Craniofacial microsomia represents a congenital craniofacial anomaly characterized by a complex etiology, the precise genetic determinants of CFM have remained largely elusive. Comprehensive exome sequencing analysis performed on a cohort of CFM patients has identified a specific pathogenic frameshift mutation (c.225dupA, p. I76fs) located within the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 gene. Extensive functional characterization utilizing human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells demonstrated that either the presence of this FGFR1 mutation or the targeted knockdown of FGFR1 significantly attenuated the endogenous expression of the receptor. This genetic perturbation was associated with a marked impairment of osteogenic differentiation potential, a substantial reduction in cellular proliferative and migratory capacities, and an exacerbated apoptotic response. From a mechanistic perspective, the disruption of FGFR1 function exerted a suppressive effect on pivotal signaling cascades essential for skeletal development, including the P38/ERK, Wnt/β-catenin, BMP2/SMAD4, and PI3K/AKT transduction axes. Furthermore, the integrity of critical molecular interactions between FGFR1 and structural co-factors, specifically vimentin, COL1A1, and FGF1, was compromised, resulting in a concomitant downregulation of their protein abundance. Collectively, these findings elucidate that the FGFR1 frameshift mutation is a significant contributor to the pathogenesis of CFM, principally by obstructing MSC-mediated osteogenesis through the dual disruption of essential signal transduction pathways and vital protein–protein interaction networks.

OBJECTIVE:To compare the validity and reliability of 3 mandibular condylar segmentation planes-conventional Frankfort-parallel (C), adjusted global (F), and condylar long-axis-based (P) planes-in patients with unilateral craniofacial microsomia (CFM). METHODS:This retrospective methodological study included 47 patients with unilateral type IIA CFM. Condyles were segmented from 3-dimensional CT scans using the 3 planes. Validity was assessed using a custom 4-grade integrity score (grades 1-2 were considered valid). Reliability was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for intra- and interoperator volume measurements. Statistical analyses included the Friedman test, the Cochrane Q test, and the Bonferroni correction. RESULTS:Plane P demonstrated the highest valid segmentation rate (97.9%), significantly greater than plane C (40.4%, adjusted P<0.001) but not significantly different from plane F (78.7%, adjusted P=0.069). All planes showed good to excellent reliability (ICCs: 0.939-0.998). Condylar volumes and asymmetry ratios differed significantly among planes (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS:The choice of segmentation plane significantly affects condylar volumetric measurement validity in CFM. Plane P provides the most valid segmentation, but requires enhanced standardized training. Plane F is a viable alternative. The conventional plane C frequently results in incomplete segmentation, limiting its validity in this population.

Mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) is recommended for children with craniofacial microsomia (CFM) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, its efficacy remains limited, with success rates of 36.4–60

Tear trough correction poses unique challenges due to complex anatomy and ethnic variations. While immediate outcomes do not represent long-term efficacy, they are crucial for patient satisfaction in minimally invasive aesthetic procedures. In our cohort, no significant complications were observed, and patient satisfaction remained at 6-month follow-up. To avoid local bulging and unnatural appearance, the filler volume should be minimal due to the thin infraorbital skin and tissues. To minimize lymphatic obstruction and infraorbital edema, we delete CK2 injection point and avoid increasing zygomatic prominence appearance in Southeast Chinese women. Based on numerous eyelid surgeries and related anatomical research, we assumed orbital fat herniation, rather than ligament tethering, to be the primary cause of tear trough deformity in this population. Excessive dissection should be avoided to reduce bruising, swelling, and filler migration. We currently employ various MD Codes™ and other sub-orbicularis oculi injection techniques for individualized tear trough correction. Further long-term and cross-ethnic studies are needed to optimize outcomes. Level of evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Craniofacial microsomia (CFM) involves complex skeletal asymmetries, including mandibular and zygomatic arch deficiencies, leading to facial deformities and occlusal cant. Current animal models inadequately replicate these features, hindering the development of customized temporomandibular joint prostheses for CFM. This study aimed to develop a miniature pig model that mimics the proportional craniofacial skeletal defects observed in severe CFM, serving as a platform for future TMJ reconstruction studies. Three miniature pigs underwent preoperative CT imaging and digital surgical planning. Proportional mandibular ramus and zygomatic arch defects were created on the surgical side to reflect measurements from clinical CFM patients. Craniofacial morphology, masticatory efficiency, and maximum mouth opening (MMO) were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively at 3 and 13 weeks. At 13 weeks, craniofacial asymmetry closely resembled CFM. The ramus height and zygomatic arch surgical side to nonsurgical side ratios were reduced by 30% ( P = 0.003) and 52% ( P = 0.003), respectively, compared with preoperative values. Despite significant occlusal plane cant ( P = 0.011), maxillary height and chin deviation showed nonsignificant changes. Functional outcomes, including MMO and masticatory efficiency, were preserved. This model successfully replicates craniofacial skeletal defects characteristic of severe CFM. It offers a quantitative framework for testing TMJ prostheses, advancing reconstructive approaches for craniofacial deformities.

OBJECTIVES:Auricular cartilage graft has a wide range of applications in plastic and reconstructive surgery. However, there is still a risk of absorption of the grafts over time. Intrinsic postauricular fascia (IPF) with a rich vascular network may play an important role in the nutrition and repair of auricular cartilage. This study aimed to investigate the effect of IPF on the survival viability of free auricular cartilage grafts.METHODS:24 auricular cartilages were obtained from 6 New Zealand white rabbits which were divided into the cartilage-fascia composite graft group (FC group, n=12) and the cartilage without fascia group (C group, n=12). Two groups of cartilage were implanted into each side of the subcutaneous pocket of the rabbit's dorsum. The rabbits were sacrificed after 3 months and all cartilage grafts were obtained. Macroscopic observation, histopathological staining, and biomechanical testing were performed on all specimens.RESULTS:There were significant differences between the 2 groups regarding proliferating chondrocytes, apoptotic chondrocytes, vascularization, and matrix collagen. Compared to the auricular cartilage grafts without fascia, the auricular cartilage-fascia composite grafts had more neovascularization, proliferative chondrocytes, and type II collagen, with a homogeneous cartilage matrix and no obvious areas of heterogeneous staining. Young's modulus and ultimate tensile strength of cartilage were reduced in both groups compared to pretransplantation, but the composite graft group was superior to the fascia-free group.CONCLUSIONS:Auricular cartilage-fascial composite tissue free graft could improve cartilage survival outcomes with higher viability and mechanical properties.

The use of eye-tracking technology in dental esthetics has gained popularity over the past decade because of its ability to assess observers’ visual preferences in an objective manner. The goal of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of eye-tracking studies in dentistry, which could provide a reference for the rational and effective application of eye-tracking technology by dentists in the future. A comprehensive search of articles on eye tracking, published from January 1946 to June 2023, was conducted across several databases using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The major criterion for inclusion was that the study evaluated the use of eye-tracking technology in the field of dentistry. Two independent reviewers screened the eligible studies. A total of 67 articles were identified, 41 of which met our inclusion criteria. The most common application of eye tracking was the assessment of perceptions of changes in specific dental conditions among different classes of observers. Overall differences between groups (different classes of observers, different types of conditions) among different areas or regions of interest were analyzed. This systematic review demonstrated the utility of eye-tracking technology as a quantifiable objective assessment and emerging research tool for evaluating outcomes in several domains of dentistry.

Background: The Pruzansky-Kaban and OMENS classifications do not provide additional details on temporomandibular joint deformities. The aim of this study was to classify and quantitatively define severe forms of craniofacial microsomia based on three-dimensional maxillofacial measurements, focusing on deformities in the zygomatic, temporal, and mandibular bones. Methods: Maxillofacial computed tomography (CT) scans of children with severe types of craniofacial microsomia (CFM) from 2010 to 2020 were collected. Three-dimensional measurements of zygomatic arch length, height of mandibular ramus, height of maxilla, and occlusal cant were performed. A two-step cluster analysis was conducted based on zygomatic arch continuity, occlusal cant, and the ratio of the affected side to the unaffected side (A/U ratio) for zygomatic arch length, mandibular ramus height, and maxillary height. Results: Fifty patients (32 male, 18 female) were included in the study. They were classified into 2 clusters through cluster analysis. Cluster 1 comprised subjects (44% of patients) with continuous zygomatic arches. Cluster 2 comprised subjects (39% of patients) with discontinuous zygomatic arches. The zygomatic arch A/U ratio in cluster 1 was greater than that in cluster 2, with statistical significance observed. Additionally, the maxilla height A/U ratio in cluster 1 was lower than in cluster 2, also with statistical significance. There was no statistically significant difference observed in the ramus height A/U ratio and occlusal cant between clusters 1 and 2. Conclusions: Based on craniofacial measurements, severe CFM can be categorized into two types: continuous zygomatic arch and discontinuous zygomatic arch. This cluster analysis complemented the OMENS classification and could assist in the selection and design of prosthetic joints for patients with CFM. (c) 2024 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

Objective:Parry-Romberg syndrome (PRS) is an acquired disease characterized by progressive unilateral atrophy of the facial skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle, and bone. There are various hypotheses to try to explain the occurrence of the disease, but the specific etiology and pathogenesis remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the potential molecular pathogenesis of the disease by using next-generation RNA-sequencing technology.Methods:The authors collected oral mucosal tissue from the affected side and the healthy side from 3 patients with PRS. Tissue samples were subjected to RNA extraction, whole transcriptome sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis. Differentially expressed genes were obtained from both groups of samples and then analyzed for functional enrichment.Results:A total of 186 differentially expressed genes were screened from the 2 groups of samples. Compared with the healthy side, several immune-related genes, including immunoglobulin kappa variable (IGKV)2D-28, IGKV1D-33, IGKV1-33, and NLRP10, were significantly upregulated in the affected tissue. In addition, the differential genes were significantly enriched in metabolic pathways including pancreatic secretion, protein and fat digestion, and absorption.Conclusions:The authors described the gene expression differences between the affected and healthy tissues of patients with PRS for the first time. Immune responses may play a role in the pathogenesis of PRS.

This study aims to compare the effects of mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) and bone grafting on the facial symmetry of children with Pruzansky-Kaban type IIB and III craniofacial microsomia (CFM). Medical records and three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) data of CFM patients who had primarily undergone MDO and bone grafting were collected. A retrospective analysis of pre-and post-operative 3D imaging data was conducted to compare the improvement rate in facial symmetry between the two groups based on occlusal cant, affected/unaffected ramus height ratio and chin point deviation. The data were tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test. When the data followed a normal distribution, a paired sample t-test was employed for the comparison between preoperative and postoperative data. When the data did not follow a normal distribution, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired samples was used for preoperative and postoperative comparison. The study included 18 children with type IIB and III CFM, 11 in the MDO group and 7 in the bone grafting group. In the MDO group, postoperative Gn-FH and Gn-Cor distances increased significantly, whereas the postoperative Gn-Mid distance decreased significantly. Occlusal cant decreased significantly and ramus height affected/unaffected ratio increased significantly after MDO. In the bone graft group, there was no statistically significant difference in the postoperative ratios of chin deviation, occlusal cant, and ramus height affected/unaffected compared to the preoperative values. Compared to bone grafting, MDO can significantly enhance ramus height ratio, level occlusal plane, and centralize the chin point among patients with CFM. Furthermore, MDO achieves superior enhancements in facial symmetry.

Background: Progressive hemifacial atrophy often causes lip vermilion defects in patients. In this study, we described a one-stage repair method for lip defects in progressive hemifacial atrophy using a lip vermilion mucosal flap or combined dermal fat flap graft. Patients and Methods: Patients diagnosed with progressive hemifacial atrophy with lip vermilion defects from 2010 to 2022 were included in this study. Based on the severity and location of the patient's lip defect, a lip vermilion mucosal flap was designed and transferred to the lip defect or combined with a hip dermal fat flap for one-stage repair of the lip morphology. Lip morphology and function of patients were followed up after surgery. Results: A total of 22 patients were enrolled in this study, including 15 patients with lip defects on the upper lip alone and 7 patients with both upper and lower lip defects. Follow-up six months to two years postoperatively, all patients recovered uneventfully without complications. The repaired lips of the patient had a full and symmetrical morphology with no visible scarring. Two patients experienced transient dysesthesia of the lips postoperatively and both returned to normal after three months. All patients had good lip closure with normal dietary and speech function. Conclusions: The method we described for repairing lip defects in progressive hemifacial atrophy can achieve satisfactory aesthetic and functional lip results. The distinct advantage of this approach is that the patients undergo only one-stage operation and it can be used to repair both upper and lower lip defects.

暮秋至，枫叶丹。由中国医学科学院整形外科医院主办的第十二届北京国际整形美容外科会议暨第二届中国整形外科与再生医学发展大会，于2023年10月27至29日在北京首钢会展中心举行，大会以"拥抱新机遇、启航新征程，共创中国整形外科时代新篇章"为主题，大会分设第十二届宋儒耀整形外科青年医师论坛、第五届整形外科学全国研究生学术论坛、第二届中国整形外科发展联盟论坛暨第三届国家临床重点专科10+X发展论坛和16个专业分论坛。其中，颅颌面外科论坛于2023年10月27日在北京首钢会展中心修理车间2会议室举办。论坛彰显了深厚的学术底蕴、澎湃的合作动能，为我国颅颌面外科发展注入了新的活力。

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) on respiratory function in CFM patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) according to polysomnography (PSG). This study retrospectively analyzed patients with CFM who underwent PSG before surgery and after completion of mandible distraction. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were selected. The Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) was used to assess patients' signs and symptoms related to OSA. The obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI) and lowest oxygen saturation (LSaO2) were imported into SPSS version 26.0. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to assess the differences in PSG before and after MDO. Other data were described using descriptive statistics. A P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.A total of 25 unilateral CFM patients were included in this study. Most patients (72%) had mild OSA; moderate and severe OSA were 12% and 16%, respectively. Snoring (52%) was the most common symptom among these patients. After completion of mandibular distraction, snoring and other OSA-related symptoms were significantly improved. Twelve patients had normalized PSG and the severity of OSA improved significantly in 3 patients. The total effective rate of MDO for OSA was 60%. The statistical results showed that OAHI (P = 0.045) decreased and LSaO2 (P = 0.009) increased significantly compared to preoperative values.MDO can improve OSA-related symptoms in CFM patients. In addition, respiratory function was improved in most patients after MDO, based on PSG. CFM patients, especially those with OSA, can benefit from MDO.& COPY; 2023 European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objective This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in patients with craniofacial microsomia (CFM) through polysomnography (PSG) and the relationship with the severity of CFM. Methods This study reviewed patients of CFM with pre-operative PSG data between January 2005 and September 2023. Patients were grouped according to the Pruzansky-Kaban classification. OSA was diagnosed and severity was assessed by the obstructive apnea-hypopnea index. The Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire was used to investigate OSA-related signs and symptoms. The χ 2 test and Fisher's exact test were used to compare between groups. Univariate logistic regression was used to identify risk factors associated with OSA. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 121 patients with CFM were included in the study with 3 bilateral and 118 unilateral patients. In total, 86 patients (71.07%) were diagnosed with OSA. The prevalence of OSA in type IIa, type IIb and type III was 72.97%, 78.33%, and 47.62%. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of OSA between type IIa and type IIb ( p > .05). The difference in the prevalence of OSA between type III and type II was statistically significant ( p < .05). Snoring was the most common symptom among the patients of CFM with OSA. Conclusions Patients with CFM have a higher incidence of OSA based on PSG in type II and type III patients. The incidence of OSA did not correlate positively with the severity of CFM, with type III patients having certain particularities.

Objective: This observational retrospective cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the morphological characteristics of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in type IIa hemifacial microsomia (HFM). Methods: We recruited 88 patients with unilateral type IIa HFM. Data relating to the length, distance, and angle of the TMJ, were measured on 3-dimensional models created by the analysis of computed tomography data. Normality analysis was performed by using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Data were compared with the paired t test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: The height, long axis, and short axis of the affected condyle were significantly shorter than the unaffected side (P<0.001); the ratios were 0.41±0.15, 0.75±0.20, and 0.95±0.24, respectively. The spaces between the condyle and the glenoid fossa were significantly larger in affected TMJs (P<0.001). The ratio between the ipsilateral and contralateral anterior space in the sagittal plane was 4.62±2.59; this was significantly different than the ratio of inner space (1.50±1.70), superior space (1.70±0.97), and lateral space (1.28±0.62) in the coronal plane (P<0.001) and the ratio of superior space (1.43±1.05) and posterior space (1.47±0.98) in the sagittal plane (P<0.001); there were no statistical differences between the 5 spaces (P>0.05). The breadth and depth of the glenoid fossa were significantly shorter in affected TMJs (P<0.001), the ratio of the breadth in the affected and unaffected glenoid fossa was between 0.5 and 1 and the depth of the affected glenoid fossa was almost half of that on the unaffected side. The ratio between the ipsilateral and contralateral height of the condyle was significantly different when compared with the length of the mandibular ramus (P<0.001). The ratio between the ipsilateral height of the condyle and the length of the mandibular ramus was significantly different when compared with that of the contralateral side (P<0.001). The height of the affected condyle were significantly different (P=0.005) among different ages. Conclusions: We found that hypoplasia was more severe in terms of the height of the condyle than the long axis and short axis of the condyle. The degree of condyle deformity was more severe than the mandible. And the affected condyle still had growth potential in the vertical direction with age.

The treatment for severe hemifacial microsomia (HFM), especially type III case, is extremely difficult. Mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) was rarely used as the primary choice in the treatment of severe type cases. The authors sought to observe the short-term therapeutic outcomes of patients with severe unilateral HFM who underwent MDO first. A retrospective study of children underwent MDO or later received costochondral graft (CCG) for severe unilateral HFM from 2009 to 2019 was conducted. Cephalometric measurements and clinical variables were analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of MDO first strategy for severe cases and compare disparity between Pruzansky-Kaban classification type IIb and type III groups. Thirty-six patients (23 males and 13 females) underwent MDO first for severe HFM were included for analysis in the present study. The average age at MDO was 8.33 +/- 2.03 years. At the last follow-up, MDO acquired significant improvement in mandibular height, maxillary cant, chin deviation, lip commissural line tilt, and clinical chin deviation (P < 0.05). Distraction results were stable during the short-term follow-up in terms of the mandibular height ratio and maxillary cant (P > 0.05). MDO is a proper primary method for suitable type IIb and type III HFM cases. MDO can immediately and significantly improve the facial skeleton deficiency, extend the associated soft tissue at the same time, and lay foundation for secondary surgery. MDO can achieve the downgrade of HFM deficiency severity. MDO followed by costochondral graft can get satisfactory esthetic and structural consequence for type III patients.

Study Design. Observational and morphological study with three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) analysis. Objective. To discover the morphology and configuration deformities of craniovertebral junction (CVJ) and upper cervical spine in children with unilateral hemifacial microsomia (HFM). To determine whether there are specific HFM patients who are at higher risk of certain cervical vertebral anomaly. Summary of Background Data. The evaluation for cervical vertebrae anomaly in HFM children, especially in CVJ region, is underreported. Methods. Eighty-eight unilateral HFM children (64 males, 24 females) with four Pruzansky-Kaban types (I, Ila, Ilb, and III) underwent cranial and cervical CT scanning from skull to C5 in neutral position. The 3D morphology and configuration of the occipital condyle, atlas, and axis, etc. were evaluated on the presence of deformed detailed structures of CVJ region. Results. No C1 deformation was found in type I group. Six (14.3%) type Ila cases, seven (33.3%) type IIb cases, and six (37.5%) type Ill cases had lateral masses asymmetry of C1 (P < 0.05). Five (55.6%) type I cases, 17 (40.5%) type Ila cases, 12 (57.1%) type Ilb cases, and 10 (62.5%) type Ill cases had C2 anomaly (P > 0.05). The incidence rate of C1-C2 instability for four groups were 33.3% (type I), 33.3% (type IIa), 33.3% (type IIb), and 31.3% (type Ill), respectively (P > 0.05). Conclusion. For HFM children, the incidence of C1 deformation increased from type I to type Ill. The probability of C2 anomaly and C1-C2 instability in children with different types of HFM is nearly the same. The craniovertebral junction of every HFM child must be monitored carefully for C1-C2 instability before any surgical procedure to avoid atlantoaxial dislocation and spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE:This thesis addresses a neglected aspect of bioinformatics research of hemifacial microsomia (HFM). Existing research stops short of prediction based on big data. This study combines multiple databases to explore underlying pathogenesis using bioinformatic approach.METHODS:The research consisted of multiple bioinformatic methods, included pathogenic genes analyses, protein-protein interaction network construction, functional enrichment, and mining target genes related miRNA, for studying pathogenic genes of HFM.RESULTS:Total of 140 genes were identified as potential genes in the study. The protein-protein interaction networks for pathogenic genes were constructed, which contained 138 nodes and 243 edges with RAF1, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, MAPK3, MAPK1, EGFR, BRAF, LMNA, ESPR1, and SFN as the hub genes. These genes were discovered significantly enriched in MAPK pathway. Besides, the whole of interactions between miRNAs and the top 5 hub genes were revealed.CONCLUSIONS:Our results indicated that occurrence of HFM is attributed to a variety of genes. Furthermore, the interactions of pathogenic genes were further elucidated by using bioinformatics approach. It reveals the MAPK pathway play an essential role in its pathogenesis. It may provide a novel perspective on better understanding the pathogenesis and more accurate early screening of HFM.

Objective:To investigate the morphological characteristics of skull base in children with hemifacial microsomia (HFM) by three-dimensional reconstruction and measurement of skull base.Methods:Three-dimensional spiral CT data of HFM children with unilateral involvement who had not received any treatment from the First Center of Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from February 2010 to December 2020 were collected. The patients were divided into four groups according to the Pruzansky-Kaban classification standard: Ⅰ, Ⅱa, Ⅱb and Ⅲ. The three-dimensional reconstruction and measurement of the skull base were performed using Mimics 17.0 software. Linear measurements of the skull base included the distance from tuberculum sellae to optic canal (OT), foramen rotundum (FrT), foramen ovale (FT), internal acoustic meatus (IT), hypoglossal canal (HT), and the distance from anterior clinoid process to the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone (ClS) and the petrous ridge of the temporal bone (ClP). The measurement indexes of skull base angle included anterior cranial angle (ACA), middle cranial angle (MCA), posterior cranial angle (PCA), and petrous ridge angle (PRA). SPSS 26.0 software was used for statistical analysis of the measurement result. Paired t-test was used for comparison within each group, and one-way ANOVA was used for comparison between different types. P<0.05 was statistically significant. Results:A total of 40 children with HFM were collected, with 10 cases in each group. The result of skull base angle measurement showed that the MCA of the healthy side of typeⅠHFM was significantly larger than that of the affected side, and the MCA and PRA of the healthy side of type Ⅲ HFM were larger than those of the affected side ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the angle of skull base between the healthy side and the affected side of typeⅡa andⅡb HFM ( P>0.05). In terms of linear distance measurement of skull base, FrT and HT on the healthy side of typeⅠHFM were longer than those on the affected side; FrT, IT, HT and ClP on the healthy side of typeⅡa HFM were significantly longer than those on the affected side; IT, HT and ClP on the healthy side of typeⅡb HFM were longer than those on the affected side; and HT on the healthy side of type Ⅲ HFM was longer than those on the affected side ( P<0.05). The difference between FrT and ClP (affected / healthy) of four types of HFM was statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The morphology of HFM is different between the affected side and the healthy side. As for the angle of skull base, MCA was obvious smaller in the affected side than that in the healthy side in the type Ⅰ and type Ⅲ HFM. As for the linear measurement, the distance from the hypoglossal canal to the tuberculum sellae on the affected side is shorter than that on the healthy side in each type HFM, indicating that the growth and development of the cranial base on the affected side is affected in a certain degree.

目的 探讨轮廓美容术后感染的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析2016年11月至2019年11月,中国医学科学院北京协和医学院整形外科医院整形十三科接受轮廓美容533例手术患者,总结分析术后感染发生因素.结果 本组患者术后出现感染13例.其中性别因素,男性占8.7％(4/46)、女性占1.84％(9/487),P<0.05;手术时长<3 h占1.88％(3/159),≥3 h占2.67％(10/374),P>0.05;手术部位因素,单部位手术占1.34％(3/224)、2个部位手术占2.60％(6/231)、3个部位手术占5.13％(4/78),P>0.05.13例确诊感染患者细菌培养结果,铜绿假单胞菌2例(15.38％),金黄色葡萄球菌2例(15.38％),链球菌1例(7.69％),8例未检出;术前预防性使用抗生素种类,头孢西丁钠1.84％(9/489)、克林霉素1.23％(4/32),P<0.05.结论 轮廓美容手术术后感染与患者性别相关,与手术时长、手术部位无关;术前预防性应用头孢西丁效果优于克林霉素;术后10 d内易发生轮廓美容术后感染.