circulation of AIVs and their potential epidemiological associations with human infection in Henan Province, China.MethodsWe analyzed 7,956 environmental samples collected from poultry-associated settings in Henan Province between 2020 and 2025. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with AIV detection. Serological surveillance was conducted among occupationally exposed individuals, and phylogenetic analyses were performed to characterize the genetic relationships between human-derived and environmental AIVs.ResultsA total of 1,460 samples (18.35%) tested positive for AIVs. LPMs were significantly associated with higher odds of AIV detection (OR = 7.211, 95% CI: 5.039–10.319, P < 0.001), and the odds of AIV detection increased over the surveillance period (OR = 1.254, 95% CI: 1.210–1.301, P < 0.001). Multiple AIV subtypes were detected, with H9N2 remaining predominant throughout the study period. Five human infections were identified, including H5N6 and H3N8 infections in 2022 and three H9N2 infections in 2025. Serological surveillance identified H9N2-seropositive and H3N8-reactive samples among occupationally exposed individuals. Phylogenetic analyses revealed genetic similarities between human-derived and environmental viruses. Three H3N8 viruses, including one isolated from a human case, formed a distinct phylogenetic cluster, with their internal genes closely related to co-circulating H9N2 viruses.DiscussionThese findings demonstrate sustained circulation of multiple AIV subtypes in poultry-associated environments and highlight the importance of integrated environmental and human surveillance for the early detection of viruses with zoonotic potential.

Objective:In January 2023, China implemented the "Class B Management" policy, marking a new phase in COVID-19 control. As new SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to emerge, some have shown significant immune evasion, posing challenges to epidemic control efforts. To manage the pandemic effectively, Henan Province launched a surveillance program for SARS-CoV-2 variants, systematically analyzing their clinical characteristics and epidemiological patterns. Methods:This study collected genomic sequence data from 5,965 COVID-19 cases between January 1, 2023, and March 17, 2024, using the Henan Province SARS-CoV-2 variant surveillance system. Genome sequence analysis was performed with CLC Genomics Workbench, and genotyping and sequence alignment were carried out using the Nextclade platform. The clinical severity of different variants was assessed in relation to patient sex, age, clinical classification, and vaccination status. Results:Between Week 1 of 2023 and Week 11 of 2024, a total of 5,965 complete SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences were obtained, including 3,004 male (50.36%) and 2,961 female (49.64%) cases. The majority of cases were mild (5,451 cases, 91.38%), followed by moderate (311 cases, 5.21%) and severe or critical cases (203 cases, 3.4%). The predominant variants included BA.5.2, XBB, and BA.2.86. BA.5.2 was dominant until April 2023, after which it was gradually replaced by XBB. From December 2023, BA.2.86 began to increase and became the predominant variant by January 2024. The XBB variant exhibited a significantly lower rate of severe cases, with most infections being mild (P < 0.05). Male patients, the elderly, and certain variants (e.g., BA.5.2) were associated with more severe outcomes, while XBB and BA.2.86 showed lower pathogenicity, with a marked reduction in severe and fatal cases (P < 0.05). Conclusion:As SARS-CoV-2 variants evolve, the incidence of severe cases has progressively decreased. Both XBB and BA.2.86 variants exhibit lower pathogenicity. This study provides vital scientific evidence on the epidemiological features, clinical manifestations, and control strategies of SARS-CoV-2 variants. It underscores the importance of continuous viral surveillance and genomic sequencing to guide public health decision-making.

Background To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of human rabies in Henan Province and perform a genetic characterization of the rabies virus (RABV). Methods The rabies case data were retrieved from the National Infectious Disease Reporting Information Management System and individual case investigation forms. Saliva, cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples from rabies patients were collected and tested via real-time PCR. Positive samples were subjected to sequencing of the RABV N gene, and the sequences were compared with reference sequences in GenBank for homology and phylogenetic analysis. Results Among the five rabies cases (cases 1–5) examined, two were associated with bites from domestic dogs and were classified as level III exposure. The exposure source and level for the remaining three cases were unknown. None of the patients had received vaccination or passive immunization. Real-time PCR tests revealed that saliva samples had the highest positivity rate (87.5%), whereas CSF and serum samples tested negative for viral RNA. The N gene sequences from the four rabies cases (cases 1–4) were identified as belonging to the China I strain, a dominant rabies virus strain in China, with nucleotide homology ranging from 99.26%-99.85% and amino acid homology of 100%. The major functional and antigenic sites of the encoded protein are highly conserved. Conclusion Rabies continue to circulate in Henan Province. However, the evolutionary diversity and genetic stability of circulating strains of the rabies virus are limited.

What is already known about this topic? Effectiveness of China’s 2 inactivated vaccines (BBIBP-CorV and CoronaVac) against pre-Delta severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants ranged from 47% to over 90%, depending on the clinical endpoint, and with greater effectiveness against more severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). During an outbreak in Guangdong, inactivated vaccine effectiveness (VE) against the Delta variant was 70% for symptomatic infection and 100% for severe COVID-19. However, separate or combined VE estimates for the two inactivated vaccines against Delta are not available. What is added by this report? In an outbreak that started in a hospital, VEs of completed primary vaccination with inactivated COVID-19 vaccines against symptomatic COVID-19, COVID-19 pneumonia, and severe COVID-19 caused by the Delta variant were 51%, 61%, and 82%. Completed primary vaccination reduced the risk of progressing from mild to moderate or severe COVID-19 by 74%. VE estimates for BBIBP-CorV and CoronaVac or combined vaccination were similar, and partial vaccination was ineffective. What are the implications for public health practice? Completed primary vaccination with either of the 2 inactivated COVID-19 vaccines reduces risk of symptomatic COVID-19, COVID-19 pneumonia, and severe COVID-19 caused by the Delta variant. Completion of the completed primary vaccination with two doses is necessary for protection from Delta.

Using a three-prefecture, two-variant COVID-19 outbreak in Henan province in January 2022, we evaluated the associations of primary and booster immunization with China-produced COVID-19 vaccines and COVID-19 pneumonia and SARS-CoV-2 viral load among persons infected by Delta or Omicron variant. We obtained demographic, clinical, vaccination, and multiple Ct values of infections ≥3 years of age. Vaccination status was either primary series ≥180 days prior to infection; primary series <180 days prior to infection, or booster dose recipient. We used logistic regression to determine odds ratios (OR) of Delta and Omicron COVID-19 pneumonia by vaccination status. We analysed minimum Ct values by vaccination status, age, and variant. Of 826 eligible cases, 405 were Delta and 421 were Omicron cases; 48.9% of Delta and 19.0% of Omicron cases had COVID-19 pneumonia. Compared with full primary vaccination ≥180 days before infection, the aOR of pneumonia was 0.48 among those completing primary vaccination <180 days and 0.18 among booster recipients among these Delta infections. Among Omicron infections, the corresponding aOR was 0.34 among those completing primary vaccination <180 days. There were too few (ten) Omicron cases among booster dose recipients to calculate a reliable OR. There were no differences in minimum Ct values by vaccination status among the 356 Delta cases or 70 Omicron cases. COVID-19 pneumonia was less common among Omicron cases than Delta cases. Full primary vaccination reduced pneumonia effectively for 6 months; boosting six months after primary vaccination resulted in further reduction. We recommend accelerating the pace of booster dose administration.

ObjectiveTwo COVID-19 outbreaks occurred in Henan province in early 2022-one was a Delta variant outbreak and the other was an Omicron variant outbreak. COVID-19 vaccines used at the time of the outbreak were inactivated, 91.8%; protein subunit, 7.5%; and adenovirus5-vectored, 0.7% vaccines. The outbreaks provided an opportunity to evaluate variant-specific breakthrough infection rates and relative protective effectiveness of homologous inactivated COVID-19 vaccine booster doses against symptomatic infection and pneumonia. DESIGN:Retrospective cohort study METHODS: We evaluated relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) with a retrospective cohort study of close contacts of infected individuals using a time-dependent Cox regression model. Demographic and epidemiologic data were obtained from the local Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; clinical and laboratory data were obtained from COVID-19-designated hospitals. Vaccination histories were obtained from the national COVID-19 vaccination dataset. All data were linked by national identification number. RESULTS:Among 784 SARS-CoV-2 infections, 379 (48.3%) were caused by Delta and 405 (51.7%) were caused by Omicron, with breakthrough rates of 9.9% and 17.8%, respectively. Breakthrough rates among boosted individuals were 8.1% and 4.9%. Compared with subjects who received primary vaccination series ≥180 days before infection, Cox regression modelling showed that homologous inactivated booster vaccination was statistically significantly associated with protection from symptomatic infection caused by Omicron (rVE 59%; 95% CI 13% to 80%) and pneumonia caused by Delta (rVE 62%; 95% CI 34% to 77%) and Omicron (rVE 87%; 95% CI 3% to 98%). CONCLUSIONS:COVID-19 vaccination in China provided good protection against symptomatic COVID-19 and COVID-19 pneumonia caused by Delta and Omicron variants. Protection declined 6 months after primary series vaccination but was restored by homologous inactivated booster doses given 6 months after the primary series.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has strong infectious power, and multi-generation clustered cases are easier to be appearing To understand the relevant characteristics of multi-generation clustered cases of COVID-19, the epidemiological description and analysis of multi-generation clustered cases reported in Henan province were performed The clustered epidemics of COVID-19 with more than 3 generation were selected from the public health emergency management information system of Henan province, as of February 23, 2020 The basic characteristic of cases;regional distribution, time distribution, clinical type distribution and incubation period were analyzed

目的 分析发热伴血小板减少综合征(FTLS)季节性特征.方法 FTLS疫情资料来源于国家疾病监测信息报告管理系统,应用集中度、季节指数和圆形分布法分析FTLS季节性分布特征.结果 2009-2014年,信阳市共报告FTLS病例2901例,发病呈逐年上升趋势(Z=23.822,P＜0.001).2009-2014年各年度FTLS集中度M值分别为0.564、0.557、0.636、0.645、0.561和0.566,平均值为0.585.不同月份和季度的季节指数均不相同.5月份季节指数最大,为292.04％;2月份季节指数最小,为0.41％.第1-4季度各季度季节指数分别为5.24％、213.03％、142.71％和39.02％.2009-2014年信阳市各年份FTLS发病均存在集中趋势(雷氏检验P值均＜0.05),6年间信阳市FTLS流行高峰期为4月27日-8月25日.应用Watson-Williams检验对不同年份的平均角(a)进行检验,F=7.036,P＜0.05,不同年份FTLS发病高峰日不完全相同.实际流行高峰期与圆形分布拟合的流行高峰期开始时间基本一致,从4月下旬或5月上旬开始,但持续时间延长,最长持续至10月上旬.结论 信阳市FTLS发病具有明显的季节性,发病高峰出现在第2季度,可用圆形分布法来粗略估计其流行高峰期.

目的 探讨发热伴血小板减少综合征(SFTS)死亡病例的流行病学和临床特征.方法 应用病例-对照研究方法,分别对16例SFTS死亡病例(病例组)和16例一般病例(对照组)的临床与流行病学信息进行统计分析,本研究所有病例均为发热伴血小板减少综合征实验室确诊病例.结果 病例组和对照组有蜱叮咬史的比例分别为25.00％和18.75％,有田间劳作史的比例分别为75.00％和81.25％,差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).死亡病例发病至死亡平均时间为10天,发病至确诊平均时间为4天.病例组从发病到首诊的时间间隔和住院治疗天数均显著小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05).62.50％的死亡病例伴有基础疾病,显著高于对照组25％的比例,差异有统计学意义(P=0.035).病例组具有神经系统症状的比例(87.50％)显著高于对照组(37.50％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).病例组ALT、AST、LDH、CK和BUN均高于对照组,但两组比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 既往有基础疾病史和有神经系统症状的患者,死亡风险较高.

目的 分析2012～2013年河南省发热伴血小板减少综合征(SFTS)流行特征及病原学特点. 方法 应用描述流行病学方法分析河南省2012～2013年SFTS病例特征,利用PHGIS1.7.0软件绘制SFTS地区分布图,采用时间分布曲线结合圆形分布法分析SFTS季节性分布特征.收集病例急性期血清标本,应用实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测发热伴血小板减少综合征布尼亚病毒(SFTSV)核酸. 结果 2012～2013年河南省共报告SFTS病例1 225例,确诊病例年均发病率为0.2948/10万.死亡18例,病死率为1.47％.信阳市报告病例1 210例,占98.78％.病例主要集中在4～10月,5月份出现第1个发病高峰,9月份出现第2个发病高峰;2年间SFTS总的流行高峰期为4月23日～8月18日,SFTS发病在时间上存在集中趋势(Z=nr2=441.00,P＜0.01).男性发病率0.4869/10万,女性发病率为0.8292/10万,差异有统计学意义(x2 =84.35,P＜0.01).病例年龄1～93岁,平均59岁,其中40～79岁年龄组占病例总数的90.29％.农民1 172例,占病例总数的95.67％.本省医疗机构共报告SFTS 1 207例,占病例总数的98.53％;三级医院、二级医院和一级医院分别占报告机构总数的60.87％、30.43％和8.70％.2012和2013年SFTSV检测阳性率为57.14 ％和50.87％,差异无统计学意义(x2=3.21,P＞0.05). 结论 河南省SFTS发病具有明显的地域性和季节性,发病范围有扩大趋势.高龄女性农民为高危人群,SFTSV仍为主要致病病原.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of fever thrombocytopenia and leukopenia syndrome(FTLS)in Henan province,China in 2007-2011.Methods Data from specific surveillance system for FTLS in Henan and Information Management System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention were used to collect the information of the cases.Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the surveillance data during 2007-2011.Patients' sera were collected to detect new bunyavirus using fluorescent RT-PCR and virus isolation.Results During 2007-2011,1021 FTLS cases were reported in Henan province.The fatality rate was 2.25％ with 23 deaths.The cases reported in Xinyang city were 1007,accounting for 98.75％.Cases were mainly occurred between April and October,accounting for 96.47％(985/1021).Epidemic peak was May to July,accounting for 59.16％(604/1021).The second peak occurred in September,accounting for 12.05％(123/1021).The age of the cases ranged from 1 to 88 years old with the median age of 59.Sex ratio(male:female)was 1:1.50(408:613).In all cases,93.73％(957/1021)were farmers.In 465 patients' sera,the positive rate of new bunyavirus was 69.25％(322/465)using fluorescent RT-PCR.In 164 patients' sera,67 strains of new bunyavirus were isolated with isolation rate of 40.85％(67/164).Conclusion FTLS in Henan province is caused mainly by the new bunyavirus and has certain regional and seasonal characteristics.Most cases are female older farmers.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the distribution, species, seasonal fluctuation of ticks and detect new bunyavirus in some hematophagus in the endemic areas of fever thrombocytopenia and leukopenia syndrome (FTLS) in Henan province.METHODS:From March to December 2011, the free ticks were collected manually with white cloth from the grassland and the parasitic ticks were collected from the host skin by hand searching in Xinyang and Jiyuan. The density and seasonal fluctuation of ticks were analyzed after classification of the specimen. The hematophagus were collected including gadfly (38 in 16 groups), cattle lice (224 in 16 groups), mosquitoes (238 in 17 groups) and ticks (825 in 77 groups), then RNA of new bunyavirus were detected by RT-PCR.RESULTS:A total of 12 388 ticks were collected in Xinyang and Jiyuan, consisting of 2 families, 5 geniuses and 6 species. In Xinyang city, 622 ticks were identified, consisting of 2 families, 3 geniuses and 3 species, including 2 (0.32%) Ornithodoros lahorensis, 451 (72.51%) Haemaphysalis longicornis and 117 (18.81%) Boophilus microplus. In Jiyuan city, 11 766 ticks were identified, consisting of 1 family, 4 geniuses and 5 species, including 7718 (65.60%) Haemaphysalis longicornis, 164 (1.39%) H.anatolicum anatolicum and 710 (6.03%) other ticks such as H. detritum, Boophilus microplus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Haemaphysalis longicornis were found in both districts as the predominant species in Henan province. Ticks were active from March to October. The average density was 160 per person hour and the peak was from May to July with density 278, 209 and 542 per person hour respectively. The results was positive in RNA detection of new bunyavirus in 11 groups of tick and 3 groups of gadfly by RT-PCR. The results were negative in all other hematophagus.CONCLUSION:Ornithodoros lahorensis, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Boophilus microplus, H.anatolicum anatolicum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and H. detritum were found in Henan province. Haemaphysalis longicornis was the predominant species. The density of ticks varied with the seasons. The detection of new bunyavirus by PCR was positive in some ticks and gadflies.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze and summarize the clinical characteristics, experience of diagnosis and treatment of cases infected by new bunyavirus, which occurred in Henan province in 2010.METHODS:The clinical characteristics and effect of diagnosis and treatment of 5 cases were analyzed using descriptive epidemiological method. Blood specimens were detected by RT-PCR and pathogen separation.RESULTS:PCR testing was positive for all 5 cases. New bunyavirus were isolated from 2 cases. In 5 cases, fever (5/5), the whole body aches (5/5), fatigue (5/5), anorexia (5/5), nausea (5/5), the chills (4/5), cough (4/5), expectoration (4/5), vomiting (3/5), conjunctival hyperemia (3/5); Leukocyte reduction (5/5), thrombocytopenia (5/5), elevated alanine aminotransferase (4/5), elevated aspartate aminotransferase (4/5), elevated lactate dehydrogenase (5/5), creatine kinase elevations (4/5), urinary protein (3/5). By symptomatic and supportive treatment and prophylactic antibiotics, the first case died and the other 4 cases were cured. The average course of disease was 15.4 days.CONCLUSION:Cases infected by new bunyavirus have complicated clinical feature and multiple organ damage. If symptomatic treatment is in time, prognosis will be good.